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Lupang Hinirang

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Lupang Hinirang[1]
English: Chosen Land
Music Sheet of Lupang Hinirang
National anthem of  Philippines
LyricsJosé Palma, 1899
Original Spanish lyrics
MusicJulián Felipe, 1898
Audio sample
Lupang Hinirang (Instrumental)
The National Anthem sung by a single tenor, Lemuel Dela Cruz, with University of Santo Tomas Wind Orchestra
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Lupang Hinirang (Tagalog, “Chosen Land”) is the national anthem of the Philippines. Its music was composed in 1898 by Julián Felipe, and the lyrics were adapted from the Spanish poem Filipinas, written by José Palma in 1899. Originally written as incidental music, it did not have lyrics when it was adopted as the anthem of the revolutionary First Philippine Republic and subsequently played during the proclamation of Philippine independence on June 12, 1898.

During the American Colonial Period, the Flag Law of 1907 prohibited public display flags, banners, emblems, or devices used by revolutionaries in the Philippine-American War.[2] Under color of this law, the colonial government banned the song from being played.[3] The Flag Law was repealed in 1919. During the Commonwealth era, Commonwealth Act No. 382, approved on September 5, 1938, officially adopted the musical arrangement and composition by Julian Felipe as the Philippine National Anthem.

The Spanish lyrics were translated into Tagalog beginning in the 1940s, and a final, Pilipino version from 1956 was revised in the 1960s to the present lyrics. Over the years, several English versions came into use. On February 12, 1998, Republic Act No. 8491, officially set out Tagalog lyrics as the National Anthem, abandoning use of the Spanish and English versions.[1]

Some English language sources erroneously translate Lupang Hinirang as "Beloved Land" or "Beloved Country";[4][5] the first term is actually a translation of the incipit of the original poem Filipinas (Tiérra adorada), while "Beloved Country" is a translation of Bayang Magiliw, the current version's incipit and colloquial name. Some sources assert that an English version of anthem lyrics titled "Philippine Hymn" was legalized by Commonwealth Act No. 382.[6] That Act, however, only concerns itself with the instrumental composition by Julian Felipe.

History

File:Lupang hinrang in Baybayin notes.jpg
The lyrics of the anthem in reconstructed Baybayin, the ancient script used to write Tagalog.
Julián Felipe
José Palma
Julián Felipe and José Palma

The history of the Lupang Hinirang can be summarised thus:

  • 1898 - "Marcha Filipino Magdalo" - Tune composed by Julian Felipé, renamed Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine National March) [7]
  • 1899 - "Filipinas" (Original Spanish version) - Lyrics by Jose Palma
  • 1919 - Land of the morning (English version) - Lyrics by Paz Marquez Benitez
  • 1940 - Various translations in Tagalog
  • 1948 - "Diwa ng Bayan" (Tagalog)
  • 1956 - Current Filipino version "Lupang Hinirang" - Lyrics by Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (Institute of National Language)

The Lupang Hinirang began as an instrumental march which Emilio Aguinaldo commissioned for use in the proclamation of Philippine independence from Spain. This task was given to Julián Felipe and was to replace a march which Aguinaldo found unsatisfactory. The title of this new march was Marcha Filipina Mágdalo ("Magdalo Philippine March"), and was later changed to Marcha Nacional Filipina ("Philippine National March") upon its adoption as the national anthem of the First Philippine Republic on 11 June 1898, a day before independence was to be proclaimed. It was played by the San Francisco de Malabon marching band (now known as General Trias) during the proclamation rite on 12 June.

In August 1899, José Palma wrote the poem Filipinas in Spanish. The poem was published for the first time in the newspaper La Independencia on 3 September 1899. It was subsequently adopted as the lyrics to the anthem.[8][9]

Philippine law requires that the anthem always be rendered in accordance with the musical arrangement and composition of Julián Felipe, but the original holograph cannot be located.[1][10] In the 1920s, the time signature was changed to 4/4 to facilitate its singing and the key was changed from the original C major to G.[10]

After the repeal of the Flag Law (which banned the use of all Filipino national symbols) in 1919, the American colonial government decided to translate the hymn from Spanish to English. The first translation was written around that time by Paz Marquez Benitez of the University of the Philippines, who was also a famous poet during that time. The most popular translation, called the "Philippine Hymn", was written by Senator Camilo Osías and an American, Mary A. Lane.

