Jump to content

Economy of Taiwan

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Economy of the Republic of China" redirects here. For the economic history of the Republic of China while based on the Chinese mainland, see Economic history of China (1912–49).

Economy of Taiwan
Taipei, the capital city and financial centre of Taiwan
CurrencyNew Taiwan dollar (TWD)
Calendar year
Trade organizations
WTO, APEC and ICC
Country group
Statistics
PopulationDecrease 23,196,178 (May 2022)[3]
GDP
GDP rank
GDP growth
  • Increase 2.5% (2022)[5]
  • Increase 1.5% (2023f)[5]
  • Increase 2.6% (2024f)[5]
GDP per capita
  • Increase $35,129 (nominal; 2024)[4]
  • Increase $77,894 (PPP; 2024)[4]
GDP per capita rank
GDP by sector
3% (July 2022 est.)[7]
Population below poverty line
1.5% (2012 est.)[6]
33.6 medium (2014)[6]
Increase 0.926 very high (2021)[note 1]
Labor force
15 million (2022 est.)[6]
Labor force by occupation
UnemploymentPositive decrease 3.74% (2022)[7]
Average gross salary
NT$ 45,520
US$1,407 per month (2023-07)
NT$ 41,497
US$1,282 per month (2023-07)
Main industries
External
ExportsDecrease $433 billion (2023)[13]
Export goods
semiconductors, petrochemicals, automobile/auto parts, ships, wireless communication equipment, flat panel displays, steel, electronics, plastics, computers
Main export partners
ImportsDecrease $352 billion (2023)[13]
Import goods
oil/petroleum, semiconductors, natural gas, coal, steel, computers, wireless communication equipment, automobiles, fine chemicals, textiles
Main import partners
FDI stock
  • Decrease $200 billion (31 December 2021 est.)[6]
  • Decrease Abroad: $500 billion (31 December 2021 est.)[6]
Increase $200 billion (2022 est.)[7]
Negative increase $300 billion (31 December 2021 est.)[6]
Public finances
Positive decrease 29% of GDP (2022)[6][note 2]
−0.2% (of GDP) (2022 est.)[6]
Revenues91.62 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Expenses100 billion (2017 est.)[6]
Increase $568 billion (March 2024)[19]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.


The economy of Taiwan is a highly developed free-market economy. It is the 8th largest in Asia and 20th-largest in the world by purchasing power parity, allowing Taiwan to be included in the advanced economies group by the International Monetary Fund.[20] Taiwan is notable for its rapid economic development from an agriculture-based society to an industrialised, high-income country. This economic growth has been described as the Taiwan Miracle. It is gauged in the high-income economies group by the World Bank.[21] Taiwan is one of the most technologically advanced computer microchip and high-tech electronics industries makers in the world.[22][23][24]

History

[edit]
Main article: Taiwan Miracle
See also: Economic history of Taiwan and Four Asian Tigers
GDP per capita development in Taiwan

Taiwan has transformed itself from a recipient of U.S. aid in the 1950s and early 1960s to an aid donor and major foreign investor, with investments primarily centered in Asia. Private Taiwanese investment in mainland China is estimated to total in excess of US$150 billion,[25][better source needed] and official tallies cite Taiwan as having invested a comparable amount in Southeast Asia.

In 1949, over two million Kuomintang supporters fled to the island following the loss of Mainland China in the Chinese Civil War.[26][27][28] The sudden increase in population also affected Taiwan's economy.

Facing the economic pressure, the Kuomintang regime established several economic plans and policies. The first step towards industrialization was land reforms, a crucial step in modernizing the economy, as it created a class of landowners with the capital they could invest in future economic endeavors. US aid was also important in stabilizing post-war Taiwan, and it constituted more than 30 percent of domestic investment from 1951 to 1962. These factors, together with government planning and universal education, brought rapid advancements in industry and agriculture, and living standards. The economy shifted from an agriculture-based economy (32% of GDP in 1952) to an industry-oriented economy (47% of GDP in 1986).[29][better source needed] Between 1952 and 1961, the economy grew by an average of 9.21% each year.[29][better source needed]

Once again, the transformation of Taiwan's economy cannot be understood without reference to a larger geopolitical framework. Although aid was cut back in the 1970s, it was crucial in its formative years, spurring industrialization, and security and economic links between Taiwan and the United States were maintained. Uncertainty about the US commitment accelerated the country's shift from subsidized import-substitution in the 1950s to export-led growth.The development of foreign trade and exports helped absorb excess labor from a decreased importance of agriculture in the economy.[29][better source needed] Taiwan moved from cheap, labor-intensive manufactures, such as textiles and toys, into an expansion of heavy industry and infrastructure in the 1970s and then to advanced electronics in the subsequent decade. By the 1980s, the economy was becoming increasingly open, and the government moved towards the privatization of government enterprises.[29][better source needed] Technological development led to the establishment of the Hsinchu Science Park in 1981. Investments in mainland China spurred cross-strait trade, decreasing Taiwan's dependence on the United States market.[29][better source needed] From 1981 to 1995, the economy grew at an annual rate of 7.52%, and the service sector became the largest sector at 51.67%, surpassing the industrial sector and becoming a major source of the economy's growth.

International Trade is officially assisted by Taiwan External Trade Development Council.[30] Because of the financial policy[31] by the Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and its entrepreneurial strengths,[32] Taiwan suffered little from the financial crisis of 1997-1999 compared to other economies in the region.

Taiwan bonds
No Inverted yield curves
  30 year
  20 year
  10 year
  5 year
  2 year

Data

[edit]

The following table shows the main economic indicators in 1980–2021 (with IMF staff estimates in 2021–2027). Inflation under 5% is in green.[33]

Year GDP

(in Bil. US$PPP)

GDP per capita

(in US$ PPP)

GDP

(in Bil. US$nominal)

GDP per capita

(in US$ nominal)

GDP growth

(real)

Inflation rate

(in Percent)

Unemployment

(in Percent)

Government debt

(in % of GDP)

