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Agave syrup

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Blue Agave (Agave tequilana)

Agave nectar (also called agave syrup) is a sweetener commercially produced in Mexico and South Africa from several species of agave, including the Blue Agave (Agave tequilana), Salmiana Agave (Agave salmiana), Green Agave, Grey Agave, Thorny Agave, and Rainbow Agave.[1][2] Agave nectar is sweeter than honey, though less viscous.

The majority of agave nectar around the world comes from in Jalisco in Mexico and the Eastern Cape Province in South Africa. However, in Mexico, in addition to to coming from Jalisco, the product is also produced in the states of Michoacán, Guanajuato and Tamaulipas.

Production

To produce agave nectar from the Agave tequiliana plant, juice is expressed from the core of the agave, called the piña.[2] The juice is filtered, then heated to hydrolyze polysaccharides into simple sugars. The main polysaccharide is called inulin or fructosan and comprises mostly fructose units. The filtered, hydrolyzed juice is concentrated to a syrupy liquid, slightly thinner than honey, from light- to dark-amber, depending on the degree of processing.

Agave salimiana is processed differently than Agave tequiliana. As the plant gestates, it starts to grow a stalk called a quiote.[3] The stalk is cut off before it fully grows, creating a hole in the center of the plant that fills with a liquid called aguamiel. The liquid is collected daily and the fructans hydrolysed by enzymes into fructose and dextrose.

An alternative method used to process the agave juice without heat is described in a United States patent for a process that uses enzymes derived from the mold Aspergillus niger to hydrolyze the polyfructose extract into fructose.[4] A. niger fermentation is "generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.[5]

Composition

Agave nectar consists primarily of fructose and glucose. One source gives 92% fructose and 8% glucose; another gives 56% fructose and 20% glucose. These differences, it is presumed, reflect variation from one vendor of agave nectar to another.[6][7]

Agave nectar's glycemic index and glycemic load are comparable to fructose,[8][9] which in turn has a much lower glycemic index and glycemic load than table sugar (sucrose).[10][11] However, consumption of large amounts of fructose can be deleterious and can trigger fructose malabsorption, metabolic syndrome,[12] hypertriglyceridemia, decreased glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia, and accelerated uric acid formation.[13][14][15]

Culinary use

Agave nectar is 1.4 to 1.6 times sweeter than sugar.[16] Agave nectar is often substituted for sugar or honey in recipes. Agave is commonly used as a Vegan alternative to honey in cooking.[17] Because it dissolves quickly, it can be used as a sweetener for cold beverages such as iced tea.

Agave nectars are sold in light, amber, dark, and raw varieties. Light agave nectar has a mild, almost neutral flavor, and is therefore sometimes used in delicate-tasting foods and drinks. Amber agave nectar has a medium-intensity caramel flavor, and is therefore used in foods and drinks with stronger flavors. Dark agave nectar has stronger caramel notes, and imparts a distinct flavor to dishes, such as some desserts, poultry, meat, and seafood dishes. Both amber and dark agave nectar are sometimes used "straight out of the bottle" as a topping for pancakes and waffles. The dark version is unfiltered and therefore contains a higher concentration of the agave plant's minerals.[18] Raw agave nectar also has a mild, neutral taste. It is produced at temperatures below 118 °F (48 °C) to protect the natural enzymes, so this variety is an appropriate sweetener for raw foodists.[19]

See also

References

  1. ^ Hocman, Karen (2009). "Agave Nectar a.k.a. Agave Syrup". The Nibble. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ^ a b Gary M. Mohr, Jr. (3-Oct-99). "Blue Agave and Its Importance in the Tequila Industry". Ethnobotanical Leaflets. Retrieved 2010-01-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ "Monocarpic Behavior in Agaves". J. C. Raulston Arboretum, North Carolina State University. June 19, 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
  4. ^ "Method of producing fructose syrup from agave plants (United States Patent 5846333)". 1998-12-08.
  5. ^ "Inventory of GRAS Notices: Summary of all GRAS Notices". US FDA/CFSAN. 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2008-10-31.
  6. ^ Ronald C. Deis (2001). "Sweetners for Health Foods". Food Product Design. Retrieved 2 November 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Ralf Patzold and Hans Bruckner (2005). "Mass Spectrometric Detection and Formation of D-Amino Acids in Processed Plant Saps, Syrups, and Fruit Juice Concentrates" (PDF). J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (25): 9722–9729. doi:10.1021/jf051433u. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  8. ^ "Agave Nectar and the Glycemic Index". All About Agave. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  9. ^ "Agave Nectar vs. Liquid Sugars". All About Agave. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  10. ^ "Agave Nectar vs. Granular Sugars". All About Agave. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  11. ^ David Mendosa. "Revised International Table of Glycemic Index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) Values—2002". Retrieved 2 November 2010. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Basciano H, Federico L, Adeli K (2005). "Fructose, insulin resistance, and metabolic dyslipidemia". Nutrition & Metabolism. 2 (5). doi:10.1186/1743-7075-2-5. PMC 552336. PMID 15723702.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  13. ^ Mayes, PA (1993). "Intermediary metabolism of fructose". Am J Clin Nutr. 58 (5 Suppl): 754S–765S. PMID 8213607. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ^ Buemann B, Toubro S, Holst JJ, Rehfeld JF, Bibby BM, Astrup A (2000). "D-tagatose, a stereoisomer of D-fructose, increases blood uric acid concentration". Metabolism. 49 (8): 969–76. doi:10.1053/meta.2000.7724. PMID 10954012. Retrieved 2 November 2010. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Davis, W (Saturday, December 06, 2008). "Yet another reason to avoid fructose". The Heart Scan Blog. Retrieved 2 November 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Johannes L (October 27, 2009). "Looking at Health Claims of Agave Nectar". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
  17. ^ "Vegan Sugar Substitutes". LiveStrong.com. Retrieved 2010-10-03.
  18. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=LVkmCNXBzwwC&pg=PA141&dq=agave+nectar&hl=en&ei=CSavTYjNPIbbiAKo2L3PDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CHcQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=agave%20nectar&f=false
  19. ^ Ania Catalano. Baking With Agave Nectar: Over 100 Recipes Using Nature's Ultimate Sweetener, 2008, Celestial Arts, p. ix.

"Health Risks of [http://www.low-glycemic-foods.org/agave-sweetener.html/ Agave Sweeteners}

Further reading

Mancilla-Margalli, N. A., and M. G. Lopez. "Generation of Maillard Compounds From Inulin During the Thermal Processing of Agave tequilana Weber var. azul. J. Agric. Food Chem. vol. 50 (2002), pp. 806–812.

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