Barack Obama: Difference between revisions
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After four years in New York City, Obama moved to [[Chicago]] to work as a [[community organizer]] for three years from June 1985 to May 1988 as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland ([[Roseland, Chicago|Roseland]], [[West Pullman, Chicago|West Pullman]], and [[Riverdale, Chicago|Riverdale]]) on Chicago's far [[South Side (Chicago)|South Side]].<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Secter, Bob; McCormick, John |date=2007-03-30 |title=Portrait of a pragmatist |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30,1,6651421,full.story |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite news | first=Ryan | last=Lizza | title=The Agitator: Barack Obama's Unlikely Political Education | format=alternate link | date=2007-03-19 | url=http://www.pickensdemocrats.org/info/TheAgitator_070319.htm | work =New Republic | accessdate=2008-04-13}} Obama (1995), pp. 140–295; Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</ref> During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from 1 to 13 and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000, with accomplishments including helping set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in [[Altgeld Gardens, Chicago|Altgeld Gardens]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Matchan, Linda |date=1990-02-15 |title=A Law Review breakthrough |url=http://search.boston.com/local/Search.do?s.sm.query=&s.author=Linda+Matchan&s.tab=globe&s.si%28simplesearchinput%29.sortBy=-articleprintpublicationdate&docType=&date=&s.startDate=1990-02-15&s.endDate=1990-02-15 |format=paid archive |work=The Boston Globe |page=29 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite news |author=Corr, John |date=1990-02-27 |title=From mean streets to hallowed halls |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&p_theme=pi&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_trackval=PI&s_search_type=customized&s_dispstring=Author(John%20Corr)%20AND%20date(02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=(John%20Corr)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=_rank_:D&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes |format=paid archive |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |page=C01 |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref> Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the [[Gamaliel Foundation]], a community organizing institute.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Obama, Barack |month=August–September |year=1988 |title=Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city |journal=Illinois Issues |volume=14 |issue=8–9 |pages=40–42 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} reprinted in: {{cite book |year=1990 |pages=pp. 35–40 |author=Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) |title=After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois |location=Springfield, IL |publisher=Sangamon State University |isbn=0962087335 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite news |author=Tayler, Letta; Herbert, Keith |date=2008-03-02 |title=Obama forged path as Chicago community organizer |url=http://www.newsday.com/news/printedition/nation/ny-usobam025598601mar02,0,7841545,full.story |work=Newsday |page=A06 |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time to Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his [[Obama family|Kenyan relatives]] for the first time.<ref>Obama (1995), pp. 299–437.</ref> |
After four years in New York City, Obama moved to [[Chicago]] to work as a [[community organizer]] for three years from June 1985 to May 1988 as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland ([[Roseland, Chicago|Roseland]], [[West Pullman, Chicago|West Pullman]], and [[Riverdale, Chicago|Riverdale]]) on Chicago's far [[South Side (Chicago)|South Side]].<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Secter, Bob; McCormick, John |date=2007-03-30 |title=Portrait of a pragmatist |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-0703300121mar30,1,6651421,full.story |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite news | first=Ryan | last=Lizza | title=The Agitator: Barack Obama's Unlikely Political Education | format=alternate link | date=2007-03-19 | url=http://www.pickensdemocrats.org/info/TheAgitator_070319.htm | work =New Republic | accessdate=2008-04-13}} Obama (1995), pp. 140–295; Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83.</ref> During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from 1 to 13 and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000, with accomplishments including helping set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in [[Altgeld Gardens, Chicago|Altgeld Gardens]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Matchan, Linda |date=1990-02-15 |title=A Law Review breakthrough |url=http://search.boston.com/local/Search.do?s.sm.query=&s.author=Linda+Matchan&s.tab=globe&s.si%28simplesearchinput%29.sortBy=-articleprintpublicationdate&docType=&date=&s.startDate=1990-02-15&s.endDate=1990-02-15 |format=paid archive |work=The Boston Globe |page=29 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite news |author=Corr, John |date=1990-02-27 |title=From mean streets to hallowed halls |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&p_theme=pi&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_trackval=PI&s_search_type=customized&s_dispstring=Author(John%20Corr)%20AND%20date(02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=(John%20Corr)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=_rank_:D&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes |format=paid archive |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |page=C01 |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref> Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the [[Gamaliel Foundation]], a community organizing institute.