1980 61.6 3,446.2 42.3 2,366.8 Increase8.0% Negative increase19.0% 1.2% n/a
1981 Increase72.2 Increase3,967.2 Increase49.0 Increase2,691.5 Increase7.1% Negative increase15.7% Negative increase1.4% n/a
1982 Increase80.3 Increase4,338.3 Increase49.5 Decrease2,675.3 Increase4.8% Increase3.0% Negative increase2.1% n/a
1983 Increase91.0 Increase4,843.1 Increase54.1 Increase2,881.7 Increase9.0% Increase1.4% Negative increase2.7% n/a
1984 Increase103.8 Increase5,441.4 Increase61.1 Increase3,202.6 Increase10.0% Increase0.0% Positive decrease2.5% n/a
1985 Increase112.2 Increase5,808.8 Increase63.6 Increase3,293.9 Increase4.8% Increase-0.2% Negative increase2.9% n/a
1986 Increase127.6 Increase6,541.8 Increase78.2 Increase4,008.1 Increase11.5% Increase0.7% Positive decrease2.7% n/a
1987 Increase147.5 Increase7,475.6 Increase105.0 Increase5,325.2 Increase12.8% Increase0.5% Positive decrease2.0% n/a
1988 Increase164.9 Increase8,264.1 Increase126.5 Increase6,338.1 Increase8.0% Increase1.3% Positive decrease1.7% n/a
1989 Increase186.3 Increase9,243.6 Increase152.7 Increase7,575.9 Increase8.7% Increase4.4% Positive decrease1.6% n/a
1990 Increase204.0 Increase9,999.4 Increase166.6 Increase8,167.2 Increase5.5% Increase4.1% Negative increase1.7% n/a
1991 Increase228.6 Increase11,091.9 Increase187.1 Increase9,081.9 Increase8.4% Increase3.6% Positive decrease1.5% n/a
1992 Increase253.2 Increase12,171.2 Increase222.9 Increase10,715.5 Increase8.3% Increase4.5% Steady1.5% n/a
1993 Increase276.9 Increase13,186.4 Increase236.3 Increase11,256.7 Increase6.8% Increase2.9% Steady1.5% n/a
1994 Increase304.0 Increase14,353.8 Increase256.2 Increase12,099.7 Increase7.5% Increase4.1% Negative increase1.6% n/a
1995 Increase330.5 Increase15,475.9 Increase279.1 Increase13,066.1 Increase6.5% Increase3.7% Negative increase1.8% n/a
1996 Increase357.4 Increase16,602.1 Increase292.5 Increase13,588.3 Increase6.2% Increase3.1% Negative increase2.6% n/a
1997 Increase385.5 Increase17,731.3 Increase303.3 Increase13,948.7 Increase6.1% Increase0.9% Negative increase2.7% 25.0%
1998 Increase406.3 Increase18,526.5 Decrease280.0 Decrease12,767.1 Increase4.2% Increase1.7% Steady2.7% Positive decrease23.7%
1999 Increase439.7 Increase19,903.7 Increase303.8 Increase13,752.7 Increase6.7% Increase0.2% Negative increase2.9% Steady23.7%
2000 Increase478.1 Increase21,460.9 Increase330.7 Increase14,844.2 Increase6.3% Increase1.3% Negative increase3.0% Negative increase26.2%
2001 Increase482.0 Increase21,512.3 Decrease299.3 Decrease13,357.2 Decrease-1.4% Increase0.0% Negative increase4.6% Negative increase30.1%
2002 Increase516.3 Increase22,927.3 Increase307.4 Increase13,651.4 Increase5.5% Increase-0.2% Negative increase5.2% Positive decrease29.8%
2003 Increase548.8 Increase24,277.2 Increase317.4 Increase14,040.6 Increase4.2% Increase-0.3% Positive decrease5.0% Negative increase32.2%
2004 Increase602.7 Increase26,562.5 Increase346.9 Increase15,290.3 Increase7.0% Increase1.6% Positive decrease4.4% Negative increase33.4%
2005 Increase655.0 Increase28,767.3 Increase374.1 Increase16,427.5 Increase5.4% Increase2.3% Positive decrease4.1% Negative increase34.1%
2006 Increase714.2 Increase31,220.7 Increase386.5 Increase16,892.9 Increase5.8% Increase0.6% Positive decrease3.9% Positive decrease33.3%
2007 Increase783.8 Increase34,138.8 Increase406.9 Increase17,723.7 Increase6.9% Increase1.8% Steady3.9% Positive decrease32.2%
2008 Increase805.2 Increase34,951.8 Increase415.9 Increase18,053.6 Increase0.8% Increase3.5% Negative increase4.1% Negative increase33.4%
2009 Decrease797.3 Decrease34,484.6 Decrease390.8 Decrease16,904.5 Decrease-1.6% Increase-0.9% Negative increase5.9% Negative increase36.7%
2010 Increase889.5 Increase38,404.3 Increase444.3 Increase19,181.4 Increase10.2% Increase1.0% Positive decrease5.2% Negative increase36.9%
2011 Increase941.4 Increase40,532.6 Increase484.0 Increase20,838.6 Increase3.7% Increase1.4% Positive decrease4.4% Negative increase38.3%
2012 Increase973.2 Increase41,741.3 Increase495.6 Increase21,256.4 Increase2.2% Increase1.9% Positive decrease4.2% Negative increase39.2%
2013 Increase1,015.2 Increase43,435.5 Increase512.9 Increase21,945.5 Increase2.5% Increase0.8% Steady4.2% Positive decrease38.9%
2014 Increase1,066.1 Increase45,494.3 Increase535.3 Increase22,844.3 Increase4.7% Increase1.2% Positive decrease4.0% Positive decrease37.5%
2015 Increase1,102.0 Increase46,911.0 Decrease534.5 Decrease22,753.0 Increase1.5% Increase-0.3% Positive decrease3.8% Positive decrease35.9%
2016 Increase1,112.8 Increase47,272.3 Increase543.1 Increase23,070.7 Increase2.2% Increase1.4% Negative increase3.9% Positive decrease35.4%
2017 Increase1,143.2 Increase48,500.8 Increase590.7 Increase25,061.6 Increase3.3% Increase0.6% Positive decrease3.8% Positive decrease34.5%
2018 Increase1,203.2 Increase51,005.0 Increase609.2 Increase25,825.6 Increase2.8% Increase1.4% Positive decrease3.7% Positive decrease33.9%
2019 Increase1,262.2 Increase53,476.0 Increase611.4 Increase25,903.2 Increase3.1% Increase0.6% Steady3.7% Positive decrease32.7%
2020 Increase1,320.3 Increase56,037.8 Increase669.3 Increase28,404.7 Increase3.4% Increase-0.2% Negative increase3.9% Positive decrease32.6%
2021 Increase1,465.5 Increase62,696.1 Increase774.7 Increase33,143.0 Increase6.6% Increase2.0% Negative increase4.0% Positive decrease28.4%
2022 Increase1,621.7 Increase69,500.0 Increase828.7 Increase35,513.2 Increase3.3% Increase3.1% Positive decrease3.6% Positive decrease24.1%
2023 Increase1,727.2 Increase74,066.5 Increase859.0 Increase36,833.9 Increase2.8% Increase2.2% Steady3.6% Positive decrease22.1%
2024 Increase1,801.1 Increase77,231.7 Increase901.6 Increase38,662.5 Increase2.1% Increase1.4% Steady3.6% Positive decrease20.2%
2025 Increase1,871.4 Increase80,247.1 Increase948.5 Increase40,673.6 Increase2.0% Increase1.4% Steady3.6% Positive decrease18.1%
2026 Increase1,945.2 Increase83,412.7 Increase996.8 Increase42,745.0 Increase2.0% Increase1.4% Steady3.6% Positive decrease16.2%
2027 Increase2,022.6 Increase86,730.1 Increase1,045.2 Increase44,820.8 Increase2.0% Increase1.4% Steady3.6% Positive decrease14.4%

Economy by region

[edit]
Annual median household income in Taiwan by township/city or district in 2016
List of cities and counties in Republic of China (Taiwan) by GDP per capita in 2016[34]
Rank cities TWD US$ PPP
1 Taipei 990,292 30,699 65,539
2 Hsinchu City 853,089 26,446 56,459
- Taipei-Keelung metropolitan area 830,788 25,754 54,982
- Taipei-Keelung-Taoyuan metropolitan area 807,860 25,044 53,465
3 New Taipei 733,776 22,747 48,562
4 Taoyuan 731,518 22,677 48,413
- Taiwan 727,098 22,540 48,120
5 Taichung 724,905 22,472 47,975
6 Hsinchu County 724,840 22,470 47,971
7 Penghu County 709,066 21,981 46,927
8 Chiayi City 709,033 21,980 46,925
9 Keelung 706,808 21,911 46,777
10 Yilan County 700,034 21,701 46,329
11 Hualien County 693,292 21,492 45,883
12 Kaohsiung 684,260 21,212 45,285
13 Kinmen County 668,582 20,726 44,248
14 Miaoli County 657,292 20,376 43,500
15 Tainan 643,743 19,956 42,604
16 Taitung County 623,485 19,328 41,263
17 Changhua County 618,969 19,188 40,964
18 Yunlin County 607,776 18,841 40,223
19 Pingtung County 592,066 18,354 39,184
20 Nantou County 569,453 17,653 37,687
21 Chiayi County 562,743 17,445 37,243

Economic outlook

[edit]

As of 2021, the three highest-paid sectors in Taiwan include telecommunication service, financial services, and information services.[35] The economy of Taiwan ranked the highest in Asia in the 2015 Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI).[36] With the technocracy-centered economic planning[37] until 1987, real growth in GDP has averaged about 8% during the past three decades. Exports have grown since World War II, with inflation and unemployment staying low and foreign reserves being the world's fourth largest. Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics[38] and Ministry of Economic Affairs[39] release major economic indicators of the economy of Taiwan.

Taiwan now faces many of the same economic issues as other developed economies. With the prospect of continued relocation of labor-intensive industries to economies with cheaper workforces, such as in mainland China, the Philippines, and Vietnam, Taiwan's future development will have to rely on further transformation to a high-technology and service-oriented economy.[40] In recent years, Taiwan has successfully diversified its trade markets, cutting its share of exports to the United States from 49% in 1984 to 20% in 2002. Taiwan's dependence on the United States should continue to decrease as its exports to Southeast Asia and mainland China grow, and its efforts to develop European markets produce results.[41] Taiwan's accession to the WTO and its desire to become an Asia-Pacific "regional operations center" are spurring further economic liberalization. The economy of Taiwan is facing economic marginalization in the world economy [42] de-internationalization and lower salaries. This results in human resource talents seeking career opportunities elsewhere. Businesses in Taiwan suffer most from being the size of small and medium enterprises, which impedes attempts at economic transformation in Taiwan by the Taiwanese government.[43]

The indirect tax system of the economy of Taiwan comprises Gross Business Receipts Tax (GBRT) (gross receipts tax) and value-added tax (VAT).[44] The economy of Taiwan is ranked 15th overall in the Global Top 20 Top Destination Cities by International Overnight Visitors (2014) by the MasterCard 2014 Global Destination Cities Index.[45]

In addition, Taiwan's economic inequality has been on the rise.[46] Using a score on the GINI coefficient scale (on a scale from 1-0, 1 meaning the highest possible inequality), you can observe a country's economic inequality. Beginning with a value of 0.47 on the scale in 1980, economic inequality using this measure has grown steadily to 0.61 in 2022. It's believed that most developed countries sit at a GINI coefficient level of around 0.3.[47] While Taiwan's economy continues to grow, it's also believed that the gradual switch from skilled to unskilled labor is a large contributor of this rising inequality.

