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Voiceless alveolar tap and flap

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Voiceless alveolar tap
ɾ̥
ɾ̊
IPA Number124 402A
Audio sample
Encoding
X-SAMPA4_0

The voiceless alveolar tap or flap is rare as a phoneme. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent this sound are ⟨ɾ̥⟩ and ⟨ɾ̊⟩, combinations of the letter for the voiced alveolar tap/flap and a diacritic indicating voicelessness, either above or below the letter. The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is 4_0.

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar flap:

  • Its manner of articulation is flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
  • Its place of articulation is dental, alveolar or post-alveolar, which means it is articulated behind upper front teeth, at the alveolar ridge or behind the alveolar ridge. It is most often apical, which means that it is pronounced with the tip of the tongue.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bengali[1] আবার [ˈäbäɾ̥] 'again' Possible allophone of /ɹ/ in the syllable coda.[1] See Bengali phonology
Greek Cypriot αδερφός [ɐðe̞ɾ̥ˈfo̞s] 'brother' Allophone of /ɾ/ before voiceless consonants. May be a voiceless alveolar trill instead
Icelandic [[[Icelandic orthography|hrafn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɾ̥apn̪̊] 'raven' Realization of /r̥/ for some speakers. Also illustrates /n̥/. See Icelandic phonology
Portuguese European[2] [[[Portuguese alphabet|assar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [əˈsäɾ̥] 'to bake' Apparent allophone of /ɾ/; distribution unclear, but common in the coda in Jesus (2001)'s corpus. See Portuguese phonology

Voiceless alveolar tapped fricative

Voiceless alveolar tapped fricative
ɾ̞̊
IPA Number124 402A 430

A tapped fricative is in effect a very brief fricative, with the tongue making the gesture for a tapped stop but not making full contact. This can be indicated in the IPA with the lowering diacritic to show full occlusion did not occur.

Tapped fricatives are occasionally reported in the literature, though these claims are not generally independently confirmed and so remain dubious.

Flapped fricatives are theoretically possible but are not attested.[3]

Features

Features of the voiceless alveolar tapped fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is tapped fricative, which means the tongue makes a brief obstruction sufficient to create frication.
  • Its place of articulation is apical alveolar, which means it is articulated with the tip of the tongue at the alveolar ridge.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Reported from Turkish in a single source.[4] A " voiceless apico-alveolar flap with variable friction" is reported as the word-initial allophone (and one of four word-final allophones) of /r/ in Kobon. It is also reported from Afenmai, where it is the "tense" equivalent of "lax" [ɾ].

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afenmai[3] V͈[aɾ̞̊u] 'hat' Tense equivalent of lax /ɾ/.[3]
Turkish [bir] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [biɾ̝̊] 'a(n)' Word-final allophone of /ɾ/. See Turkish phonology

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Khan (2010:224)
  2. ^ Jesus (2001)
  3. ^ a b c Laver (1994) Principles of Phonetics, p. 263.
  4. ^ Yavuz & Balcı (2011:25)

Bibliography

  • Jesus, Luis Miguel Teixeira (2001), Acoustic Phonetics of European Portuguese Fricative Consonant (Ph.D.), University of Southampton
  • Khan, Sameer ud Dowla (2010), "Bengali (Bangladeshi Standard)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 221–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000071
  • Yavuz, Handan; Balcı, Ayla (2011), Turkish Phonology and Morphology (PDF), Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi, ISBN 978-975-06-0964-0
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