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Obama, Barack |month=August–September |year=1988 |title=Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city |journal=Illinois Issues |volume=14 |issue=8–9 |pages=40–42 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} reprinted in: {{cite book |year=1990 |pages=pp. 35–40 |author=Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) |title=After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois |location=Springfield, IL |publisher=Sangamon State University |isbn=0962087335 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite news |author=Tayler, Letta; Herbert, Keith |date=2008-03-02 |title=Obama forged path as Chicago community organizer |url=http://www.newsday.com/news/printedition/nation/ny-usobam025598601mar02,0,7841545,full.story |work=Newsday |page=A06 |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref> In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time to Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his [[Obama family|Kenyan relatives]] for the first time.<ref>Obama (1995), pp. 299–437.</ref> |
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Obama entered [[Harvard Law School]] in late 1988. At the end of his first year, he was selected, based on his grades and a writing competition, as an editor of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''.<ref name="Harvard Law 2007">{{cite news |author=Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan |date=2007-01-28 |title=At Harvard Law, a unifying voice |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/?page=full |work=The Boston Globe |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Kantor, Jodi |date=2007-01-28 |title=In law school, Obama found political voice |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |page=1 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Kodama, Marie C |date=2007-01-19 |title=Obama left mark on HLS |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=516664 |work=The Harvard Crimson |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Mundy, Liza |title=A series of fortunate events |date=2007-08-12 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html |work=The Washington Post |page=W10 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite journal |author=Heilemann, John |title=When they were young |date=October 22, 2007 |url=http://www.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt?action=cpt&title=When+They+Were+Young&expire=&urlID=24417790&fb=Y&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F39321%2F&partnerID=73272 |journal=New York |volume=40 |issue=37 |pages=32–7, 132–3 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</ref> In his second year he was elected president of the Law Review, a full-time volunteer position functioning as editor-in-chief and supervising the |
Obama entered [[Harvard Law School]] in late 1988. At the end of his first year, he was selected, based on his grades and a writing competition, as an editor of the ''[[Harvard Law Review]]''.<ref name="Harvard Law 2007">{{cite news |author=Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan |date=2007-01-28 |title=At Harvard Law, a unifying voice |url=http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2007/01/28/at_harvard_law_a_unifying_voice/?page=full |work=The Boston Globe |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Kantor, Jodi |date=2007-01-28 |title=In law school, Obama found political voice |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/us/politics/28obama.html?_r=1&pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |page=1 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Kodama, Marie C |date=2007-01-19 |title=Obama left mark on HLS |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=516664 |work=The Harvard Crimson |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Mundy, Liza |title=A series of fortunate events |date=2007-08-12 |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/08/AR2007080802038_pf.html |work=The Washington Post |page=W10 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite journal |author=Heilemann, John |title=When they were young |date=October 22, 2007 |url=http://www.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt?action=cpt&title=When+They+Were+Young&expire=&urlID=24417790&fb=Y&url=http%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F39321%2F&partnerID=73272 |journal=New York |volume=40 |issue=37 |pages=32–7, 132–3 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92.</ref> In February 1990, in his second year, he was elected president of the ''Law Review'', a full-time volunteer position functioning as editor-in-chief and supervising the ''Law Review'''s staff of 80 editors.<ref name="Harvard Law 1990"> {{cite news |author=Butterfield, Fox |date=1990-02-06|title=First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE2DC1631F935A35751C0A966958260 |work=The New York Times |page=A20 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Ybarra, Michael J |date=1990-02-07 |title=Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28797353.html?dids=28797353:28797353&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=3 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Matchan, Linda |date=1990-02-15 |title=A Law Review breakthrough |url=http://search.boston.com/local/Search.do?s.sm.query=&s.author=Linda+Matchan&s.tab=globe&s.si%28simplesearchinput%29.sortBy=-articleprintpublicationdate&docType=&date=&s.startDate=1990-02-15&s.endDate=1990-02-15 |format=paid archive |work=The Boston Globe |page=29 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Corr, John |date=1990-02-27 |title=From mean streets to hallowed halls |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=PI&p_theme=pi&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_trackval=PI&s_search_type=customized&s_dispstring=Author(John%20Corr)%20AND%20date(02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=02/27/1990%20to%2002/27/1990)&p_field_advanced-0=Author&p_text_advanced-0=(John%20Corr)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=_rank_:D&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes |format=paid archive |work=The Philadelphia Inquirer |page=C01 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Drummond, Tammerlin |date=1990-03-12 |title=Barack Obama's Law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60017156.html?dids=60017156:60017156&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Los Angeles Times |page=E1 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Pugh, Allison J. (Associated Press) |date=1990-04-18 |title=Law Review's first black president aims to help poor |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=MH&p_theme=realcities2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_site=miami&s_trackval=MH&s_dispstring=Title(Law%20Review's%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor)%20AND%20date(04/18/1990%20to%2004/18/1990)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=04/18/1990%20to%2004/18/1990)&p_field_advanced-0=title&p_text_advanced-0=(Law%20Review's%20first%20black%20president%20aims%20to%20help%20poor)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=_rank_:D&xcal_ranksort=4&xcal_useweights=yes |format=paid archive |work=The Miami Herald |page=C01 |accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> Obama's election as the first black president of the ''Law Review'' was widely reported and followed by several long, detailed profiles.<ref name="Harvard Law 1990"/> During his summers, he returned to Chicago where he worked as a summer associate at the law firms of [[Sidley Austin|Sidley & Austin]] in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.{{cite news |author=Aguilar, Louis |date=1990-07-11 |title=Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/28774085.html?dids=28774085:28774085&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=1 (Business) |quote=Barack Obama, a summer associate at Hopkins & Sutter in Chicago |accessdate=2008-06-15}}</ref> He graduated with a [[Juris Doctor]] ([[J.D.]]) [[Latin honors|''magna cum laude'']] from Harvard in 1991 followed by his returning to Chicago. |
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The publicity from his election as the first black president of the ''Harvard Law Review'' led to a contract and advance |
The publicity from his election as the first black president of the ''Harvard Law Review'' led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations.<ref name="Scott 2008a"> {{cite news |author=Scott, Janny |date=2008-05-18 |title=The story of Obama, written by Obama |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/18/us/politics/18memoirs.html?pagewanted=all |work=The New York Times |page=1 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} Obama (1995), pp. xiii–xvii.</ref> In an effort to recruit him to their faculty, the [[University of Chicago Law School]] provided Obama with a fellowship and an office to work on his book.<ref name="Scott 2008a"/> He originally planned to finish the book in one year, but it took much longer as the book evolved into a personal memoir. In order to work without interruptions, Obama and his wife, [[Michelle Obama|Michelle]], traveled to [[Bali]] where he wrote for several months. The manuscript was finally published in mid-1995 as ''[[Dreams from My Father]]''.<ref name="Scott 2008a"/> |
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Obama directed Illinois [[Project Vote]] from April to October 1992, a voter registration drive with a staff of 10 and 700 volunteers |
Obama directed Illinois's [[Project Vote]] from April to October 1992, a voter registration drive with a staff of 10 and 700 volunteers and which achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African-Americans in the state, and led to ''Crain's Chicago Business'' naming Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.<ref name="Illinois Blue Book 2000">{{cite book |author=White, Jesse (ed.) |year=2000 |title=Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed. |url=http://www.sos.state.il.us/bb/toc.html |location=Springfield, IL |publisher=Illinois Secretary of State |oclc=43923973 |page=p. 83 |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Jarrett, Vernon |date=1992-08-11 |title='Project Vote' brings power to the people |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Vernon%20Jarrett)%20AND%20date(8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=8/11/1992%20to%208/11/1992)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Vernon%20Jarrett)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no |work=Chicago Sun-Times |format=paid archive |page=23 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite journal |author=Reynolds, Gretchen |month=January |year=1993 |title=Vote of Confidence |url=http://www.chicagomag.com/Chicago-Magazine/January-1993/Vote-of-Confidence |journal=[[Chicago (magazine)|Chicago]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=53–54 |accessdate=2008-06-06}} {{cite journal |author=Anderson, Veronica |month=September 27–October 3, |year=1993 |title=40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote |journal=[[Crain Communications Inc.|Crain's Chicago Business]] |volume=16 |issue=39 |accessdate=2008-06-06 |pages=43}}</ref> |
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Obama taught [[constitutional law]] at the [[University of Chicago Law School]] for twelve years, as a Lecturer |
