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Apple Maps
Developer(s)Apple Inc.
Initial releaseiOS: September 19, 2012; 11 years ago (2012-09-19)
OS X: October 22, 2013; 10 years ago (2013-10-22)
watchOS: April 24, 2015; 9 years ago (2015-04-24)
Stable release
OS X: 2.0 (1906.2.15.7.2)
Operating systemiOS 6 onwards, OS X Mavericks onwards, watchOS onwards
TypeWeb mapping
LicenseProprietary
Websitewww.apple.com/maps/ Edit this on Wikidata

Apple Maps is a web mapping service developed by Apple Inc. It is the default maps system of iOS, OS X, and watchOS. The application provides directions and estimated times of arrival for automobile, pedestrian and public transportation navigation. It contains the unique 'Flyovers' mode, a feature that enables a user to explore densely populated urban centers in a 3D landscape composed of models of buildings and structures.

The mapping service was released on September 19, 2012, in iOS, and replaced Google Maps as the default mapping service for Apple operating systems. In the initial launch, it received large amounts of criticism for incorrect directions, a lack of public transportation directions and various other bugs and errors. Since the introduction of Apple Maps, further software development has rectified many of those criticisms.

History

Apple Maps was announced along with iOS 6, OS X Mountain Lion, and iCloud during the 2012 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 11.

Initial release

Apple Maps was announced during the 2012 Apple Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) on June 11. Apple revealed during the conference that the application would replace Google Maps as the default web mapping service in the new version of Apple's mobile operating system, iOS 6. Apple also disclosed that the application would get turn-by-turn navigation, 3D maps, so-called Flyovers, and integration of the virtual assistant Siri. The integration of Siri would enable the user to perform tasks such as ask for the closest petrol station. Furthermore, Apple announced that Apple Maps would be able to navigate in the lock screen of the mobile phone.[1][2] The mapping service was eventually released on September 19, 2012.[3] Following the launch, Apple Maps received a lot of criticism resulting in Tim Cook, CEO of Apple Inc., apologizing in late September and the departure of two key employees of Apple. (See also §Early inaccuracy)[3][4]

Before Apple Maps was the default mapping application in iOS, Google Maps held this position since the first generation iPhone from 2007.[5] Friction between Google and Apple about Google's mapping service originated in late 2009, because the Android version of Google Maps featured turn-by-turn navigation, while the iOS version lacked this. In addition, Apple argued that Google collected too much user data.[6] When iOS 6 was made available, Google didn't immediately launch a mapping application of its own in iOS, so that Google Maps could only be accessed by iOS 6 users on the internet.[7] However, Google Maps had added an equivalent of Apple Maps' Flyover to virtual globe application Google Earth after the announcement of Apple Maps.[8] Google did eventually release Google Maps in the Apple Store three months after Apple Maps' launch — in December 2012. This version of Google Maps did in contrast to the previous iOS version feature turn-by-turn navigation. Shortly after Google Maps was launched, it was the most popular free application of the App Store.[9]

In 2009, the first speculation about a mapping service by Apple arose after computer magazine Computerworld found out that Apple had taken over the mapping company Placebase in July of that year. Since that moment, the CEO of Placebase was part of Apple's "Geo Team".[10][11] In the following two years, Apple acquired another two mapping related companies: Poly9 in 2010 and C3 Technologies in 2011. Both companies were specialized in 3D maps.[12][13] C3 Technology's imagery was later used for the Flyovers of Apple Maps.[14] Earlier in 2011, Apple Maps had stated on its website that it was collecting location data to create "an improved traffic service in the next couple of years" for iPhone users, indicating Apple's mapping service.[15] In September 2012, when Apple Maps was released, a source with connections to both Google and Apple Maps claimed to technology website TechCrunch that Apple was recruiting Google employees that worked on Google Maps.[16]

Further developments

In the first year after its release, a number of improvements were implemented in Apple Maps. Errors in the maps were solved.[17] Other changes comprised adding more satellite imagery and making the navigation available in more cities. Also, Apple acquired some companies in 2013 to better Apple Maps, namely HopStop, Embark, WifiSlam, and Locationary. Furthermore, Apple bought the team and the technology of the company BroadMap. HopStop and Embark both specialized in mapping public transportation, WifiSlam was specialized in interior maps, Locationary provided accurate company data for mapping services, and BroadMap managed, sorted, and analyzed map data.[18][19][20]