2007–2010 global financial crisis

[edit]

Taiwan recovered quickly from the global financial crisis of 2007–2010, and its economy has been growing steadily since. Its economy faced a downturn in 2009 due to a heavy reliance on exports which in turn made it vulnerable to world markets.[41] Unemployment reached levels not seen since 2003, and the economy fell 8.36% in the fourth quarter of 2008.[40] In response, the government launched a US$5.6 billion economic stimulus package (3% of its GDP), provided financial incentives for businesses, and introduced tax breaks.[40] The stimulus package focused on infrastructure development, small and medium-sized businesses, tax breaks for new investments, and low-income households.[40] Boosting shipments to new overseas markets, such as Russia, Brazil, and the Middle East, was also a main goal of the stimulus.[40] The economy has since slowly recovered; by November 2010, Taiwan's unemployment rate had fallen to a two-year low of 4.73%,[48] and continued dropping to a 40-month low of 4.18% by the end of 2011.[49] The average salary has also been rising steadily for each month in 2010, up 1.92% from the same period in 2009.[50] Industrial output for November 2010 reached another high, up 19.37% from a year earlier, indicating strong exports and a growing local economy.[51] Private consumption is also increasing, with retail sales up 6.4% compared to 2009.[52] After 10.5% economic growth in 2010, the World Bank expected growth to continue and reach 5% for 2011.[53]

According to the National Development Council, Taiwan's economy declined in May 2019 due to the ongoing China–United States trade war.[54]

Foreign trade

[edit]
See also: Taishang and New Southbound Policy
Computex Taipei, the second-largest technology trade show in the world,[55] is a global IT exhibition which attracts many foreign investors.[56]

Foreign trade has been the engine of Taiwan's rapid growth during the past 40 years. Taiwan's economy remains export-oriented; thus, it depends on an open world trade regime and remains vulnerable to downturns in the world economy. The total value of trade increased over fivefold in the 1960s, nearly tenfold in the 1970s, and doubled again in the 1980s.[57] The 1990s saw a more modest, slightly less than twofold, growth. Export composition changed from predominantly agricultural commodities to industrial goods (now 98%). The electronics sector is Taiwan's most important industrial export sector and is the largest recipient of United States investment.

Taiwan is a member of numerous trade agreements, with China, Japan, USA, the European Union, and Hong Kong as top 5 trade partners in 2010.[58][59] Taiwan has one of the world's lowest fertility rate and high housing prices. Labor shortages, falling domestic demand, and declining tax revenues are concerns as Taiwan's population decline is faster than other advanced economies.[60][61][62]

As an island economy with a lack of natural resources and comparatively lower domestic aggregate demand, Taiwan's highly educated human resources[63] would contribute greatly to Value added Innovation management[64][65][66][67] for expanding[68] Taiwan's international trade.

Taiwan, as an independent economy, became a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) as Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu (often shortened to "Chinese Taipei" - both names resulting from PRC interference in the WTO) in January 2002. In a 2011 report by Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BERI), Taiwan ranked third-best globally for its investment environment.[69]

Taiwan is the world's largest supplier of contract computer chip manufacturing (foundry services) and is a leading LCD panel manufacturer,[70] DRAM computer memory, networking equipment, and consumer electronics designer and manufacturer.[41] Major hardware companies include Acer, Asus, HTC, Foxconn, TSMC and Pegatron. Textiles are another major industrial export sector, though of declining importance due to labor shortages, increasing overhead costs, land prices, and environmental protection.[71]

Imports are dominated by raw materials and capital goods, which account for more than 90% of the total. Taiwan imports most of its energy needs. The United States is Taiwan's third largest trading partner, taking 11.4% of Taiwanese exports and supplying 10.0% of its imports.[58][59] Mainland China has recently become Taiwan's largest import and export partner. In 2010, the mainland accounted for 28.0% of Taiwan's exports and 13.2% of imports.[58][59] This figure is growing rapidly as both economies become ever more interdependent. Imports from mainland China consist mostly of agricultural and industrial raw materials. Exports to the United States are mainly electronics and consumer goods. As the Taiwanese per capita income level has risen, demand for imported, high-quality consumer goods has increased. Taiwan's 2002 trade surplus with the United States was $8.70 billion.

The lack of formal diplomatic relations between the Republic of China (Taiwan) with Taiwan's trading partners appears not to have seriously hindered Taiwan's rapidly expanding commerce. The Republic of China maintains cultural and trade offices in more than 60 countries with which it does not have official relations to represent Taiwanese interests. In addition to the WTO, Taiwan is a member of the Asian Development Bank as "Taipei, China" (a name resulting from PRC influence on the bank) and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum as "Chinese Taipei" (for the same reason as above). These developments reflect Taiwan's economic importance and its desire to become further integrated into the global economy.

Taiwan is a member of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Taiwan is also an observer[72] at the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and International Energy Agency (IEA) as Member[73] under the acronym of Chinese Taipei,[74] and a member of International Chamber of Commerce as Chinese Taipei.[75] Taiwan signed Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement with People's Republic of China on 29 June 2010. Taiwan has also signed free trade pacts with Singapore and New Zealand.[76][77] Taiwan applied for the membership in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank in 2015.[78]

The Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA) with the People's Republic of China was signed on 29 June 2010, in Chongqing.[79][80] It could potentially widen the market for Taiwan's exports. However, the true benefits and impacts brought by ECFA to Taiwan's overall economy are still in dispute.[81] The newly signed agreement will allow for more than 500 products made in Taiwan to enter mainland China at low or no tariffs.[82] As of 2021, Taiwan's exports to the People's Republic of China (including Hong Kong) totaled about US$270 billion per year, which is equivalent to more than 40% of Taiwan's total GDP.[83] The government is also looking to establish trade agreements with Singapore[84] and the United States.[85]

Industry

[edit]
Skyline of modern skyscrapers in Xinyi Special District, Taipei.
Kaohsiung skyline.
Taichung's 7th Redevelopment Zone

Industrial output has gradually decreased from accounting for over half of Taiwan's GDP in 1986 to just 31% in 2002.[71] Industries have gradually moved to the capital and technology-intensive industries from more labor-intensive industries, with electronics and information technology accounting for 35% of the industrial structure.[71] Industry in Taiwan primarily consists of many small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) with fewer large enterprises. Traditional labor-intensive industries are being moved off-shore and replaced with capital and technology-intensive industries.[86] These industries are in the pre-mature stage of the manufacturing industry in various global economic competitions, and growing from the over-reliance from the original equipment manufacturer and original design manufacturer models.[87][88] The Institute for Information Industry[89][90] is responsible for the development of the IT and ICT industry[91] in Taiwan. Industrial Technology Research Institute is the advanced research center for applied technology for the economy of Taiwan.[92] The art industry is significant with sales worth $225.4 million made domestically in 2019. Taiwanese collectors and artists are also prominent in the global art market.[93]

The "e-Taiwan" project launched by the government seeks to use US$1.83 billion to improve the information and communications infrastructure in Taiwan in five major areas: government, life, business, transport, and broadband.[94][95] The program seeks to raise industry competitiveness, improve government efficiency, and improve the quality of life, and aims to increase the number of broadband users on the island to 6 million.[95] In 2010, Taiwan's software market grew by 7.1% to reach a value of US$4 billion, accounting for 3.3% of the Asia-Pacific region market value. The digital content production industry grew by 15% in 2009, reaching US$14.03 billion.[94] The optoelectronics industry (including flat panel displays and photovoltaics) totaled NT$2.2 trillion in 2010, a 40% jump from 2009, representing a fifth of the global market share.[96] The economy of Taiwan is a partner in the Global Value Chains of Electronics Industry.[97] Electronic components and personal computer are areas of international strength of Taiwan's Information Technology industry.[98]

Taiwan has a growing startup sector.[99][100]

Consumer goods

[edit]

Taiwan is a major producer of sporting goods with NT$59.8 billion of production in 2020, 40–50% of production is indoor fitness equipment.[101] Taiwan is the global leader in golf equipment with 80% of global production concentrated in the country.[102] The four largest golf OEM are all Taiwanese, however, these firms are increasingly selling products under their own brands.[103]

