1190s
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| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
| Centuries: | 11th century – 12th century – 13th century |
| Decades: | 1160s 1170s 1180s – 1190s – 1200s 1210s 1220s |
| Years: | 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 |
| Categories: | Births – Deaths – Architecture Establishments – Disestablishments |
1190s: events by year
Contents: 1190 1191 1192 1193 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199
1190
By area
Asia
- June 10 – Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Saleph River while leading an army to Jerusalem.
- The Teutonic Knights are founded to defend the Latin states in the Levant.
- November 24 – Isabella of Jerusalem marries Conrad of Montferrat at Acre, making him de jure king.
- In Myanmar, Anawrahta's lineage regains control with the assistance of Sri Lanka. Pagan has been in anarchy. The new regime reforms Burmese Buddhism on Sri Lankan Theravada models.
- The feudal era of Japan begins.
Europe
- Anti-Jewish riots break out in England.
- March 16 – A massacre and mass-suicide of the Jews of York, England, led by Richard Malebys, result in the deaths of 150–500 Jews in Clifford's Tower.
- October 4 – Richard I of England threatens war against Tancred of Sicily, and captures Messina.
- Battle of Stara Zagora: The Bulgarians defeat Byzantine Emperor Isaac II.
- Henry I becomes Duke of Brabant.
- Richard I of England and Philip II of France meet at Vézelay, thus beginning the Third Crusade.
- The Almohad caliph, Yaqub al-Mansur, fails to reconquer Silves in Portugal.[1]
By topic
Arts
- On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy (ar. Kitab fasl al-maqal) is first published.
- Speculum Virginum, a German manuscript, is published (approximate date).
Religion
- Cartmel Priory is founded in England.
- Stevan Nemanja founds the Studenica monastery in Serbia.
1192
- January 7 – Venus occults Jupiter
- April 28 – Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I), King of Jerusalem, is assassinated in Tyre, only days after his title to the throne is confirmed by election. The killing is carried out by Hashshashin.
- August 21 – Minamoto no Yoritomo is granted the title of shogun, thereby officially establishing the first shogunate in the history of Japan.
- October 9 – The Third Crusade ends. Richard I of England and Saladin negotiate visiting rights for pilgrims to come to the Holy City of Jerusalem.
- Richard I of England is taken hostage by Leopold V of Austria.
- Battle of Tarain in India
- Marco Polo Bridge, or Lugouqiao, is completed in Beijing.
- Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich of Novgorod burns down Tartu and Otepää Castles in Estonia.
1193
- January 1 – Enrico Dandolo becomes Doge of Venice.
- August 15 – Philip II of France marries Ingeborg, daughter of Valdemar I of Denmark.
- Following the death of Saladin, the lands of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria are split among his descendants.
- On his return from the Third Crusade, Richard the Lionheart is captured by his personal enemy, Leopold V, Duke of Austria.[2]
- Qutb-ud-din Aybak, a Ghurid slave commander, captures Delhi.
- Muhammad Khilji, a general under the command of Qutb-ud-Din, sacks and burns Nalanda, India's greatest Buddhist university.
- Pope Celestine III calls for a crusade against pagans in Northern Europe.
- The Aztec civilization begins in Mexico.
1194
- February 4 – Richard I of England is ransomed from Henry VI, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
- June 10 – A fire at Chartres Cathedral leads to the start of its rebuilding.[3]
- July 3 – Battle of Freteval: Richard I of England reconquers his French fiefdoms from Philip II Augustus.[4]
- July 5 – Emperor Guangzong of Song China is forced to give up his throne.
- November 20 – Palermo falls to Henry VI.
- December 25 – Henry VI is crowned king of Sicily.
- The city of Portsmouth is awarded its Royal Charter.
- Henry Marshal becomes Bishop of Exeter.
- The Yellow River of China experiences a major course change, taking over the Huai River drainage system for the next 700 years.
- The Danes attack Estonia.
- Seljuq dynasty of Hamadan ends.
1195
- June 1 – Battle of Shamkor: Georgians defeat the Ildenizids of Azerbaijan.
- July 18 – Battle of Alarcos: Almohad ruler Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur decisively defeats Castilian King Alfonso VIII.
- The Priory of St Mary's is founded in Bushmead.
- Alexius III Angelus overthrows Isaac II and becomes Byzantine Emperor.