The new version of Apple Maps in iOS 7 was announced during the June 2013 WWDC. This new version had a new look and also the icon to open Apple Maps was redone.[21] Besides, a number of functions were implemented, including a full-screen mode, a night mode, real-time traffic information, navigation for pedestrians, and the Frequent Locations feature, that records the most visited places by users. The purpose of the latter feature, that can be switched on and off, was to improve the map data of Apple Maps. In addition, new satellite imagery was added once again.[18][21] iOS 7 was released on September 18, 2013.[22] The then new iPhone 5S was given a new motion coprocessor, the M7, that is able to identify whether a user is walking or driving in order to adjust the navigation mode.[18]

Also, it was revealed during that same conference that a desktop version of the application would be made available for OS X Mavericks, that was announced on that same day.[23] OS X Mavericks and the desktop version of Apple Maps were released on October 22, 2013. The desktop version was similar to the version in iOS 7, but the desktop application was integrated in the applications Contacts and Calendar in addition. Additionally, the desktop version enabled users to send locations and directions to other devices with iOS.[24] In June of the next year, Apple acquired the company Spotsetter. Since that acquisition, most of its employees work at Apple. Spotsetter used to be a social search engine that gave personalized recommendations as to places to visit using big data.[25]

The successor of iOS 7, iOS 8, became available on September 17, 2014. The successor of OS X Mavericks, OS X Yosemite, on October 16 of that same year.[26] The update of both operating systems didn't bring any major modifications to Apple Maps. However, the feature "City Tours" was introduced to both iOS and OS X. This function made it possible for the user to be guided through locations with Flyovers.[27] Also, Apple Maps results were in OS X Yosemite shown in the search feature Spotlight.[28] Later that year, Apple news website 9to5Mac reported that in the previous months a number of Apple Maps employees, including a key employee, had left the company to work for Uber.[29] In the next year, Apple Maps was added to the operating system of the new Apple Watch, that was released on April 24, 2015.[30] The smartwatch version of Apple Maps features turn-by-turn navigation. Instructions of the navigation are indicated by taps on the wrist of the user.[31]

During the WWDC on June 8, 2015, Craig Federighi, Apple's senior vice president of Software Engineering, announced that the new version of Apple Maps in iOS 9 would have information about public transportation in a number of global cities. Frederighi also named some of these cities.[32] The function also became available for OS X El Capitan and watchOS 2.[33][34] In addition, the function "Nearby", that shows nearby points of interest in several categories was added. Since the update, the application chooses a detour in case of a traffic delay.[21][35] The three new versions of the operating systems became available in September 2015.[33][34][36] In addition to releasing new versions of the operating systems, Apple again took over a few companies in 2015 probably in order to improve the mapping application. The company acquired Coherent Navigation in spring, that provides precise location data through High Integrity GPS, and also startup company Mapsense later that year.[37][38] The latter had developed software to organize large amounts of location data.[39]

In January 2016, the beta version of watchOS 2.2 was released. Apple Maps was renewed in the new version of the operating system and received a number of new features, including "Nearby". That last function had been exclusively available to iOS previously.[40]

Vehicles

An Apple Maps vehicle driving through St. Charles, Missouri in June 2015.

In early 2015, vehicles with photo equipment were seen in various places spread over the United States. The vehicles, that were equipped with twelve cameras and lidar sensors, turned out to be Apple's. Speculation arose that Apple was working on a counterpart of Google Street View.[41][42] There had been speculation about such counterpart since a patent of Apple, in which a concept similar to Street View was described, was published in April 2013. The patent that was published at that time had been filed in September 2011.[43] In June 2015, Apple stated on its website that the vehicles were collecting data to improve Apple Maps. Also, Apple claimed to secure privacy by making faces and license plates unrecognizable. According to the company, Apple has had vehicles drive through the countries in the chart below.[44]

Continent Countries according to Apple's website (since June 2015)
North America
Europe

Features

Apple Maps giving directions from San Francisco to Los Angeles, as shown on an iPad running iOS 9.