The Taiwanese bicycle industry is significant. Production peaked at ten million units a year in the 1980s but declined as low end production moved abroad and domestic manufactures moved upmarket. Giant Bicycles and Merida Bikes are the largest Taiwanese bicycle manufacturers. Mountain bikes and ebikes make up much of contemporary production.[104] In 2022 the bicycle industry hit a record $6 billion US in revenue.[105]

Semiconductor industry

[edit]
Main article: Semiconductor industry in Taiwan

The semiconductor industry, including IC manufacturing, design, and packing, forms a major part of Taiwan's IT industry.[106] Due to its strong capabilities in OEM wafer manufacturing and a complete industry supply chain, Taiwan has been able to distinguish itself from its competitors.[106][107] The sector output reached US$39 billion in 2009, ranking first in global market share in IC manufacturing, packaging, and testing, and second in IC design.[108] Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) and United Microelectronics Corporation (UMC) are the two largest contract chipmakers in the world,[109] while MediaTek is the fourth-largest fabless supplier globally.[110] In 1987, TSMC pioneered the fabless foundry model, reshaping the global semiconductor industry.[108][111] From ITRI's first 3-inch wafer fabrication plant built in 1977[108] and the founding of UMC in 1980,[112] the industry has developed into a world leader with 40 fabs in operation by 2002.[106] In 2007, the semiconductor industry overtook that of the United States, second only to Japan.[113] Although the global financial crisis from 2007 to 2010 affected sales and exports,[114] the industry has rebounded with companies posting record profits for 2010.[115][116] The international industrial forecast of semiconductor manufacturing, which is the flagship industry of the economy of Taiwan that faces immense competition ahead with its American counterparts.[117][118] By 2020 Taiwan was the unmatched leader of the global semiconductor industry with Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) alone accounting for more than 50% of the global market.[119]

Information technology

[edit]
A TSMC factory in Tainan Science Park, one of the many companies that make up Taiwan's IT industry

Taiwan's information technology industry has played an important role in the worldwide IT market over the last 20 years.[71] In 1960, the electronics industry in Taiwan was virtually nonexistent.[120] However, with the government's focus on development of expertise with high technology, along with marketing and management knowledge to establish its own industries, companies such as TSMC and UMC were established.[121] The industry used its industrial resources and product management experience to cooperate closely with major international suppliers to become the research and development hub of the Asia-Pacific region.[71] The structure of the industry in Taiwan includes a handful of companies at the top along with many small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) which account for 85% of industrial output.[71] These SMEs usually produce products on an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or original design manufacturer (ODM) basis, resulting in less resources spent on research and development.[71] Due to the emphasis of the OEM/ODM model, companies are usually unable to make in-depth assessments for investment, production, and marketing of new products, instead relying upon importation of key components and advanced technology from the United States and Japan.[71] Twenty of the top information and communication technology (ICT) companies have International Procurement Offices set up in Taiwan.[94] As a signer of the Information Technology Agreement,[122] Taiwan phased out tariffs on IT products since 1 January 2002.[94]

Taiwan is a hub for global computing, telecommunications, and data management with a number of large server farms operating in the country. Google's data center in Changhua is believed to be the largest in Asia. Taiwan is well connected to the global undersea fiber optic cable network and serves as a substantial traffic interchange.[123]

Agriculture

[edit]
A tea plantation in Ruisui, Hualien, part of Taiwan's agricultural industry which served as the backbone for its economic miracle
Main article: Agriculture in Taiwan

Agriculture has served as a strong foundation for Taiwan's economic miracle.[124] It contributes 3% to GDP and the service sector makes up 73% of the economy. After retrocession from Japan in 1945, the government announced a long-term strategy of "developing industry through agriculture, and developing agriculture through industry".[125] As such, agriculture became the foundation for Taiwan's economic development during early years and served as an anchor for growth in industry and commerce. Whereas in 1951, agricultural production accounted for 35.8% of Taiwan's GDP,[125] by 2013, it had been vastly surpassed, and it's NT$475.90 billion accounted for only 1.69% of the GDP. As of 2013, Taiwan's agriculture was a mixture of crops (47.88%), livestock (31.16%), fishery (20.87%), and forestry (0.09%).[126] Since its accession into the World Trade Organization and the subsequent trade liberalization, the government has implemented new policies to develop the sector into a more competitive and modernized green industry.[127]

Although only about one-quarter of Taiwan's land area is suitable for farming, virtually all farmland is intensely cultivated, with some areas suitable for two and even three crops a year. However, increases in agricultural production have been much slower than industrial growth. Agricultural modernization has been inhibited by the small size of farms and the lack of investment in better facilities and training to develop more profitable businesses.[127] Taiwan's agricultural population has steadily decreased from 1974 to 2002, prompting the Council of Agriculture to introduce modern farm management, provide technical training, and offer counseling for better production and distribution systems.[127] Promotion of farm mechanization has helped to alleviate labor shortages while increasing productivity; both rice and sugar cane production are completely mechanized.[128] Taiwan's main crops are rice, sugar cane, fruits (many of them tropical), and vegetables. Although self-sufficient in rice production, Taiwan imports large amounts of wheat, mostly from the United States. Meat production and consumption have risen sharply, reflecting a high standard of living. Taiwan has exported large amounts of frozen pork, although this was affected by an outbreak of hoof and mouth disease in 1997. Other agricultural exports include fish, aquaculture, and sea products, canned and frozen vegetables, and grain products. Imports of agriculture products are expected to increase due to the WTO accession, which is opening previously protected agricultural markets.[citation needed]

Energy

[edit]
Wind turbines, such as these in Qingshui, Taichung, are part of the government's efforts in renewable energy commercialisation
Main article: Energy in Taiwan

Due to the lack of natural resources on the island, Taiwan is forced to import many of its energy needs (currently at 98%).[129] Imported energy totaled US$11.52 billion in 2002, accounting for 4.1% of its GDP.[130] Although the industrial sector has traditionally been Taiwan's largest energy consumer, its share has dropped in recent years from 62% in 1986 to 58% in 2002.[130] Taiwan's energy consumption is dominated by crude oil & petroleum products (48.52%), followed by coal (29.2%), natural gas (12.23%), nuclear power (8.33%), and hydroelectric power (0.28%).[131] The island is also heavily dependent on imported oil, with 72% of its crude oil coming from the Middle East in 2002. Although the Taiwan Power Company (Taipower), a state-owned enterprise, is in charge of providing electricity for the Taiwan area, a 1994 measure has allowed independent power producers (IPPs) to provide up to 20% of the island's energy needs.[132] Indonesia and Malaysia supply most of Taiwan's natural gas needs.[132] It currently has three operational nuclear power plants. A fourth plant under construction was mothballed in 2014.[133]

Although Taiwan's per capita energy use is on par with neighboring Asian countries,[134] in July 2005 the Ministry of Economic Affairs announced plans to cut 170 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions by 2025.[132] In 2010, carbon dioxide emissions have been reduced by 5.14 million metric tons.[135] In order to further reduce emissions, the government also plans to increase energy efficiency by 2% each year through 2020.[136] In addition, by 2015, emissions are planned to be reduced by 7% compared to 2005 levels.[136]

Taiwan is the world's 4th largest producer of solar-powered batteries and largest LED manufacturer by volume.[135] In 2010, Taiwan had over 1.66 million square meters of solar heat collectors installed, with an installation density that ranks it as third in the world.[137] The government has already built 155 sets of wind turbines capable of producing 281.6 MW of electricity, and additional projects are planned or under construction.[138] Renewable energy accounts for 6.8% of Taiwan's energy usage as of 2010.[136] In 2010, the green energy sector generated US$10.97 billion in production value.[135] The government also announced plans to invest US$838 million for renewable energy promotion and an additional US$635 million for research and development.[136]

Steel and heavy manufacturing

[edit]

Taiwan, as of 2017, is the world's thirteenth-largest steel exporter. In 2018, Taiwan exported 12.2 million metric tons of steel, a one percent increase from 12.0 million metric tons in 2017. Taiwan's exports represented about 3 percent of all steel exported globally in 2017, based on available data. The volume of Taiwan's 2018 steel exports was one-sixth that of the world's largest exporter, China, and nearly one-third that of the second-largest exporter, Japan. In value terms, steel represented just 3.6 percent of the total amount of goods Taiwan exported in 2018. Taiwan exports steel to more than 130 countries and territories. Over the decade from 2009 to 2019, Taiwan grew its steel exports by 24%. In 2018, the US imported 300,000 metric tons of pipe and tube products. Taiwan has developed a vast export trade to its most proximate neighbors in flat products. Taiwan's stainless steel exports numbered 2018 about 500,000 metric tons.[139]

Taiwan is the fourth largest exporter of machine tools and machine tool components in the world. The greater Taichung area is home to a cluster of machine tool manufacturers.[140]

