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COVID-19 lockdown in China

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Lockdowns and restrictions in the 2019–20 Wuhan coronavirus outbreak
Part of 2019–20 novel coronavirus outbreak
COVID-19 lockdown in China is located in China
COVID-19 lockdown in China
Wuhan in Hubei province, China
Date23 January 2020 – ongoing (4 years, 6 months, 1 week and 3 days)
Location
Wuhan, many countries around the world.
Caused by2019–20 novel coronavirus outbreak
GoalsQuarantine epicentre of the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV to prevent an epidemic
MethodsSuspension of all public transport, and control of movement in and out of the city
Resulted inAbout 11 million isolated in Wuhan.
Over 57 million in 15 other cities.[1]
People in Wuhan rush to buy vegetables

On 23 January 2020, the central government of the People's Republic of China imposed a lockdown in Wuhan and other cities in Hubei in an effort to quarantine the epicentre of a newly discovered coronavirus (2019-nCoV) to prevent an epidemic. This was the first known instance in modern history of locking down a major city of 11 million people and the incident was commonly referred to as the "Wuhan Lockdown" (Chinese: 武汉封城; pinyin: Wǔhàn fēng chéng) in the media. The World Health Organization (WHO), although stating that it was beyond its own guidelines, commended the move, calling it "unprecedented in public health history".[2] The lockdown in Wuhan set the precedence for similar measures in other Chinese cities. Within hours of the Wuhan Lockdown, travel restrictions were also imposed on the nearby cities of Huanggang and Ezhou, and were eventually imposed on all 15 other cities in the province of Hubei, affecting a total of about 57 million people.[3][4] On 2 February 2020, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, implemented a 7-day lockdown in which only one person per household was allowed to exit once each two days and most of the highway exits were closed.[5]

Background

Wuhan is the capital of Hubei province in China. With a population of over 11 million, it is the largest city in Hubei, the most populous city in Central China, the seventh-most populous Chinese city, and one of the nine National Central Cities of China. Wuhan lies in the eastern Jianghan Plain, on the confluence of the Yangtze River and its largest tributary, the Han River. It is a major transportation hub, with dozens of railways, roads and expressways passing through the city and connecting to other major cities. Because of its key role in domestic transport, Wuhan is known as the "Nine Provinces' Thoroughfare" (九省通衢)[6] and sometimes referred to as "the Chicago of China".[7][8][9]

Lockdowns

Hubei

The last train on the Wuhan Metro before the lockdown
Map of locked down administrative divisions of Hubei

In mid-December 2019, an emerging cluster of people, many linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market in Wuhan, were infected with pneumonia with no clear causes. Chinese scientists subsequently linked the pneumonia to a new strain of coronavirus that was given the initial designation 2019-nCoV.

On 10 January 2020, the first case of death and 41 clinically confirmed infections caused by the novel coronavirus were reported.[10]

By 22 January 2020, the novel coronavirus had spread to major cities and provinces in China, with 571 confirmed cases and 17 deaths reported. Confirmed cases were also reported in other regions and countries, including Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, South Korea and the United States.

At 2am on 23 January 2020, authorities issued a notice informing residents of Wuhan that from 10am, all public transport, including buses, railways, flights, and ferry services would be suspended. The Wuhan Airport, the Wuhan railway station, and the Wuhan metro were all closed. The residents of Wuhan were also not allowed to leave the city without permission from the authorities.[11][12] The notice caused an exodus from Wuhan. An estimated 300,000 people were reported to have left Wuhan by train alone before the 10am lockdown.[13] By the afternoon of 23 January, the authorities began shutting down some of the major highways leaving Wuhan.[14] The lockdown came two days before the Chinese New Year, the most important festival in the country, and traditionally the peak traveling season, when millions of Chinese travel across the country.[11][14]

Following the lockdown of Wuhan, public transportation systems in two of Wuhan's neighboring prefecture-level cities, Huanggang and Ezhou, were also placed on lockdown.[11] A total of 12 other county to prefecture-level cities in Hubei, including Huangshi, Jingzhou, Yichang, Xiaogan, Jingmen, Suizhou, Xianning, Qianjiang, Xiantao, Shiyan, Tianmen and Enshi, were placed on traveling restrictions by the end of 24 January, bringing the number of people affected by the restriction to more than 50 million.[1]