Apple Maps uses vector graphics, causing the application to use less data than competitor Google Maps.[45] The map has four available layers, being a regular map, satellite view, hybrid view, that combines the previous ones, and transit, that shows public transportation.[21] The biggest provider of maps is TomTom, but map data is supplied as well by companies, including Automotive Navigation Data, Hexagon AB, Intermap Technologies, OpenStreetMap, and Waze.[46] The agreement between Apple Maps and TomTom was renewed in 2015.[47] TomTom is owner of Tele Atlas, that is used by Google Maps, the major competitor of Apple Maps, too.[18] The satellite imagery comes from the company DigitalGlobe.[46]

Apple Maps can be used to plan routes and the mapping service features turn-by-turn navigation with spoken instructions for vehicles, pedestrians, and public transportation.[48] The navigation function is according to Apple available in 56 countries worldwide.[49] The application can be used as well to see real-time traffic information, and Apple's virtual assistant, Siri, is integrated in Apple Maps. The map displays points of interest and this information is provided by approximately twenty companies, including Booking.com, Foursquare, TripAdvisor, and Yelp. The data of Foursquare was added in late 2015.[46][50] Pins can be placed on the map to retrieve the same place later. The satellite view features Flyovers, three-dimensional satellite views, in certain places.[51]

Flyover and 3D maps

With Flyover certain locations — mainly large cities and landmarks — can be seen from a bird's-eye perspective.[21] The three-dimensional views are photo-realistic and the perspective can be changed.[48] Flyover has been available since the first release of Apple Maps. A number of cities with Flyovers have "City Tours" in addition. With this feature, the user is guided in the Flyover view along landmarks of that location. "City Tours" was added to Apple Maps in iOS 8 (released on September 17, 2014) and in OS X Yosemite (released on October 16, 2014).[26][27][28] Next to Flyovers, around fifty cities also feature 3D maps. This feature enables the user to see three-dimensional models of structures in the map view. These models, that aren't photo-realistic, can be seen for example while using the turn-by-tun navigation.[21][48]

Flyovers are available at the following locations:[49]