1196
- England is struck by a pestilence and a resulting famine[5]
- Spring – In London, a popular uprising of the poor against the rich is led by William Fitz Osbern.
- Upon the death of Knut Eriksson, he succeeded peacefully as king of Sweden by his rival Sverker the Younger.
- According to a popular legend, Prince Madog of Gwynedd reaches North America in what is present-day Alabama.
- Stefan Prvovencani becomes Grand Župan of Serbia.
- General Ch'oe Ch'ung-hon takes control in Korea.
1197
By area
Asia
- Genghis Khan defeats the Jurkins. Mukhali's father gives him and his brother to Genghis Khan as personal hereditary slaves.
- Amalric II succeeds Henry II of Champagne as King of Jerusalem.
Europe
- Theobald III becomes Count of Champagne.
- Kaloyan becomes Tsar of Bulgaria.
- Corfu is occupied by the Genoese.
- Hubert Walter, Archbishop of Canterbury, negotiates a peace with Wales.
- North Crawley is split into Great Crawley and Little Crawley.
- Philip of Swabia marries Irene Angelina, daughter of Byzantine emperor Isaac II.
- The Danes attack Estonia.
- Saracen pirates, from the Balearic Islands, raid the city of Toulon in Provence and the benedictine monastery of Saint Honorat on the Lérins Islands.[6]
By topic
Market
- A rainy weather causes the harvest to fail in western Europe. One of the worse famine of the century ensues.[7]
Religion
- Arbroath Abbey is consecrated, and dedicated to St. Thomas Becket.
1198
By place
Asia
- Emperor Tsuchimikado succeeds Emperor Go-Toba on the throne of Japan.
- July 14 – donation of Altavilla: Bohemond I, the new crusader ruler of Antioch grants commercial privileges and the right to use warehouses (fondaco) and the church of Saint John to the Republic of Genoa. This marks the beginning of Italian merchant settlements in the Levant.[8]
Europe
- March – Philip of Swabia is elected King of Germany by his supporters.
- July – Otto of Brunswick is crowned King of Germany by the House of Welf.
- Frederick II, infant son of German King Henry VI, is crowned King of Sicily.
- John of England captures a party of eighteen French knights & many men-at-arms in the ongoing conflict against France.[9] King Richard I of England introduces a new Great Seal in an attempt to keep the war against France funded. The government proclaims that charters previously struck with the old seal are no longer valid and must be renewed with a fresh payment.[10] The office of Lord Warden of the Stannaries is also introduced to tax the produce of tin mines in Cornwall and Devon.[11]
By topic
Religion
- January 8 – Pope Innocent III succeeds Pope Celestine III as the 176th pope. He immediately lays an interdict on Laon in an attempt to stamp out independent beliefs there. This will be followed by interdicts against France in 1199 and Normandy in 1203.
1199
- March 25 – King Richard I of England is shot in the left shoulder with a crossbow by French boy Pierre Basile. The war between England & France has become so brutal that Hugh of Lincoln is warned that "nothing now is safe, neither the city to dwell in nor the highway for travel".[12]
- April 6 – King Richard I of England dies from gangrene caused by the crossbow wound he received at the siege of Châlus. His younger brother, John Lackland, becomes King of England. Richard's jewels are left to his nephew, Otto of Saxony.[13] As a result of Richard's death, French warrior Mercadier has Pierre Basile flayed alive and hanged.
- St. Laurence Church in Ludlow is rebuilt on its Norman foundations.
Significant people
Births
Deaths
References
- ^ Picard, Christophe (1997). La mer et les musulmans d'Occident VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
- ^ King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 44
- ^ Sutton, Ian (1999). Architecture, from Ancient Greece to the Present. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-20316-3.
- ^ Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 129–131. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
- ^ King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 60
- ^ Unité mixte de recherche 5648--Histoire et archéologie des mondes chrétiens et musulmans médiévaux. Pays d'Islam et monde latin, Xe-XIIIe siècle: textes et documents. Lyon: Presses Universitaires de Lyon.
- ^ Chester Jordan, William (1997). The great famine: northern Europe in the early fourteenth century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691058911.
- ^ Benvenuti, Gino (1985). Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova e Venezia. Rome: Newton & Compton Editori. p. 34. ISBN 88-8289-529-7.
- ^ King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 47
- ^ King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 62
- ^ King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 124
- ^ King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 63
- ^ King John by Warren. Published by University of California Press in 1961. p. 48
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