Beginning in 1992, Obama taught [[constitutional law]] at the [[University of Chicago Law School]] for twelve years, being first classified as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004.<ref>{{cite web |author=University of Chicago Law School |date=2008-03-27 |title=Statement regarding Barack Obama |publisher=University of Chicago Law School |url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/media/index.html |accessdate=2008-06-10}} {{cite web |author=Miller, Joe |date=2008-03-28 |title=Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?|publisher=FactCheck.org |url=http://www.factcheck.org/askfactcheck/was_barack_obama_really_a_constitutional_law.html |accessdate=2008-06-10}} {{cite web |author=Holan, Angie Drobnic |date=2008-03-07 |title=Obama's 20 years of experience |url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/article/2008/mar/07/obamas-20-years-experience |publisher=PolitiFact.com |accessdate=2008-06-10}}</ref> |
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He also, in 1993, joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 12-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an [[associate (business rank)|associate]] for three years from 1993 to 1996, then [[of counsel]] from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/><ref>{{cite news |author=Robinson, Mike (Associated Press) |date=2007-02-10 |title=Obama got start in civil rights practice |url=http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2007/02/20/obama_got_start_in_civil_rights_practice |work=The Boston Globe |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author=Pallasch, Abdon M |date=2007-12-17 |title=As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking |url=http://www.suntimes.com/news/politics/obama/700499,CST-NWS-Obama-law17.article |work=Chicago Sun-Times |page=4 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author= |date=1993-06-27 |title=People |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24302659.html?dids=24302659:24302659&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT |format=paid archive |work=Chicago Tribune |page=9 (Business) |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite news |author= |date=1993-07-05 |title=Business appointments |url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&s_dispstring=(Business%20appointments)%20AND%20date(7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_date-0=YMD_date&p_params_date-0=date:B,E&p_text_date-0=7/5/1993%20to%207/5/1993)&p_field_advanced-0=&p_text_advanced-0=(Business%20appointments)&xcal_numdocs=20&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&xcal_useweights=no |format=paid archive |work=Chicago-Sun-Times |page=40 |accessdate=2008-06-15}} {{cite web |author=Miner, Barnhill & Galland |year=2008 |title=About Us |url=http://www.lawmbg.com/index.cfm/PageID/2711 |publisher=Miner, Barnhill & Galland – Chicago, Illinois |accessdate=2008-06-15}} Obama (1995), pp. 438–439, Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.</ref> |
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Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of [[Public Allies]] in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Public Allies |year=2008 |title=Fact Sheet on Public Allies' History with Senator Barack and Michelle Obama |url=http://www.publicallies.org/site/c.liKUL3PNLvF/b.3960231/ |publisher=[[Public Allies]] |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref> He served on the board of directors of the [[Woods Fund of Chicago]], which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund Obama's DCP, from |
Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of [[Public Allies]] in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/><ref>{{cite web |author=Public Allies |year=2008 |title=Fact Sheet on Public Allies' History with Senator Barack and Michelle Obama |url=http://www.publicallies.org/site/c.liKUL3PNLvF/b.3960231/ |publisher=[[Public Allies]] |accessdate=2008-06-06}}</ref> He served from 1993 to 2002 on the board of directors of the [[Woods Fund of Chicago]], which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund Obama's DCP, and served from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of The [[Joyce Foundation]].<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/> Obama served on the board of directors of the [[Chicago Annenberg Challenge]] from 1995–2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995–1999.<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/> He also served on the board of directors of the Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and the Lugenia Burns Hope Center.<ref name="Who's Who 2008"/> |
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==State legislator, 1997–2004== |
==State legislator, 1997–2004== |
Revision as of 15:39, 15 September 2008
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Barack Obama | |
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United States Senator from Illinois | |
Assumed office January 4, 2005 Serving with Richard Durbin | |
Preceded by | Peter Fitzgerald |
Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Subcommittee on European Affairs | |
Assumed office January 4, 2007 | |
Preceded by | George F. Allen |
Member of the Illinois Senate from the 13th district | |
In office January 8, 1997 – November 4, 2004 | |
Preceded by | Alice J. Palmer |
Succeeded by | Kwame Raoul |
Personal details | |
Born | Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. | August 4, 1961
Political party | Democratic |
Spouse | Michelle Obama (m. 1992) |
Children | Malia Ann (b. 1998), Natasha ("Sasha") (b. 2001) |
Residence(s) | (Kenwood), Chicago, Illinois |
Alma mater | Harvard Law School Columbia University Occidental College |
Profession | Attorney, Politician |
Signature | ![]() |
Website | Barack Obama—U.S. Senator for Illinois |
———————————— Early life and career · (Family · Memoir) Illinois Senate career U.S. Senate career Presidential primaries · Obama–Biden 2008 Policy positions · Public image | |
Barack Hussein Obama II (Template:Pron-en; born August 4, 1961) is the junior United States Senator from Illinois and presidential nominee of the Democratic Party in the 2008 general election.