Locations with Flyovers
Country Locations
 Australia Adelaide, Canberra, Gold Coast, Melbourne, Perth, Sydney
 Austria Graz, Linz, Salzburg
 Bahamas Nassau
 Belgium Antwerp, Bruges, Brussels, Ghent, Mechelen
 Canada Calgary, Montreal, Surrey, Toronto, Vancouver
 Czech Republic Brno, Prague
 Denmark Aarhus, Copenhagen, Helsingør, Odense, Roskilde
 Finland Helsinki
 France Amiens, Angers, Annecy, Avignon, Béziers, Biarritz, Bordeaux, Carcassonne, Chambord, Châteauneuf-du-Pape, Chenonceaux, Clermont-Ferrand, Dijon, Gorges de l'Ardèche, La Rochelle, Le Mans, Lille, Limoges, Lyon, Marseille, Millau, Mont Saint-Michel, Montpellier, Nantes, Nice, Nîmes, Omaha Beach, Paris, Perpignan, Pont du Gard, Reims, Rennes, Saint-Étienne, Saint-Tropez, Strasbourg, Toulouse, Verdon Gorge
 Germany Berlin, Bielefeld, Bremen, Cologne, Dresden, Hamburg, Karlsruhe, Kiel, Mannheim, Munich, Münster, Neuschwanstein Castle, Nuremberg, Stuttgart
 Hungary Budapest
 Ireland Cliffs of Moher, Cork, Dublin
 Italy Ancona, Bari, Bobbio, Catania, Cittadella, Florence, Genoa, Messina, Milan, Padua, Paestum, Parma, Pavia, Perugia, Reggio Calabria, Rome, Sanremo, Syracuse, Taormina, Treviso, Turin, Venice
 Japan Aomori, Hiroshima, Kyoto, Nagasaki, Nagoya, Okayama, Osaka, Sapporo, Sendai, Shizuoka, Tokyo, Toyama
 Mexico Chichen Itza, Culiacán, Ensenada, Guadalajara, Loreto, Mazatlán, Mexicali, Teotihuacan, Tijuana, Tulum
 Monaco Monaco
 Netherlands Eindhoven, Rotterdam, Utrecht
 New Zealand Auckland, Christchurch, Dunedin, Nelson, Wellington
 Portugal Braga, Coimbra, Porto
 South Africa Durban, Cape Town, Johannesburg, Pretoria
 Spain A Coruña, Algeciras, Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Barcelona, Cáceres, Cádiz, Córdoba, Huelva, Jerez de la Frontera, León, Lugo, Madrid, Murcia, Pamplona, Salamanca, San Sebastian, Seville, Valencia
 Sweden Gothenburg, Helsingborg, Linköping, Malmö, Stockholm, Visby
  Switzerland Basel, Bern
 United Kingdom Belfast, Birmingham, Blackpool, British Virgin Islands, Edinburgh, Gibraltar, Glasgow, Kingston upon Hull, Leeds, Liverpool, London, Manchester, Middlesbrough, Nottingham, Preston, Stonehenge, Wolverhampton
 United States See the bottom of the table
 Vatican City Vatican City
Locations in the  United States with Flyovers
State/territory Locations
Arizona Grand Canyon, Hoover Dam, Lake Powell, Meteor Crater, Monument Valley, Phoenix, Tucson
California Bakersfield, Fresno, Lassen Volcanic National Park, Los Angeles, Modesto, Oakland, Sacramento, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, Stockton, Yosemite National Park
Colorado Denver, Royal Gorge
Florida Miami, Pensacola
Georgia Atlanta
Hawaii Big Island (far western part), Oahu
Idaho Boise
Illinois Chicago
Indiana Indianapolis, South Bend
Kentucky Louisville
Louisiana Baton Rouge, New Orleans
Maine Portland
Maryland Baltimore
Massachusetts Boston, Salem
Michigan Detroit
Minnesota Minneapolis, Saint Paul
Missouri Springfield, St. Louis
Nevada Hoover Dam, Las Vegas
New York Albany, Buffalo, New York City, Schenectady
Ohio Cleveland, Columbus
Oklahoma Oklahoma City, Tulsa
Oregon Portland, Salem
Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pittsburgh
Puerto Rico Aguadilla, Arecibo, Mayagüez, Ponce, San Juan
Rhode Island Providence
South Dakota Mount Rushmore, Rapid City
Tennessee Memphis, Nashville
Texas Arlington (partially), Amarillo, Austin, Dallas, Fort Worth, Houston, San Antonio
US Virgin Islands Fully Covered
Utah Arches National Park, Lake Powell, Monument Valley, Zion National Park
Washington Seattle, Tacoma
Wisconsin Green Bay, Milwaukee
Wyoming Cheyenne, Devils Tower

Apple had plans to give the Norwegian capital city Oslo a Flyover, but didn't receive a permit to fly in the city due to security concerns of the Norwegian National Security Authority.[52]

Nearby

The feature "Nearby" is solely available in iOS 9 and watchOS 2.2 and shows icons of different categories like "food" and "transport" in the search menu.[40] After clicking such icon, nearby points of interest in that category are shown with their names, distances, and reviews on Yelp. Also, pins appear at the locations of these places on the map. The turn-by-turn navigation can be activated by Nearby as well.[35][53] When iOS 9 was launched on September 16, 2015, the function was only available in the United States and China, but this area expanded to Australia, Canada, Germany, and France at the end of October 2015.[36][54] In the beginning of 2016, Nearby was added to Finland, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom.[49]

Transit

The function "Transit" shows the public transport networks on the map of a number of cities and their surroundings. The functionality was added to iOS 9 (released on September 16, 2015), OS X El Capitan (released on September 30), and watchOS 2 (released on September 21).[33][34][36] Apple Maps displays in the available cities the networks of busses, subways, trains, and ferries.[32] Also, the mapping service has the schedule of the public transport and shows the locations of the entries and exits of the subway and train stations.[55] "Transit" is available at the following locations:

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Type Family
Handles wiki
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mobile suited 		Start template Column divider End template
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"columns-start" Yes Yes {{columns-start}} {{column}} {{columns-end}}
Columns "div col" Yes Yes {{div col}} – {{div col end}}
"columns-list" No Yes {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) – –
Flexbox "flex columns" No Yes {{flex columns}} – –
Table "col" Yes No {{col-begin}},
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All these places except for Boston, Los Angeles, and Sydney have disposed of the feature since its launch. The two former got the public transport functionality in October 2015 and the latter in December of the same year.[49][56] Also, the routes of Amtrak in the Northeastern United States were added in October 2015.[57]

Traffic information

Apple Maps shows real-time traffic information and the turn-by-turn navigation takes delays into account by changing the arrival time and sometimes by picking a detour.[48] This function was introduced in iOS 7 (released on September 18, 2013) and is available in 30 countries.[21][22][49] In the beginning of 2015, Consumentenbond, a Dutch organization promoting consumer rights, researched the traffic information of various navigation applications and concluded that Apple Maps gave the most false notices of all seven application that were tested.[58]

Market share

A graph showing the percentage of American smartphone users who used Apple Maps (blue) and Google Maps (orange) between July 2013 and July 2015 (Data: comScore).

comScore investigated the market shares of different web mapping services in the United States using polls. Prior to the launch of Apple Maps in September 2012, there were 103.6 million Americans with iOS or Android, of which 81 million used Google Maps. According to comScore, the latter figure had dropped to 58.7 million in September 2013, a year after the release of Apple Maps. At the same time, there were 35 million American Apple Maps users and a total of 136.7 million people with iOS or Android in the United States. 60.1 million had an iPhone, of which 8.3 million used Google Maps. Some of those iPhone users weren't able to use Apple Maps, since they hadn't updated their device to iOS 6.[6] In addition, research by comScore conducted between July 2013 and July 2015 showed that Apple Maps was used by between 20% and 30% of all American smartphone users — so including users with operating systems for which Apple Maps wasn't available. The application of Google Maps was used by between 40% and 51% of the American smartphone users during the same period.[59]

Furthermore, comScore studied the market share of Apple Maps on iPhones in the United Kingdom. Over there, more than 6.2 million iPhone owners of the total 10.35 million British iPhone owners used Apple Maps in September 2013, one year after the launch of Apple Maps. The mapping service with the second largest market share on British iPhones was Google Maps, that was used by over 1.8 million British iPhone owners.[60]

Research, that was too conducted in the second half of 2013, by British internet service provider EE Limited concluded that Apple Maps had a market share of 64% among the users of the 4G network of the British company. The market share amounted to 57% among users of the British 3G network.[61] The research involved looking to the data of the internet provider and looking to the results of an investigation by Taylor Nelson Sofres among 1,000 users of the 4G network. However, EE Limited didn't indicate how many of its users had an iPhone.[62] According to subsequent research by EE Limited, the market share of Apple Maps among its users increased in the following years: the market share of Apple Maps was 70% in the first half of 2014 among users of the 4G network of EE Limited and 76% among the users of the 3G network.[63] At the turn of the year, the same values amounted to 73% and 82% respectively.[64]

Early inaccuracy

Apple Maps received a lot of criticism after its launch on September 19, 2012.People complained about wrong and inaccurate information about places and points of interests. Many of these errors are now fixed.[3][18][65]

Some places were shown with the wrong name, in an entirely different place or weren't shown at all.[3][7] Examples of those mistakes were the Ukrainian capital Kiev, that was spelled as "Kylv", the Welsh place Pontypridd, whose label was shown 6 miles (10 kilometres) northeast of its actual location, and the English town Stratford-upon-Avon, that was missing in Apple Maps. Also, people who looked up "London" ended up in the Canadian city London instead of its namesake, the capital of the United Kingdom.[7] Many complained about outdated or inaccurate data about companies and interesting places. For example, in the United Kingdom, chains that no longer exist were still on the maps and large stores were accidentally mapped in backyards.[18] Furthermore, the label of the Willis Tower in the United States was displayed in the wrong location.[7] Apple Maps was sometimes unable to find companies or other points of interest at all.[18] For instance, the London train and subway station Paddington and Tokyo Station were missing, and the Helsinki Central railway station was shown as a park.[6][7] Also, parks were occasionally displayed as airports.[3]