Taiwanese company Techman Robot Inc. is the world's second largest producer of cobots.[141]

The automotive industry in Taiwan is significant, with Taiwanese firms increasingly invested in automotive electrification; 75% of Tesla, Inc.’s suppliers are Taiwanese.[142]

Maritime industries

[edit]
Main article: Maritime industries of Taiwan

In 2017, Taiwan exported one hundred and sixty-two yachts.[143] In 2018 Taiwan was the fourth largest yacht building nation by feet of yacht built after Italy, The Netherlands and Turkey.[144] Taiwan is one of the largest fishing nations on earth and the associated fish processing industry is also significant.[145]

Tourism industry

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Taiwan

Largest companies

[edit]
See also: List of companies of Taiwan and List of largest companies in Taiwan

According to the 2019 Forbes Global 2000 index, Taiwan's largest publicly traded companies are:

Forbes Global 2000[146]
Rank Company Revenues
($ billion)		 Profit
($ billion)		 Assets
($ billion)		 Market value
($ billion)
1 Hon Hai Precision 175.6 4.3 110 41.2
2 TSMC 34.2 11.6 68 222.4
3 Cathay Financial 3.5 0.1 73.0 4.1
4 Fubon Financial 21.9 1.6 250.6 14.9
5 CTBC Financial 16.7 1.2 187.2 12.8
6 Formosa Petrochemical 25.5 2 13.2 35.4
7 Formosa Chemicals 13.5 1.6 19.2 20.6
8 Nan Ya Plastics 11 1.7 18.6 19.9
9 Formosa Plastics 7.6 1.6 13.2 35.4
10 China Steel 13.3 0.8 21.9 12.6
11 Chunghwa Telecom 7.1 1.2 15.2 27.7
12 Mega Financial Holding 3.2 0.9 115.2 12.4
13 ASE Group 12.3 0.8 17.4 10.2
14 Quanta Computer 34.1 0.5 21.5 7.6
15 Uni-President 14.3 0.6 13.2 13.1
16 Shin Kong Financial 13.1 0.3 118.7 3.4

According to the 2022 Fortune Global 500 Rankings, Taiwan's largest publicly traded companies are:

Fortune 500 2022
Rank Company Revenues
($ billion)		 Profit
($ billion)		 Assets
($ billion)		 Market value
($ billion)
1 Hon Hai Precision 214.6 4.99 141.0 2.39
2 TSMC 56.8 21.21 134.4 446.25
3 Pegatron 45.2 0.73 24.4 5.67
4 Compal Electronics 44.3 0.45 19.4 3.42
5 Quanta Computer 40.4 1.20 25.9 10.48
6 Cathay Financial Holding 37.5 4.99 418.3 23.90
7 Fubon Financial Holding 32.2 5.18 378.9 26.92
8 Wistron 30.9 0.37 17.9 2.75
9 CPC 30.0 -1.4 30.4 71.44
Fortune Global 500
Rank Company Revenues
($ billion)		 Profit
($ billion)		 Assets
($ billion)		 Market value
($ billion)
1 Hon Hai Precision 214.6 4.98 141 41.2
2 TSMC 34.2 11.6 68 222.4
3 Cathay Financial 3.5 0.1 73.0 4.1
4 Fubon Financial 21.9 1.6 250.6 14.9
5 CTBC Financial 16.7 1.2 187.2 12.8
6 Formosa Petrochemical 25.5 2 13.2 35.4
7 Formosa Chemicals 13.5 1.6 19.2 20.6
8 Nan Ya Plastics 11 1.7 18.6 19.9
9 Formosa Plastics 7.6 1.6 13.2 35.4
10 Formosa Petrochemical 25.5 2 16.3 22.3
11 China Steel 13.3 0.8 21.9 12.6
12 Chunghwa Telecom 7.1 1.2 15.2 27.7
13 Mega Financial Holding 3.2 0.9 115.2 12.4
14 ASE Group 12.3 0.8 17.4 10.2
15 Quanta Computer 34.1 0.5 21.5 7.6
16 Uni-President 14.3 0.6 13.2 13.1

Labor policy

[edit]

Union policies

[edit]

The Labor Union Laws, legislated by the Kuomintang (KMT) on the mainland, gave Taiwan workers the right to unionize. However, prior to the democratization of Taiwan, the functions of trade unions were limited under strict regulation and state corporatism.[147] Under the Labor Union Laws, workers were only allowed to be organized at the companies, which means industry level unions were forbidden. Also, only one union could exist within each company or geographical area.[147] Special occupational groups such as teachers were not allowed to unionize.[148] The right to strike and collective bargaining were also hamstrung by law.[149] The Collective Bargaining Agreement in 1930 stipulated that collective bargains were not legally valid without government approval.[149] The democratization in 1986 brought dramatic changes to union participation and policies. Between 1986 and 1992, unionized workers increased by 13%.[149] A number of autonomous, non-official trade unions emerged, including the Taiwan Confederation of Trade Unions (TCTU) which acquired legal recognition in 2000.[149] The amendments to the Labor Union Laws and Collective Bargaining Agreement both became effective in the early 21st century. The amended Labor Union Law lifted the limitations on special occupational groups from collective representation.[148] The Collective Bargaining Agreement Act in 2008 guaranteed trade unions the power to negotiate with employers.[149]

Employment protection

[edit]

Taiwan's labor rights and employment protections increased with its democratization progress in the 1980s, and it still has a relatively high level of employment protection compared to other East Asia countries.[150] Implemented in August 1984, Labor Standards Law was the first comprehensive employment protection law for Taiwan workers.[151] Prior to its implementation, the Factory Act was the primary law governing labor affairs, but was ineffective in practice because of its narrow coverage of businesses and issues and absence of penalties for violation.[151] In contrast, Labor Standards Law covered a broader range of businesses and labor affairs and detailed penalties for its violation. It regulated a period of notice before firing employees and also required a higher level of severance payment.[151] Other labor issues were also regulated by the law, including contract, wage, overtime payment, compensations for occupational accidents, etc.[152] Penalties for employer violation were also clear in the law, stating fines and criminal liabilities.[151] Council of Labor Affairs (CLA) was set up on 1 August 1987 to help with labor inspection and the enforcement of the Labor Standards Law.[152]

In Taiwan, companies with at least a single employee have the compulsion to contribute to the insurer's employment service insurance premium. The share of labor insurance is divided into a 7:2:1 ratio between employer, employee, and state.[153] As far as a contribution towards social security, companies should pay at least 6% of the wages of its employees towards the social security.[154][155][156]

Active labor market policies

[edit]

Active labour market policies were carried out in Taiwan in the late 20th and early 21st centuries as a result of economic structural changes caused by globalization and deindustrialization.[157] Unemployment increased and reached approximately 5% in 2002 and 2009.[157] A set of policies was adopted to help the unemployed and provide jobs. The Employment Insurance Act of 2002 grants income security during unemployment but, at the same time, requires beneficiaries to use all available resources to find jobs.[158] The Multi-Faceted Job Creation Program, first introduced in 1999, creates job in the third sector groups, especially in nonprofit organizations.[157] It subsidizes those companies to provide vocational trainings and job opportunities.[159] The Public Sector Temporary Employment Creation Program directly addressed the 2008 financial crisis. Unlike the Multi-Faceted Job Creation Programs, the Public Sector Temporary Employment Creation Program creates jobs in the government itself. From 2008 to 2009, the government was estimated to create 102,000 job opportunities through that program.[149] A job creation project was also implemented to help young people by subsidizing the hiring of young people in universities and private companies.[159]

Working hours

[edit]

On 30 July 1984, Taiwan implemented an eighty-six article Labor Standards Act under Presidential Order No.14069.[160] The act defined the standard work week as 40 labor hours with an eight-hour limit per day, permitting an overtime-included maximum of forty-eight labor hours per week.[147]

Article 25 of the Labor Standards Act upholds there will be no sexual discrimination in the conditions of workers,[160] however, because the Taiwanese culture and thus political economy traditionally "categorizes female employees as naturally marriage- and family-oriented," women are assumed to obtain employment in fields that are limited to these ideals.[161] As a result of feminist ideals becoming more prevalent with women seeking equal work conditions in modern societies such as Taiwan, even marital status policy and immigration policy have been affected as women seek less patriarchal roles to the point where Taiwanese men have sought higher rates of transnational marriages since the 1990s.[162]

Science and industrial parks

[edit]
Hsinchu Science Park is home to many of Taiwan's IT companies
Taipei Neihu Technology Park