Tagalog translations began appearing in the 1940s, with the first known one titled Diwa ng Bayan ("Spirit of the Country"), which was sung during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines. The second most popular one was O Sintang Lupa ("O Beloved Land") by Julian Cruz Balmaceda, Ildefonso Santos, and Francisco Caballo ; this was adopted as the official version in 1948. Upon the adoption of Diwa ng Bayan, the song Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas and the Japanese national anthem Kimigayo were replaced.[11]

During the term of President Ramon Magsaysay, Education Secretary Gregorio Hernández formed a commission to revise the lyrics. On 26 May 1956, the Pilipino translation Lupang Hinirang was sung for the first time. Minor revisions were made in the 1960s, and it is this version by Felipe Padilla de León which is presently used. The Filipino[a] lyrics have been confirmed by Republic Act No. 8491 (the "Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines") in 1998, abandoning use of both the Spanish and English versions.[1]

As historian Ambeth Ocampo has noted, some of the original meaning of the poem Filipinas has been lost in translation; for example, the original Hija del sol de oriente literally means "Daughter of the Orient (Eastern) Sun." It becomes "Child of the sun returning" in the Philippine Hymn and "Pearl of the Orient" in the present official version.[12]

Other anthems

Lupang Hinirang was not the first Filipino national anthem to be conceived. The composer and revolutionist Julio Nakpil penned Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan (Honourable Hymn of the Katagalugan), which was later called Salve Patria (“Hail Fatherland”). It was originally intended to be the official anthem of the Katipunan, the secret society that spearheaded the Revolution. It is considered a national anthem because Andrés Bonifacio, the chief founder and Supremo of the Katipunan, converted the organisation into a revolutionary government–with himself as President–known as the Repúblika ng Katagalugan (Tagalog Republic) just before hostilities erupted.[13] The Katipunan or Republika ng Katagalugan was superseded by Aguinaldo's República Filipina. The anthem, later renamed Himno Nacional, was never adopted by Aguinaldo for unspecified reasons. It should be noted that the term "Katagalugan" in the anthem referred the Philippine Islands as a whole and not just Tagalophone Filipinos.

The translation of Lupang Hinirang was used by Felipe Padilla de Leon as his inspiration for Awit sa Paglikha ng Bagong Pilipinas, commissioned as a replacement anthem by the Japanese-controlled Second Philippine Republic during World War II, and later adapted during the Martial Law Era under Ferdinand Marcos.

Lyrics

The following Spanish, Filipino and English versions of the national anthem have been given official status throughout Philippine history. However, only the most recent and current Filipino version is officially recognised by law. The Flag and Heraldic Code, approved on 12 February 1998 specifies, "The National Anthem shall always be sung in the national language within or without the country"; violation of the law is punishable by a fine and imprisonment.[1][14]

Official Tagalog lyrics:
Lupang Hinirang (1958, rev. 1960s)[1]		 Unofficial English translation:
Chosen Land[b][c][d]

Bayang magiliw,
Perlas ng Silanganan
Alab ng puso,
Sa Dibdib mo'y buhay.

Lupang Hinirang,
Duyan ka ng magiting,
Sa manlulupig,
Di ka pasisiil.

Sa dagat at bundok,
Sa simoy at sa langit mong bughaw,
May dilag ang tula,
At awit sa paglayang minamahal.

Ang kislap ng watawat mo'y
Tagumpay na nagniningning,
Ang bituin at araw niya,
Kailan pa ma'y di magdidilim,

Lupa ng araw ng luwalhati't pagsinta,
Buhay ay langit sa piling mo,
Aming ligaya na pag may mang-aapi,
Ang mamatay ng dahil sa iyo.

Country Beloved,
Pearl of the Orient,
The burning of the heart
In Thy chest is alive.

Chosen Land,
Cradle Thou [art] of the valourous.
To the invaders
Thou shalt never submit.

In the seas and mountains,
in air, and in skies of Thine azure,
There is beauty in the poem
And hymn to Liberty that is beloved.

The glistening of Thy flag
Is victory that is shining.
Its Stars and Sun
Evermore shall not grow dim.

Land of the sun, of glory, and loving,
Life is Heaven in Thine embrace!
'Tis our joy when there be oppressor
To die for cause of Thee.

Original Spanish version:
Filipinas (1899)[8][9]		 Commonwealth-era English version:
The Philippine Hymn (1938)[15]

Tierra adorada,
hija del sol de Oriente,
su fuego ardiente
en ti latiendo está.

Tierra de amores,
del heroísmo cuna,
los invasores
no te hollarán jamás.

En tu azul cielo, en tus auras,
en tus montes y en tu mar
esplende y late el poema
de tu amada libertad.

Tu pabellón que en las lides
la victoria iluminó,
no verá nunca apagados
sus estrellas ni su sol.

Tierra de dichas, de sol y amores
en tu regazo dulce es vivir;
es una gloria para tus hijos,
cuando te ofenden, por ti morir.