On several occasions, governments and politicians warned citizens of errors with Apple Maps. In early December 2012, the police department of the Australian city Mildura alerted people who planned to reach the city using Apple Maps, because Mildura was shown in the middle of Murray-Sunset National Park, 40 miles (64 kilometres) from its actual location. The police department stated that the error was potentially life-threatening, as the national park didn't have water supplies and as the temperatures could rise up to 114 °F (46 °C). The police rescued at least four people, one of which was stranded for 24 hours. After that, the police department tried to contact Apple to solve the problem. The error was fixed by Apple in December 2012.[66][67][68] Alan Shatter, the Minister for Justice and Equality and Minister of Defense of Ireland at the time, issued a warning because of a mistake in Apple Maps: a non-existent airport was shown near the Irish capital Dublin. This location was in reality a public farm called "Airfield". Shatter wrote in his statement that the mistake was dangerous, because a pilot could try to make an emergency landing there.[69]

Apple's response

As a result of the criticism, Tim Cook, CEO of Apple Inc., placed a letter of apology on Apple's website on September 30, 2012, in which he apologized for the "frustrations" experienced by users. He said that Apple fell short and that the company was making every effort to improve the mapping service. Also, Cook stated that dissatisfied users could use rival mapping applications like Bing Maps, MapQuest, Waze, Google Maps, and Nokia Maps.[70] Steve Jobs, former CEO of Apple Inc., had used this way of apologizing as well in a number of occasions.[3] A week before the release of the letter of apology, just after the launch of Apple maps, spokesperson Trudy Miller had stated to technology news website All Things Digital that Apple Maps was a major initiative and that they "were just getting started with it." Also, Miller said the application would improve as more people would use it.[71][72]

In the aftermath of the criticism, two key employees left the company because of the problems with Apple Maps. The departure of Scott Forstall, senior vice president of iOS, was announced in October 2012.[4] Sources had stated to technology news website The Verge that he had been fired, because he would have refused to sign the letter of apology of Tim Cook.[73] Richard Williamson, who was responsible for the mapping team of Apple, left according to business magazine Bloomberg Businessweek the next month. He was succeeded by Eddy Cue.[4]

TomTom's response

TomTom had received criticism as well, because that company was the main provider of map data. Cees van Dok, TomTom's head of user experience design, said to technology news website TechRadar that Apple was the problem. According to him, Apple was trying to combine too many sources to create Apple Maps.[74]

Modern reception

Since Apple has fixed all of the errors the service previously had, Apple Maps has received mixed reviews, with some critics complementing its "Flyover" feature and appearance of the street map,[75] while others criticizing its lack of features that Google Maps has. ZDNet said "[Apple Maps] had its share of problems, but Apple Maps is back with a vengeance. Powered by some jaw-dropping 3D graphics and enjoying an aggressive multi-platform strategy, Apple is finally set to redefine our geospatial expectations – and take Google down a few notches."[75] An editor of The Street wrote "But, today, and presumably after the iOS 7 update, Apple Maps has come into its own. Despite the lingering absence of transit directions (at last check, Apple still suggests Google Maps and other "routing" apps), I now prefer to Apple over Google."[76] Macworld wrote "Apple Maps has vastly improved since it was first launched and now we conclude the turn-by-turn navigation is a lot better than Google’s offering. While there are areas that both Google and Apple can improve on, we’re certain that using Apple Maps won’t direct you to drive into the Thames and that most of the initial issues have been fixed."[77] Thrillist wrote an article about "Things Apple Maps Does Better Than Google Maps," praising its ability to let the user "send directions instantly from your computer to your phone," "see turn-by-turn directions from the lock screen," "get more specific recommendations for nearby attractions," "know which subway car to get on and which exit to use," "see true-to-life details," and "get seamless directions from Siri."[78]

See also

References

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