In order to promote industrial research and development, the government began establishing science parks, economic zones which provide rent and utility breaks, tax incentives, and specialized lending rates to attract investment.[163] The first of these, the Hsinchu Science Park was established in 1980 by the National Science Council[164] with a focus on research and development in information technology and biotechnology.[163][165] It has been called Taiwan's "Silicon Valley"[166][167] and has expanded to six campuses covering an area of 1,140 hectares (11.4 km2).[168] Over 430 companies (including many listed on TAIEX) employing over 130,000 people are located within the park, and paid in capital totaled US$36.10 billion in 2008.[169] Both Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company and United Microelectronics Corporation, the world's largest and second largest contract chipmakers,[109] are headquartered within the park. Since 1980, the government has invested over US$1 billion in the park's infrastructure,[165] and further expansion for more specialized parks have been pursued.[169] The Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), headquartered within the park, is the largest nonprofit research organization in Taiwan and has worked to develop applied technological research for industry, including for many of Taiwan's traditional industries (such as textiles).[165]

Following the success of the first park, the Southern Taiwan Science Park (STSP), consisting of the Tainan Science Park and the Kaohsiung Science Park, was established in 1996.[163] In addition to companies, several research institutes (including Academia Sinica) and universities have set up branches within the park with a focus on integrated circuits (ICs), optoelectronics, and biotechnology.[169] The Central Taiwan Science Park (CTSP) was established more recently in 2003.[170] While the CTSP is still under development, many firms (including AU Optronics) have already moved into the park and begun manufacturing operations.[170] Like the other parks, CTSP also focuses on ICs, optoelectronics, and biotechnology, with the optoelectronics industry accounting for 78% of its revenue in 2008.[169] These three science parks alone have attracted over NT$4 trillion (US$137 billion) worth of capital inflow,[165] and in 2010 total revenue within the parks reached NT$2.16 trillion (US$72.8 billion).[171]

The Linhai Industrial Park, established in Kaohsiung in 1960,[172] is a well-developed industrial zone with over 490 companies focusing on other industries including base metals, machinery and repairs, nonmetallic mineral products, chemical products, and food and beverage manufacturing.[173] The Changhua Coastal Industrial Park, located in Changhua County, is a newer industrial cluster with many different industries such as food production, glass, textiles, and plastics.[174]

Industrial and science parks in Taiwan include:

Economic research institutes

[edit]
Institute of Economics, Academia Sinica

Exchange rates

[edit]
Current TWD exchange rates
From Google Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CAD KRW JPY
From Yahoo! Finance: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CAD KRW JPY
From XE.com: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CAD KRW JPY
From OANDA: AUD CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD CAD KRW JPY
  USD / Taiwan Dollar exchange rate
  Taiwan Dollar / Chinese Yuan exchange rate

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The HDI annual report compiled by the UNDP does not include Taiwan because it is no longer a UN member state, and is neither included as part of the People's Republic of China by the UNDP when calculating data for China.[8] Taiwan's Statistical Bureau calculated its HDI for 2021 to be 0.926 based on UNDP's 2010 methodology,[9][10] which would place Taiwan at 19th globally in 2021 within the 2022 UNDP report.[11][12]
  2. ^ data for central government