Cities under lockdown in China
Place Province Start date End date City level Population Cases Deaths Recoveries Active
Wuhan Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-04-08[15][16][17] Sub-provincial 11,081,000 50,340 3,869 46,471 0
Xiaogan Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[18] Prefectural 4,920,000 3,518 129 3,389 0
Huanggang Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-03-25[18] Prefectural 6,330,000 2,907 125 2,782 0
Jingzhou Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-17[19] Prefectural 5,590,200 1,580 52 1,528 0
Ezhou Hubei 2020-01-23 2020-03-25[18] Prefectural 1,077,700 1,394 59 1,335 0
Suizhou Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[18] Prefectural 2,216,700 1,307 45 1,262 0
Xiangyang Hubei 2020-01-28[20] 2020-03-25[18] Prefectural 5,669,000 1,175 40 1,135 0
Huangshi Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-13[21] Prefectural 2,470,700 1,015 39 976 0
Yichang Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[18] Prefectural 4,135,850 931 37 894 0
Jingmen Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[18] Prefectural 2,896,500 928 41 887 0
Xianning Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[18] Prefectural 2,543,300 836 15 821 0
Shiyan Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[18] Prefectural 3,406,000 672 8 664 0
Xiantao Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[18] Sub-prefectural 1,140,500 575 22 553 0
Tianmen Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[18] Sub-prefectural 1,272,300 496 15 481 0
Enshi Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-25[18] Prefectural 3,378,000 252 7 245 0
Qianjiang Hubei 2020-01-24 2020-03-13[22] Sub-prefectural 966,000 198 9 189 0
Shennongjia Hubei 2020-01-27 2020-03-25[18] Sub-prefectural 78,912 11 0 11 0
Wenzhou Zhejiang 2020-02-02 2020-02-20[23] Prefectural 9,190,000 507 1 503 3
Ürümqi Xinjiang 2020-07-18 2020-08-26[24] Prefectural 3,519,600 845 0 845 0
Shijiazhuang Hebei 2021-01-07 2021-01-31[25] Prefectural 11,031,200 977 1 962 14
Xi'an Shaanxi 2021-12-22[26] 2022-01-16[27] Sub-provincial 8,467,838 2,265 3 2,185 77
Yuzhou Henan 2022-01-04[28] 2022-01-31[29] County 1,167,000 - - - -
Anyang Henan 2022-01-10[30] 2022-02-03[31] Prefectural 5,477,614 522 0 522 0
Shenzhen Guangdong 2022-03-14[32][33] 2022-03-21[34][35] Sub-provincial 17,560,000 982 3 428 551
Shanghai Shanghai 2022-04-01[36] 2022-06-01[37] Direct-administered municipality 24,870,895
Lockdown total 101,602,895 68,135 4,512 63,623 0
Outbreak ongoing: Infection and fatality data as of 24:00 (UTC+8) 4 June 2020.[38][39] Totals will evolve.


Elsewhere in China

On 2 February 2020, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, implemented a 7-day restriction where each household was only allowed to have one person leave their home for provisions every two days. 46 of the 54 highway exits in Wenzhou were also closed, effectively placing the city of about 9 million, and the first outside of Hubei, in a semi-lockdown.[40][41][5][42]

Impacts and reactions

The exodus from Wuhan before the lockdown has resulted in angry responses on Sina Weibo from residents in other cities who are concerned that it could result in spreading of the novel coronavirus to their cities. Some in Wuhan are concerned with the availability of provisions and especially medical supplies during the lockdown.[14][43]

The World Health Organization called the Wuhan lockdown "unprecedented" and said it showed "how committed the authorities are to contain a viral breakout." However, WHO clarified that the move is not a recommendation that WHO had made and authorities have to wait and see how effective it is.[2] The WHO has separately stated that the possibility of locking down an entire city like this is "new to science".[44]

The CSI 300 Index, an aggregate measure of the top 300 stocks in the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges, slumped almost 3% on 23 January 2020, the biggest single-day loss in almost 9 months, after the Wuhan lockdown was announced as investors spooked by the drastic measure sought safe haven for their investments.[45]

The unprecedented scale of this lockdown generated controversy, and at least one expert criticized this measure as "risky business" that "could very easily backfire" by forcing otherwise healthy people in Wuhan to stay in close conditions with infected people. Drawing a cordon sanitaire around a city of 11 million people raises inevitable ethical concerns. It also drew comparisons to the lockdown of the poor West Point neighbourhood in Liberia during the 2014 ebola outbreak, which was lifted after ten days.[46][47]

The lockdown has caused panic in the city of Wuhan, and many have expressed concern about the city's ability to cope with the outbreak. It remains unknown whether the large costs of this measure, both financially and in terms of personal liberty, will translate to effective infection control.[44]

Medical historian Howard Markel argued that the Chinese government "may now be overreacting, imposing an unjustifiable burden on the population," and that "Incremental restrictions, enforced steadily and transparently, tend to work far better than draconian measures."[48]

Reactions and measures outside Mainland China

Strict surveillance measures are being enforced at airports, seaports and border crossings to prevent the disease spreading to countries or territories in the region. Accordingly, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and some ASEAN countries (notably Myanmar, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, and Vietnam) are thermally monitoring passengers arriving at their major international airports, while flights from and/or to Wuhan ceased operating. Activity through gateways in Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam are put under extra supervision from the Government and medical staffs. North Korea banned international flights and foreign visitors, and Papua New Guinea banned travelers from all Asian countries. An analysis of air travel patterns was used to map out and predict patterns of spread and was published in the Journal of Travel Medicine in mid-January 2020. Based on information from the International Air Transport Association (2018), Bangkok, Hong Kong, Tokyo, and Taipei had the largest volume of travelers from Wuhan. Dubai, Sydney and Melbourne were also reported as popular destinations for people travelling from Wuhan. Using the validated tool, the Infectious Disease Vulnerability Index (IDVI), to assess the ability to manage a disease threat, Bali was reported as least able in preparedness, while cities in Australia were considered most able.[49][50]