Obama is the first African American to be nominated by a major political party for president. His acceptance speech was given on August 28, 2008 at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. A graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he served as president of the Harvard Law Review, Obama worked as a community organizer and practiced as a civil rights attorney before serving in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. He taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, he announced his campaign for the U.S. Senate in January 2003. After a primary victory in March 2004, Obama delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He was elected to the Senate in November 2004 with 70% of the vote.
As a member of the Democratic minority in the 109th Congress, he helped create legislation to control conventional weapons and to promote greater public accountability in the use of federal funds. He also made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. During the 110th Congress, he helped create legislation regarding lobbying and electoral fraud, climate change, nuclear terrorism, and care for returned U.S. military personnel. After announcing his presidential campaign in February 2007, Obama emphasized withdrawing American troops from Iraq, energy independence, decreasing the influence of lobbyists, and promoting universal health care as top national priorities.
Early life and career
Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961, in Honolulu, Hawaii, to Barack Obama, Sr., a black Kenyan of Nyang’oma Kogelo, Siaya District, Kenya, and Ann Dunham, a White American from Wichita, Kansas.[1] His parents met while attending the University of Hawaii at Manoa, where his father was a foreign student.[2] They separated when he was two years old and later divorced.[3] Obama's father returned to Kenya and saw his son only once more before dying in an automobile accident in 1982.[4] After her divorce, Dunham married Lolo Soetoro, and the family moved to Soetoro's home country of Indonesia in 1967, where Obama attended local schools in Jakarta until he was ten years old. He then returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents while attending Punahou School from the fifth grade in 1971 until his graduation from high school in 1979.[5] Obama's mother returned to Hawaii in 1972 for several years and then back to Indonesia for her fieldwork. She died of ovarian cancer in 1995.[6] As an adult Obama admitted that during high school he used marijuana, cocaine, and alcohol, which he described at the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency as his greatest moral failure.[7][8]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/33/Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg/250px-Ann_Dunham_with_father_and_children.jpg)
An editor has nominated the above file for discussion of its purpose and/or potential deletion. You are welcome to participate in the discussion and help reach a consensus.
Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles, where he studied at Occidental College for two years.[9] He then transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations.[10] Obama graduated with a B.A. from Columbia in 1983, then worked for a year at the Business International Corporation[11] and then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.[12][13]
After four years in New York City, Obama moved to Chicago to work as a community organizer for three years from June 1985 to May 1988 as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman, and Riverdale) on Chicago's far South Side.[12][14] During his three years as the DCP's director, its staff grew from 1 to 13 and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000, with accomplishments including helping set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants' rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[15] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[16] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time to Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his Kenyan relatives for the first time.[17]
Obama entered Harvard Law School in late 1988. At the end of his first year, he was selected, based on his grades and a writing competition, as an editor of the Harvard Law Review.[18] In February 1990, in his second year, he was elected president of the Law Review, a full-time volunteer position functioning as editor-in-chief and supervising the Law Review's staff of 80 editors.[19] Obama's election as the first black president of the Law Review was widely reported and followed by several long, detailed profiles.[19] During his summers, he returned to Chicago where he worked as a summer associate at the law firms of Sidley & Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.Aguilar, Louis (1990-07-11). "Survey: Law firms slow to add minority partners" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1 (Business). Retrieved 2008-06-15. Barack Obama, a summer associate at Hopkins & Sutter in Chicago
</ref> He graduated with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) magna cum laude from Harvard in 1991 followed by his returning to Chicago.