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  2. ^ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 28 October 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  3. ^ "民國111年5月戶口統計資料分析". 10 June 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: March 2024". imf.org. International Monetary Fund.
  5. ^ a b c "The outlook is uncertain again amid financial sector turmoil, high inflation, ongoing effects of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and three years of COVID". International Monetary Fund. 11 April 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "The World Factbook". CIA.gov. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  7. ^ a b c "GDP: Preliminary Estimate for 2022Q1 and Outlook for 2022". Directorate-General of Budget Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan. 24 February 2022. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  8. ^ "Human Development Report 2020: Reader's Guide". United Nation Development Program. 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2021.
  9. ^ "What is the human development index (HDI)? How are relevant data queried?" (PDF). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). Retrieved 14 March 2021.
  10. ^ "人類發展指數(Human Development Index, HDI)" (PDF) (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). 6 January 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  11. ^ "國情統計通報（第 195 號）" (PDF). Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). 14 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  12. ^ "National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)". Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, Taiwan (ROC). 14 October 2022. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  13. ^ a b c d "Export/Import Value (By Country)". Bureau of Foreign Trade. 2022. Retrieved 13 May 2023.
  14. ^ "Sovereign Ratings List". S&P Global. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  15. ^ Rogers, Simon; Sedghi, Ami (15 April 2011). "How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  16. ^ "Moody's - credit ratings, research, tools and analysis for the global capital markets". Moody's. 24 February 2021. Retrieved 11 August 2021.
  17. ^ "Taiwan - Credit Rating". fitchratings.com. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  18. ^ "Taiwan Credit Rating".
  19. ^ "Latest Indicator 2021". dgbas.gov.tw. Directorate-General of Budget Accounting and Statistics Executive Yuan. February 2005. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  20. ^ "Select Aggregates". Imf.org. Archived from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  21. ^ "World Bank Country and Lending Groups – World Bank Data Help Desk". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on 11 January 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  22. ^ "TSMC is about to become the world's most advanced chipmaker". The Economist. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  23. ^ "Taiwan's TSMC Could be About to Dethrone Intel". Bloomberg News. 28 November 2018. Archived from the original on 9 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  24. ^ "TSMC set to beat Intel to become the world's most advanced chipmaker - PCMag India". Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019.
  25. ^ Taiwan Investment in China Archived 21 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^ Dunbabin, J. P. D. (2008). The Cold War. Pearson Education. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-582-42398-5. Archived from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015. In 1949 Chiang Kai-shek had transferred to Taiwan the government, gold reserve, and some of the army of his Republic of China.
  27. ^ Ng, Franklin (1998). The Taiwanese Americans. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 10. ISBN 9780313297625. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  28. ^ "Taiwan Timeline - Retreat to Taiwan". BBC News. 2000. Archived from the original on 24 June 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
  29. ^ a b c d e "The Story of Taiwan - Economy". Taiwan.com.au. Archived from the original on 2 February 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  30. ^ "Taipei Taitra - List of TAITRA overseas offices". Taipei.taiwantrade.com.tw. Archived from the original on 28 October 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2013.
  31. ^ "Banking Environment and Reform Measures of Taipei, China During the Asian Financial Crisis" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  32. ^ "The Definition, Purposes, Functions and Services of Incubation Centers". Incubator.moeasmea.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 7 October 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  33. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects".
  34. ^ According to [1] Archived 9 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine (IMF-WEO April 2017), PPP rate is TWD 15.11 per Int'l.dollar; according to the [2] Archived 23 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine, the average exchange rate is TWD 32.258135 per US dollar (the average exchange rate of the year was 32.258135 TWD to 1 USD); GDP per capita figures in USD are retrieved from [3] Archived 21 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine and are published by National Statistics of Republic of China (Taiwan)[4] Archived 30 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine.
  35. ^ "Taiwan's 5 high-paying industries must see job changing workers".
  36. ^ "The China Post". The China Post. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  37. ^ "Documents" (PDF). isites.harvard.edu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 12 October 2012.
  38. ^ "National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)". eng.stat.gov.tw. Archived from the original on 25 April 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  39. ^ "Ministry of Economic Affairs, R.O.C. - Statistics of Economic". Moea.gov.tw. 14 November 2013. Archived from the original on 15 July 2013.
  40. ^ a b c d e "Taiwan - Economy". QFinance. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  41. ^ a b c Skarica, David (2010). The Great Super Cycle: Profit from the Coming Inflation Tidal Wave and Dollar Devaluation. John Wiley and Sons. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-470-62418-0. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  42. ^ "Downloads - 2013 - White Paper - AmCham - American Chamber of Commerce in Taipei - 臺北市美國商會". Amcham.com.tw. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  43. ^ "Market Insights - Michael Page" (PDF). Michael Page. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  44. ^ "Asia Pacific Indirect Tax Country Guide" (PDF). Kpmg.de. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 April 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  45. ^ "Mastercard : 2014 Global Destination Cities Index" (PDF). Newsroom.mastercard.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  46. ^ Hasell, Joe; Arriagada, Pablo; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Roser, Max (3 January 2024). "Economic Inequality". Our World in Data.
  47. ^ "Notes from Central Taiwan: Wealth inequality - Taipei Times". www.taipeitimes.com. 6 May 2024. Retrieved 16 November 2024.
  48. ^ "Jobless rate falls to 2-year low in November". China Post. 22 December 2010. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
  49. ^ "Taiwan's jobless rate drops to 40-month low in December". Focus Taiwan News Channel. 30 January 2011. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 30 January 2011.
  50. ^ "Regular salary up for 12 consecutive months". Focus Taiwan News Channel. 22 December 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2010.
  51. ^ "November industrial production index hits fresh high". Focus Taiwan News Channel. 23 December 2010. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  52. ^ "Taiwan retail sales forecast to hit record high this year". Focus Taiwan News Channel. 24 December 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  53. ^ Judy Li (19 January 2011). "Taiwan's Economic Growth to Reach 5% in 2011: the World Bank". China Economic News Service. Archived from the original on 24 January 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  54. ^ "Taiwan economy remains sluggish in May amid global trade war". 29 June 2019. Archived from the original on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
  55. ^ Ralph Jennings (10 January 2011). "Tablets, Internet-linked Smart Sensors to Star at Computex". PC World. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  56. ^ "Computex show draws over 23,300 foreign buyers". ZDNet. 11 June 2001. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  57. ^ "Services of Economic Division". Taipei Economic and Cultural Office, Canada. Archived from the original on 3 October 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  58. ^ a b c "Import by Key Trading Partners". Ministry of Economic Affairs. December 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  59. ^ a b c "Export by Key Trading Partners". Ministry of Economic Affairs. December 2010. Archived from the original on 5 October 2013. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  60. ^ "East Asia/Southeast Asia :: Taiwan - The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Taiwan's diplomatic isolation, low birth rate, rapidly aging population, and increasing competition from China and other Asia Pacific markets are other major long-term challenges. Taiwan's total fertility rate of just over one child per woman is among the lowest in the world, raising the prospect of future labor shortages, falling domestic demand, and declining tax revenues. Moreover, Taiwan's population is aging quickly, with the number of people over 65 expected to account for nearly 20% of the island's total population by 2025. President TSAI's administration has made little progress on the domestic economic issues that loomed large when she was elected, including concerns about stagnant wages, high housing prices, youth unemployment, job security, and financial security in retirement.
  61. ^ Asian Development Outlook (ADO) 2020: What Drives Innovation in Asia? (PDF). Asian Development Bank. 3 April 2020. pp. 207–208. doi:10.22617/FLS200119-3. ISBN 9789292621568. ISSN 1996-725X. S2CID 241124033. Archived from the original on 7 April 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
  62. ^ "THE WORLD FACTBOOK - Birth rate". CIA: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
  63. ^ "Background paper" (PDF). Un.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 July 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  64. ^ "Data" (PDF). unctad.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  65. ^ Karimaa, Alexandra (February 2013). "Value-Aware Approach to Management of Innovative Software Products and Services" (PDF). www.joebm.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  66. ^ "Developing Innovation Capability In Organizations" (PDF). iic.wiki.fgv.br. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  67. ^ "Bloomberg Pursuits - Bloomberg". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  68. ^ "Chinese Taipei". Innovationpolicyplatform.org. Archived from the original on 14 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  69. ^ "Taiwan world's third-best for investment: research firm". Focus Taiwan News Channel. 1 September 2011. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 1 September 2011.
  70. ^ "Taiwan's ICT industry gears up for prosperous 2011". Taiwan Today. 23 December 2010. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  71. ^ a b c d e f g h "Major Industries in Taiwan". Taiwan.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 February 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  72. ^ "Research from TASC". Aseancenter.org.tw. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 7 October 2012.
  73. ^ "Chinese Taipei". International Energy Agency (IEA).
  74. ^ "Chinese Taipei - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development". Oecd.org. OECD Trade and Environment Working Papers. 2011. doi:10.1787/5kgcf71l188x-en. Archived from the original on 7 June 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  75. ^ "Chinese Taipei Business Council of ICC details | ICC - International Chamber of Commerce". Iccwbo.org. Archived from the original on 23 August 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
  76. ^ Jenny W. Hsu; Aries Poon (7 November 2013). "Taiwan, Singapore Sign Free-Trade Pact". WSJ. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  77. ^ Lucy Craymer; Fanny Liu (11 July 2013). "Taiwan and New Zealand Sign Free-Trade Agreement". WSJ. Archived from the original on 31 March 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  78. ^ "Hong Kong, Taiwan seek to join AIIB". Chinadaily.com.cn. Archived from the original on 27 July 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  79. ^ "Chinese, Taiwan sign landmark economic pact". Xinhua News Agency. 24 June 2010. Archived from the original on 3 July 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2010.
  80. ^ Taiwan News, ECFA signing scheduled for June 29 Archived 21 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine 25 June 2010
  81. ^ John Pike (16 July 2009). "Taiwan Sees Gains in Closer Ties With China". Globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 5 September 2009. Retrieved 17 July 2009.
  82. ^ "Taiwan ranks fifth in major importers to China in 2010". China Post. CNA. 2 January 2011. Archived from the original on 25 September 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  83. ^ "China's trade boom defies new Cold War". 14 April 2022.
  84. ^ "Taiwan, Singapore prepare to forge economic partnership (update)". Focus Taiwan News Channel. 15 December 2010. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  85. ^ "Taiwan-US TIFA talks to resume next month". China Post. 23 December 2010. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  86. ^ San, Gee (1 April 1992). "Taiwanese Corporations in Globalisation and Regionalisation". OECD Development Centre Working Papers. doi:10.1787/263030024237. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  87. ^ "Are Three-letter Acronyms Holding Taiwan Hostage?". Ddg.com.tw. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  88. ^ "The Transformation of Taiwan's Status Within the Production and Supply Chain in Asia". Brookings.edu. 30 November 2001. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  89. ^ "III - Institute for Information Industry". Web.iii.org.tw. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  90. ^ "FIND-Foreseeing Innovative New Digiservices". Find.org.tw. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010.