Land of the morning
Child of the sun returning
With fervor burning
Thee do our souls adore.

Land dear and holy,
Cradle of noble heroes,
Ne’er shall invaders
Trample thy sacred shores.

Thy banner dear to all hearts
Its sun and stars alright,
Oh, never shall its shining fields
Be dimmed by tyrants might.

Ever within thy skies and through thy clouds
And o’er thy hills and seas;
Do we behold thy radiance, feel the throb
Of glorious liberty.

Official Japanese-era Tagalog version:
Diwa ng Bayan (1943)[citation needed]		 Unofficial English translation:
Spirit of the Country[c][e]

Lupang mapalad,
Na mutya ng silangan;
Bayang kasuyo,
Ng sangkalikasan.

Buhay at yaman,
Ng kapilipinuhan;
Kuha't bawi,
Sa banyagang kamay.

Sa iyong langit, bundok,
batis, dagat na pinalupig;
Nailibing na ang karimlan,
Ng kahapong pagtitiis.

Sakit at luha, hirap,
Sisa at sumpa sa pagaamis;
ay wala nang lahat at naligtas,
Sa ibig manlupit.

Hayo't magdiwang lahi kong minamahal,
Iyong watawat ang siyang tanglaw;
At kung sakaling ikaw ay muling pagbantaan,
Aming bangkay ang siyang hahadlang.

Land that is blessed,
that is Pearl of the East;
Nation in union
with [the whole of] nature.

The life and riches
Of the Filipino people
Taken and reclaimed
From foreign hands.

In Thy skies, mountains,
Springs, seas that were invaded
Buried already is the darkness
Of yesterday's suffering.

Pain and tears, hardship,
Difficulty and curse of oppression
Are all gone and [we] are saved
From those who wish to be cruel [to us].

Come, let us celebrate, my beloved race,
Thy flag shall be our guiding light;
And should Thou be once more threatened,
Our corpses shall block the way.

Official post-World War II Tagalog version:
O Sintang Lupa (1948)[16]		 Unofficial English translation:
O Beloved Land[c][e]

O sintang lupa,
Perlas ng Silanganan;
Diwang apoy kang
Sa araw nagmula.

Lupang magiliw,
Pugad ng kagitingan,
Sa manlulupig
'Di ka papaslang.

Sa iyong langit, simoy, parang,
Dagat at kabundukan,
Laganap ang tibok ng puso
Sa paglayang walang hanggan.

Sagisag ng watawat mong mahal
Ningning at tagumpay;
Araw't bituin niyang maalab
Ang s'yang lagi naming tanglaw.

Sa iyo Lupa ng ligaya't pagsinta,
Tamis mabuhay na yakap mo.
Datapwa't langit ding kung ikaw ay apihin
Ay mamatay nang dahil sa 'yo.

O beloved land,
Pearl of the Orient,
A fiery spirit Thou art
From the sun cometh.

Land dearest,
Cradle of valour,
To the conquerors
Thou shalt never fall.

In Thy skies, air, meadows,
Seas and mountains,
Widespread is the heartbeat
of freedom eternal.

Thy dear flag symbolizes
Brilliance and victory;
Its sun and stars ablaze
Shall ever be our guiding light.

In Thee, Land of joy and loving,
['Tis] sweet living in Thine embrace.
Though shall it be heaven too, if Thou art oppressed
To die because of Thee.

Music and tempo

R.A. 8491 specifies that Lupang Hinirang "shall be in accordance with the musical arrangement and composition of Julián Felipe."[10] However, when literally followed, this means that the national anthem should only be performed by a pianist or by a brass band, as these were the only versions that were produced by Julián Felipe. [10] Moreover, the original version was composed in duple time (i.e. in a time signature of 2/4) as compared to the present quadruple time (4/4). It cannot be sung according to the original score, because the music must be slowed down to fit the lyrics, or the music will be so fast that singers would be unable keep pace with the music..[10]

During televised boxing matches featuring Filipino boxer Manny Pacquiao, singers have been both praised and criticized by the National Historical Institute (NHI) for singing too slow or too fast.[17] The NHI says that the proper tempo is a two-fourths beat and 100 metronomes and that it should last 53 seconds.[17]

Usage and regulation

Article XVI, Section 2 of the present Philippine Constitution specifies that "The Congress may, by law, adopt a new name for the country, a national anthem, or a national seal, which shall be truly reflective and symbolic of the ideals, history, and traditions of the people. Such law shall take effect only upon its ratification by the people in a national referendum."[18] At present, the 1998 Republic Act (R.A.) 8491.[1] (the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines) regulates the usage of the Philippine national anthem. It also contains the complete lyrics of Lupang Hinirang.[1]

R.A. 8491 states that Lupang Hinirang "shall always be sung in the national language" regardless if performed inside or outside the Philippines, and specifies that the singing must be done "with fervor[1]".