The publicity from his election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations.[20] In an effort to recruit him to their faculty, the University of Chicago Law School provided Obama with a fellowship and an office to work on his book.[20] He originally planned to finish the book in one year, but it took much longer as the book evolved into a personal memoir. In order to work without interruptions, Obama and his wife, Michelle, traveled to Bali where he wrote for several months. The manuscript was finally published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.[20]
Obama directed Illinois's Project Vote from April to October 1992, a voter registration drive with a staff of 10 and 700 volunteers and which achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African-Americans in the state, and led to Crain's Chicago Business naming Obama to its 1993 list of "40 under Forty" powers to be.[21][22]
Beginning in 1992, Obama taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School for twelve years, being first classified as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996, and then as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004.[23]
He also, in 1993, joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a 12-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.[12][24]
Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of Public Allies in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.[12][25] He served from 1993 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund Obama's DCP, and served from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of The Joyce Foundation.[12] Obama served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995–2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995–1999.[12] He also served on the board of directors of the Chicago Lawyers' Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and the Lugenia Burns Hope Center.[12]
State legislator, 1997–2004
Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from the Illinois' 13th District, which then spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park-Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[26] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation reforming ethics and health care laws.[27] He sponsored a law increasing tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[28] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan's payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[29]
Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, and again in 2002.[30] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.[31][32]
In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate's Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.[33] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.[28][34] During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[35] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the US Senate.[36]
2004 U.S. Senate campaign
In mid-2002, Obama began considering a run for the U.S. Senate, enlisting political strategist David Axelrod that fall and formally announcing his candidacy in January 2003.[37] Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun not to contest the race launched wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.[38] Obama's candidacy was boosted by Axelrod's advertising campaign featuring images of the late Chicago Mayor Harold Washington and an endorsement by the daughter of the late Paul Simon, former U.S. Senator for Illinois.[39] He received over 52% of the vote in the March 2004 primary, emerging 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival.[40]
Obama's expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.[41]
In July 2004, Obama wrote and delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts.[42] After describing his maternal grandfather's experiences as a World War II veteran and a beneficiary of the New Deal's FHA and G.I. Bill programs, Obama spoke about changing the U.S. government's economic and social priorities. He questioned the Bush administration's management of the Iraq War and highlighted America's obligations to its soldiers. Drawing examples from U.S. history, he criticized heavily partisan views of the electorate and asked Americans to find unity in diversity, saying, "There is not a liberal America and a conservative America; there's the United States of America."[43] Broadcasts of the speech by major news organizations launched Obama's status as a national political figure and boosted his campaign for U.S. Senate.[44]
In August 2004, with less than three months to go before Election Day, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Party's nomination to replace Ryan.[45] A long-time resident of Maryland, Keyes established legal residency in Illinois with the nomination.[46] In the November 2004 general election, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyes's 27%, the largest victory margin for a statewide race in Illinois history.[47]
U.S. Senator, 2005–present
Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 4, 2005.[48] Obama was the fifth African American Senator in U.S. history, and the third to have been popularly elected.[49] He is the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[50] CQ Weekly, a nonpartisan publication, characterized him as a "loyal Democrat" based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007, and the National Journal ranked him as the "most liberal" senator based on an assessment of selected votes during 2007. In 2005 he was ranked 16th, and in 2006 he was ranked 10th.[51][52] In 2008, he was ranked by Congress.org as the 11th most powerful Senator.[53]
Legislation