  91. ^ "Measuring the Information Society 2011" (PDF). Itu.int. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  92. ^ "Industrial Technology Research Institute". Itri.org.tw. 1 April 2013. Archived from the original on 3 July 2013. Retrieved 26 January 2013.
  93. ^ Chow, Vivienne (14 July 2021). "Taipei's Thriving Art Scene Looks to Become an International Star". Artnews.com. Art News. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  94. ^ a b c d "ICT to Taiwan". Australian Government. 18 November 2010. Archived from the original on 10 January 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  95. ^ a b "e-Taiwan Program 2004". eTaiwan Program. 5 May 2005. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  96. ^ "Taiwan's Optoelectronics industry totals NT$2.2 tril". China Post. 6 January 2011. Archived from the original on 9 January 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  97. ^ "Electronics industry stats" (PDF). unstats.un.org. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2012.
  98. ^ "Data" (PDF). file.icsead.or.jp. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2012.
  99. ^ "Slush CSO on Taiwan's Startups: Youth Must Take the Lead". Beyond Times. 13 November 2015. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  100. ^ Leichman, Abigail Klein (July 2016). "Taiwan Students Fly To Israel for a Taste of Startup Sauce". Israel 21C. Archived from the original on 21 July 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  101. ^ Liao, George (5 August 2021). "Taiwan's sporting goods production expected to break NT$60 billion this year". www.taiwannews.com.tw. Taiwan News. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  102. ^ Wu, Ching Fang. "Taiwan's Golf Gear Manufacturers Bounce Back as Tiger Woods Returns to Glory". english.cw.com.tw. Commonwealth Magazine. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  103. ^ Liu, Philip (13 August 2015). "Swinging For the Fairway: Taiwan Golf Equipment". topics.amcham.com.tw. Taiwan Topics. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  104. ^ Scanlan, Sean (6 March 2024). "Taipei Cycle: Guide to an industry geared up for change". taiwannews.com.tw. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  105. ^ "Taiwan: The powerhouse behind the Tour De France". bikenews.online. Bike News. Retrieved 6 March 2024.
  106. ^ a b c "Emerging Industries". Taiwan.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  107. ^ "The Status of the Semiconductor Industry in Taiwan" (PDF). Department of Investment Services, MOEA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  108. ^ a b c Meg Chang (18 June 2010). "Veteran tells story of Taiwan's semiconductor industry". Taiwan Today. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  109. ^ a b "UPDATE 1-UMC posts weaker sales; fresh demand seen". Reuters. 7 January 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  110. ^ "13 Fabless IC Suppliers Forecast to Top $1.0 Billion in Sales in 2010!". IC Insights. 21 December 2010. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  111. ^ Jeffrey Word (2009). Business Network Transformation: Strategies to Reconfigure Your Business Relationships for Competitive Advantage. John Wiley and Sons. p. 194. ISBN 9780470528341.
  112. ^ John A. Matthews (1997). "A Silicon Valley of the East: Creating Taiwan's Semiconductor Industry" (PDF). California Management Reviews. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  113. ^ "Taiwan semiconductor output overtakes United States". China Post. 29 October 2007. Archived from the original on 20 May 2011. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
  114. ^ "Taiwan's Semiconductor Industry Records Fastest YOY Growth". RNCOS. 6 January 2010. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  115. ^ "Taiwan's TSMC sales rise more than 40% in 2010". Agence France-Presse. 10 January 2011. Archived from the original on 26 February 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  116. ^ "UMC posts record annual sales as foundry picks up". Taipei Times. 8 January 2011. p. 12. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  117. ^ Agam Shah (8 May 2013). "Intel: We don't see the end of Moore's Law yet". CITEworld. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  118. ^ "Science and technology: No Moore? - The Economist". The Economist. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  119. ^ Chien-chung, Chang; Huang, Frances (22 September 2020). "Taiwan to remain largest semiconductor material market in 2020, 2021". focustaiwan.tw. Focus Taiwan. Retrieved 17 November 2020.
  120. ^ Chang, Chun-Yen (2001). Made by Taiwan: booming in the information technology era. World Scientific. p. vii. ISBN 9789810247799.
  121. ^ Chang, Chun-Yen (2001). Made by Taiwan: booming in the information technology era. World Scientific. p. x. ISBN 9789810247799. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  122. ^ "Schedules of concessions". World Trade Organization. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  123. ^ Chan, KG (19 June 2020). "Taiwan lures businesses amid Hong Kong jitters". asiatimes.com. Asia Times. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  124. ^ "Land and Natural Environment". Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  125. ^ a b "The Story of Taiwan: Preface". Government Information Office, ROC. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  126. ^ "Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (Taiwan)-Agriculture". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 July 2015.
  127. ^ a b c "Agriculture". Taiwan.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  128. ^ "Mechanization". Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
  129. ^ "Sustainable Development of Renewable Energy". Ministry of Economic Affairs, Bureau of Energy. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  130. ^ a b "Energy". Taiwan.com.au. Archived from the original on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  131. ^ "Energy Supply". Ministry of Economic Affairs, Bureau of Energy. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 November 2015.
  132. ^ a b c "Taiwan". Energy Information Administration, Department of Energy, USA. Archived from the original on 15 December 2006. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  133. ^ Lin, Sean (4 February 2015). "AEC approves plan to shutter fourth nuclear facility". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  134. ^ "Per Capita GDP and Primary Energy Consumption in Major Countries (2007)" (PDF). Ministry of Economic Affairs, Bureau of Energy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  135. ^ a b c "Taiwan's Green Energy Production Value Surges to NT$340B. in First 11 Months of 2010". CENS. 23 December 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  136. ^ a b c d Edward C. Gates (25 December 2010). "Investment Plan by Taiwan". Biofuels Watch. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  137. ^ "II. Solar Energy". Ministry of Economic Affairs, Bureau of Energy. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  138. ^ "I. Wind Energy". Ministry of Economic Affairs, Bureau of Energy. Archived from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
  139. ^ "Global Steel Trade Monitor - Steel Exports Report: Taiwan" (PDF). US Department of Commerce. International Trade Administration. May 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 June 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  140. ^ "Taiwan: Supporting the Next Generation of Aerospace Manufacturing". www.mmsonline.com. Modern Machine Shop. Archived from the original on 11 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  141. ^ Huang, Elaine. "This Made-in-Taiwan Robot Is Drawing International Attention". english.cw.com.tw. CommonWealth. Archived from the original on 25 December 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2020.
  142. ^ Lu, Kuo-chen (20 October 2020). "Taiwan's Tesla Boom, and Looking for More". topics.amcham.com.tw. Topics. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  143. ^ Murray, Simon (27 April 2018). "Yacht Building in Taiwan". www.powerandmotoryacht.com. Power and Motoryacht. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  144. ^ "Global Order Book". www.boatinternational.com. Boat International. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  145. ^ Gulle, Warwick. "Fishing industry - Taiwan". ro.uow.edu.au. Berkshire Publishing Group. Archived from the original on 12 October 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  146. ^ "Forbes The World's Biggest Public Companies 2016 Ranking". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
  147. ^ a b c Chu, Yin-wah (1996). "Democracy and Organized Labor in Taiwan: The 1986 Transition". Asian Survey. 36 (5): 495–510. doi:10.2307/2645496. JSTOR 2645496.
  148. ^ a b Shi, Shih-Jiunn (2012). "Shifting dynamics of the welfare politics in Taiwan: from income maintenance to labour protection". Journal of Asian Public Policy. 5: 82–96. doi:10.1080/17516234.2012.662357. S2CID 153774601.
  149. ^ a b c d e f Wang, James W. Y. (2010). "The Political Economy of Collective Labour Legislation in Taiwan". Journal of Current Chinese Affairs. 39 (3): 51–85. doi:10.1177/186810261003900303.
  150. ^ Caraway, Teri (2009). "Labor Rights in East Asia: Progress or Regress?". Journal of East Asian Studies. 9 (2): 153–186. doi:10.1017/s1598240800002976.
  151. ^ a b c d Lin, Yen-Ling (2013). "Wage Effects of Employment Protection Legislation in Taiwan" (PDF). Asian Economic Journal. 27 (2): 145–161. doi:10.1111/asej.12007.
  152. ^ a b Camhon, Kan (2011). "The Effects of Employment Protection on Labor Turnover: Empirical Evidence from Taiwan". Economic Inquiry. 49 (2): 398–433. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.362.6008. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2009.00278.x. S2CID 154825637.
  153. ^ "Bureau of Labor Insurance Website-Employer-Labors Insurance and Employment Insurance Premium-Premium Sharing Ratio". www.bli.gov.tw. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  154. ^ "Bureau of Labor Insurance Website-Employment Insurance-Introduction". www.bli.gov.tw. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  155. ^ "Hiring Employees in Taiwan: Benefits, Time-Off, & Termination". NNRoad. 9 March 2020. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  156. ^ Aspalter, Christian (12 January 2017). The Routledge International Handbook to Welfare State Systems. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-04108-5.
  157. ^ a b c Lue, Jen-Der (2013). "Promoting Work: A Review of Active Labour Market Policies in Taiwan". Journal of Asian Public Policy. 6: 81–98. doi:10.1080/17516234.2013.765184. S2CID 153955361.
  158. ^ Shi, Shih-Jiunn (2012). "Shifting Dynamics of the Welfare Politics in Taiwan: from Income Maintenance to Labour Protection". Journal of Asian Public Policy. 5: 82–96. doi:10.1080/17516234.2012.662357. S2CID 153774601.
  159. ^ a b Fen-ling Chen. "Unemployment and the Government's Role in a Risk Society: A Case Study in Taiwan". Risk and Public Policy in East Asia, edited by Raymond K.H. Chan et al., 2010, 115-131.
  160. ^ a b "Labor Standards Act - Article Content - Laws & Regulations Database of the Republic of China". Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
  161. ^ Chin TF. (2018) Being Employed as a ‘Nyusheng’: Gendered and Heteronormative Management in the Workplace. In: Everyday Gender at Work in Taiwan. Gender, Sexualities and Culture in Asia. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore
  162. ^ TSENG, H. (2016). Racialization of Foreign Women in the Transnational Marriage Market of Taiwan. In Zheng T. (Ed.), Cultural Politics of Gender and Sexuality in Contemporary Asia (pp. 205-222). Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvvn5tw.16
  163. ^ a b c "Science Parks in Taiwan". About.com. 25 September 2008. Archived from the original on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  164. ^ "Taiwan's biotech-focused Science Parks". Biotech East. Archived from the original on 10 September 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  165. ^ a b c d "Public Sector Research Facilities". Taiwan.com.au. Archived from the original on 12 September 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  166. ^ Sara Robinson (22 September 1999). "Taiwan's Chip Plants Left Idle by Earthquake". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  167. ^ Dan Nystedt (24 April 2008). "LSI's China Plan Changed by Taiwan Election". ABC News. Archived from the original on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  168. ^ "An introduction to the Hsinchu Science Park". Hsinchu Science Park. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  169. ^ a b c d "Science Parks". Government Information Office, Executive Yuan. 25 May 2010. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  170. ^ a b "Origins". Central Taiwan Science Park. Archived from the original on 22 April 2010. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  171. ^ "Taiwan top-3 science parks to generate revenues of NT$2.45 trillion in 2011". DigiTimes. 24 February 2011. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  172. ^ "Kaohsiung LihHai Industrial Park". Kaohsiung LinHai Industrial Park Service Center. Archived from the original on 7 May 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  173. ^ "About Us". Kaohsiung LinHai Industrial Park Service Center. Archived from the original on 4 October 2011. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
  174. ^ "Environments of Changhua County". Invest in Taiwan, Department of Investment Services. Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2011.

Further reading

[edit]
Library resources about
Economy of Taiwan
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Economy_of_Taiwan&oldid=1263876428#Information_technology"