The National Anthem is usually played during public gatherings in the Philippines or in foreign countries where the Filipino audience is sizable. R.A. 8491 also provides that it be played at other occasions as may be allowed by the National Historical Institute. R.A. 8491 prohibits its playing or singing for mere recreation, amusement, or entertainment except during the following occasions:

  1. International competitions where the Philippines is the host or has a representative;
  2. Local competitions;
  3. During the "signing off" and "signing on" of radio broadcasting and television stations; and
  4. Before the initial and last screening of films and before the opening of theater performances.

R.A. 8491 specifies fine or imprisonment penalties for any person or juridical entity which violates its provisions.[1] A public or government official or employee who fails to observe the regulations of R.A. 8491 may face administrative sanctions in addition to the penalties imposed by law. This also applies to persons connected with government-held corporations, public schools, and state colleges and universities.[citation needed]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Spelled with an F since 1973, affirmed in 1987 - see respective Constitutions
  2. ^ This text differs from that of the Philippine Hymn of 1938, since the latter is a direct translation from the original Spanish poem Filipinas.
  3. ^ a b c This translation is not intended to be sung, as the words do not correspond with the music.
  4. ^ This translation--done by Wikipedia editors--is the consensus recommended translation of only currently official Philippine version of the Philippine national anthem. It is recommended that editors use this to translate the lyrics for other language editions of Wikipedia.
  5. ^ a b This translation is intended for illustrating the evolution of the Philippine national anthem.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines". The LawPhil Project. Retrieved March 30, 2010.
  2. ^ "Act No. 1696, Flag Law". Philippine Laws, Statutes and Codes. philippinelaw.info. August 23, 1907. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  3. ^ Pomeroy, William J. (Published 1992). The Philippines: Colonialism, Collaboration, and Resistance. International Publishers Co. p. 10. ISBN 0-7178-0692-8. Retrieved 26 January 2008. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link); excerpted quote: "In 1909 an entire band was sent to prison for playing the Philippine National Anthem at a festival in Quiapo, Manila.", citing Agoncillo, Teodoro A. (2005). "The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan" (Document). Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press.
  4. ^ Colleen A. Sexton (2006). Philippines in Pictures. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8225-2677-3.
  5. ^ Marshall Cavendish Corporation (September 2007). "World and Its Peoples: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Brunei" (Document). Marshall Cavendish. p. 1242. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |isbn= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help)
  6. ^ "Philippines". nationalanthems.info. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  7. ^ "Historical Notes - The Philippine National Anthem". Philippine studies - Historical notes and essays[1]. December 11, 2008. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  8. ^ a b The original text, as published in Barcelona, Spain in 1912: Palma, José (1912). Melancólicas : coleccion de poesías. Manila, Philippines: Liberería Manila Filatélica. (Digital copy found online at HathiTrust Digital Library on 2010-03-31)
  9. ^ a b Contemporary restatements of and comments about the original text:
    ^ "The Making of Filipinas". The Philippines Centennial. msc.edu.ph. Retrieved 2008-11-12.
    ^ "The Philippine National Anthem". Filipinas Heritage Library. filipinaslibrary.org.ph. Retrieved 2010-03-30.
  10. ^ a b c d e Ocampo, Ambeth R. (May 24, 2005). "The right way to sing the National Anthem" (Document). Philippines Daily Inquirer. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |archivedate= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |archiveurl= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help) (archived from the original on 26 May 2005)
  11. ^ Cribb, Robert (2003-07-22). mperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895-1945. Routledge. p. 28. ISBN 0-7007-1482-0. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1995). Mabini's Ghost. Pasig City, Philippines: Anvil Publishing.
  13. ^ Guerrero, Milagros C. "Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution". National Commission for culture and the Arts (NCCA). Archived from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 26 September 2007. (archived from the original) on 2008-01-18).
  14. ^ Kate McGeown (5 October 2010). "Philippines national anthem abuse subject to new law". BBC News. Retrieved 12 February 2013.
  15. ^ "The Philippines Flag and the National Anthem". eSerbisyo. Government of the Republic of the Philippines. 2008. Archived from the original on 2012-03-23. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
  16. ^ O Sintang Lupa, sintunado.com.
  17. ^ a b ABELLA and SOPHIA DEDACE,, Jerri (March 14, 2010). "Arnel Pineda's version of RP anthem criticized". GMA News. Retrieved 23 August 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  18. ^ "1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines". RP Government. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 26 September 2007.
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