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Coburn_and_Obama_discuss_S._2590.jpg/220px-Coburn_and_Obama_discuss_S._2590.jpg)
Obama voted in favor of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.[55] In September 2006, Obama supported a related bill, the Secure Fence Act.[56] Obama introduced two initiatives bearing his name: "Lugar–Obama," which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons,[57] and the "Coburn–Obama Transparency Act," which authorized the establishment of www.USAspending.gov, a web search engine.[58] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama, along with Senators Carper, Coburn and McCain, introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.[59]
Obama sponsored legislation requiring nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks.[60] In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the "Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act," marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[61] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.[62] He introduced S. 453, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections.[63] Obama also introduced the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007.[64]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Lugar-Obama.jpg/220px-Lugar-Obama.jpg)
Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act adding safeguards for personality disorder military discharges.[66] He sponsored the "Iran Sanctions Enabling Act" supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran's oil and gas industry, and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[67][68] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children's Health Insurance Program providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[69]
Committees
Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works and Veterans' Affairs through December 2006.[70] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[71] He also became Chairman of the Senate's subcommittee on European Affairs.[72] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama has made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa.[73][74][75][76]
2008 presidential campaign
Template:Future election candidate
On February 10, 2007 Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.[77][78] The choice of the announcement site was symbolic since it was also where Abraham Lincoln in 1858 delivered his historic "house divided" speech.[79] Throughout the campaign Obama has emphasized the issues of ending the war in Iraq, increasing energy independence, and providing universal health care, at one point identifying these as his top three priorities.[80]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg/220px-Flickr_Obama_Springfield_01.jpg)
Obama's campaign raised $58 million during the first half of 2007, of which "small" donations of less than $200 accounted for $16.4 million. The $58 million set the record for fundraising by a presidential campaign in the first six months of the calendar year before the election.[81] The magnitude of the small donation portion was outstanding from both the absolute and relative perspectives.[82] In January 2008, his campaign set another fundraising record with $36.8 million, the most ever raised in one month by a presidential candidate in the Democratic primaries.[83]
Among the January 2008 DNC-sanctioned state contests, Obama tied with Hillary Clinton for delegates in the New Hampshire primary and won more delegates than Clinton in the Iowa, Nevada and South Carolina elections and caucuses. On Super Tuesday, he emerged with 20 more delegates than Clinton.[84] He again broke fundraising records in the first two months of 2008, raising over $90 million for his primary to Clinton's $45 million.[85] After Super Tuesday, Obama won the eleven remaining February primaries and caucuses.[86] Obama and Clinton split delegates and states nearly equally in the March 4 contests of Vermont, Texas, Ohio, and Rhode Island; Obama closed the month with victories in Wyoming and Mississippi.[87]
In March 2008, a controversy broke out concerning Obama's former pastor of 20 years, Jeremiah Wright.[88] After ABC News broadcast clips of his racially and politically charged sermons,[88][89] Obama responded by condemning Wright's remarks and ending Wright's relationship with the campaign.[90] Obama delivered a speech, during the controversy, entitled "A More Perfect Union"[91] that addressed issues of race. Obama subsequently resigned from Trinity United Church "to avoid the impression that he endorsed the entire range of opinions expressed at that church."[92][93][94]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Obama_Petraeus_Hagel.jpg/220px-Obama_Petraeus_Hagel.jpg)
During April, May, and June, Obama won the North Carolina, Oregon, and Montana primaries and remained ahead in the count of pledged delegates, while Clinton won the Pennsylvania, Indiana, West Virginia, Kentucky, Puerto Rico, and South Dakota primaries. During the period, Obama received endorsements from more superdelegates than did Clinton.[95] On May 31, the Democratic National Committee agreed to seat all of the Michigan and Florida delegates at the national convention, each with a half-vote, narrowing Obama's delegate lead while increasing the delegate count needed to win.[96] On June 3, with all states counted, Obama passed the threshold to become the presumptive nominee.[97][98] On that day, he gave a victory speech in St. Paul, Minnesota. Clinton suspended her campaign and endorsed him on June 7.[99] Since then, he has campaigned for the general election race against Senator John McCain, the Republican nominee.