As a result of the outbreak, many countries including most the Schengen Area, Armenia, Australia, Iraq, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Malaysia, Maldives, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and the United States have imposed temporary entry bans on Chinese citizens or recent visitors to China, or have ceased issuing visas and reimposed visa requirements on Chinese citizens.[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]

In the neighbourhood, countries and territories namely Hong Kong, Mongolia, Nepal, North Korea, Russia and Vietnam have also responded with border tightening/closures with the mainland China.[63] On 22 January 2020, North Korea closed its borders to international tourists to prevent the spread of the virus into the country. Chinese visitors make up the bulk of foreign tourists to North Korea.[64]

Also on 22 January, the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) announced that it would be moving the matches in the third round of the 2020 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament from Wuhan to Nanjing, affecting the women's national team squads from Australia, China PR, Chinese Taipei and Thailand.[65] A few days later, the AFC announced that together with Football Federation Australia they would be moving the matches to Sydney.[66] The Asia-Pacific Olympic boxing qualifiers, which were originally set to be held in Wuhan from 3–14 February, were also cancelled and moved to Amman, Jordan to be held between 3–11 March.[67][68]

On 27 January 2020, the United States CDC issued updated travel guidance for China, recommending that travellers avoid all nonessential travel to all of the country. The CDC has directed U.S. Customs and Border Protection to check individuals for symptoms of the coronavirus.[69]

On 29 January 2020, British Airways cancelled all their flights to mainland China as a reaction to the spread of the virus.[70] Lufthansa followed hours later by also suspending all their flights.[71] Lion Air and Air Seoul also suspended all their flights.[72] The same day, Czechia stopped issuing Schengen Visas to Chinese citizens.[73]

On 30 January 2020, Belgium, Greece and Italy closed all Schengen Visa application centres in China.[74][75][76] The same day, Egyptair announced suspension of flights between Egypt and Hangzhou starting 1 February 2020 while those to Beijing and Guangzhou will be suspended starting 4 February 2020 until further notice.[77]

On 31 January 2020, Italy closed all passenger air traffic between Italy and China and Taiwan. The Italian Civil Aviation Authority NOTAM says that effective 31 January, all passenger flights from China, including the special administrative regions of Hong Kong and Macau, and Taiwan are suspended until further notice, on request of the Italian health authorities. Aircraft that were flying to Italy when the NOTAM was published, were cleared to land.[76][78]

On 1 February 2020, after Belgium, Czechia, Greece and Italy, all other Schengen countries' visa application centres were closed, with the exception of France, suspending the issuing of visas to Chinese citizens.[51]

Qatar Airways took the decision to suspend flights to mainland China from 3 February until further notice, due to significant operational challenges caused by entry restrictions imposed by several countries.[79] Qatar Airways is the first carrier in the Middle East to do so. An ongoing review of operations will be conducted weekly with the intention to reinstate flights as soon as the restrictions are lifted.[79]

Though some of the airlines cancelled flights to Hong Kong as well, British Airways, Finnair and Lufthansa have not, and American Airlines continues operating a limited service to the area. Hong Kong's four airlines halved the flights to mainland China.[80] The following airlines have so far reduced or cancelled flights to and from China:[81][82][83][84][85][86][87]

On 31 January 2020, the United States declared the virus a public health emergency. Starting 2 February, all inbound passengers who have been to Hubei in the previous 14 days will be put under quarantine for up to 14 days. Any U.S. Citizen who has traveled to the rest of mainland China will be allowed to continue their travel home if they are asymptomatic, but will be monitored by local health departments.[88]

On 1 February 2020, Vietnam suspended all flights to and from China.[84]

On 2 February 2020, India issued a travel advisory that warned all people residing in India to not travel to China, suspended E-visas from China, and further stated anyone who has traveled to China starting 15 January (to an indefinite point in the future) could be quarantined.[89] New Zealand announced that it will deny entry to all travellers from China and that it will order its citizens to self-isolate for 14 days if they are returning from China.[90] Indonesia and Iraq followed by also banning all travellers that visited China within the past 14 days.[90]

On 3 February 2020, Indonesia announced it would ban passenger flights and also sea freights from and to China start on 5 February until further notice. In addition, live animal imports and other products followed by this decision. Minister of Trade Agus Suparmanto “We will obviously stop live animals imports from China and are still considering banning other products”[91][92][93] Turkey announced it would suspend all flights from China until the end of February and begin scanning passengers coming from South Asian countries at airports.[94][95]

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