On June 19, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.[100]
On August 23, 2008, Obama selected Delaware Sen. Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.[101] At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Obama's former rival Hillary Clinton gave a speech in strong support of Obama's candidacy and later was the person that called for Obama to be nominated as the Democratic presidential candidate by acclamation.[102][103] On August 28, Obama delivered a speech in front of 84,000 supporters in Denver. During the speech he accepted his party's nomination and presented details of his policy goals.[104][105]
Political positions
Obama was an early opponent of the Bush administration's policies on Iraq.[106] On October 2, 2002, the day President Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[107] Illinois State Senator Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally in Federal Plaza,[108] speaking out against the war.[109] On March 16, 2003, the day President Bush issued his 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam Hussein to leave Iraq before the U.S. invasion of Iraq,[110] Obama addressed an anti-Iraq War rally and told the crowd that "it's not too late" to stop the war.[111]
Obama stated that if elected he would enact budget cuts in the range of tens of billions of dollars, stop investing in "unproven" missile defense systems, not "weaponize" space, "slow development of future combat systems," and work towards eliminating all nuclear weapons. Obama favors ending development of new nuclear weapons, reducing the current U.S. nuclear stockpile, enacting a global ban on production of fissile material, and seeking negotiations with Russia in order to take ICBMs off high alert status.[112]
In November 2006, Obama called for a "phased redeployment of U.S. troops from Iraq" and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Syria and Iran.[113] In a March 2007 speech to AIPAC, a pro-Israel lobby, he said that the primary way to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons is through talks and diplomacy, although not ruling out military action.[114] Obama has indicated that he would engage in "direct presidential diplomacy" with Iran without preconditions.[115][116][117] Detailing his strategy for fighting global terrorism in August 2007, Obama said "it was a terrible mistake to fail to act" against a 2005 meeting of al-Qaeda leaders that U.S. intelligence had confirmed to be taking place in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas. He said that as president he would not miss a similar opportunity, even without the support of the Pakistani government.[118]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Barack_Obama_in_New_Hampshire.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_in_New_Hampshire.jpg)
In a December 2005 Washington Post opinion column, and at the Save Darfur rally in April 2006, Obama called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.[119] He has divested $180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.[120] In the July–August 2007 issue of Foreign Affairs, Obama called for an outward looking post-Iraq War foreign policy and the renewal of American military, diplomatic, and moral leadership in the world. Saying "we can neither retreat from the world nor try to bully it into submission," he called on Americans to "lead the world, by deed and by example."[121]
In economic affairs, in April 2005, he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and opposed Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security.[122] In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Obama spoke out against government indifference to growing economic class divisions, calling on both political parties to take action to restore the social safety net for the poor.[123] Shortly before announcing his presidential campaign, Obama said he supports universal healthcare in the United States.[124] Obama proposes to reward teachers for performance from traditional merit pay systems, assuring unions that changes would be pursued through the collective bargaining process.[125]
In September 2007, he blamed special interests for distorting the U.S. tax code.[126] His plan would eliminate taxes for senior citizens with incomes of less than $50,000 a year, repeal income tax cuts for those making over $250,000 as well as the capital gains and dividends tax cut,[127] close corporate tax loopholes, lift the income cap on Social Security taxes, restrict offshore tax havens, and simplify filing of income tax returns by pre-filling wage and bank information already collected by the IRS.[128] Announcing his presidential campaign's energy plan in October 2007, Obama proposed a cap and trade auction system to restrict carbon emissions and a 10 year program of investments in new energy sources to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil.[129] Obama proposed that all pollution credits must be auctioned, with no grandfathering of credits for oil and gas companies, and the spending of the revenue obtained on energy development and economic transition costs.[130]
Obama has encouraged Democrats to reach out to evangelicals and other religious groups.[131] In December 2006, he joined Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) at the "Global Summit on AIDS and the Church" organized by church leaders Kay and Rick Warren.[132] Together with Warren and Brownback, Obama took an HIV test, as he had done in Kenya less than four months earlier.[133] He encouraged "others in public life to do the same" and not be ashamed of it.[134] Before the conference, 18 anti-abortion groups published an open letter stating, in reference to Obama's support for legal abortion: "In the strongest possible terms, we oppose Rick Warren's decision to ignore Senator Obama's clear pro-death stance and invite him to Saddleback Church anyway."[135] Addressing over 8,000 United Church of Christ members in June 2007, Obama challenged "so-called leaders of the Christian Right" for being "all too eager to exploit what divides us."[136]
A method that political scientists use for gauging ideology is to compare the annual ratings by the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) with the ratings by the American Conservative Union (ACU).[137] Based on his years in Congress, Obama has a lifetime average conservative rating of 7.67% from the ACU,[138] and a lifetime average liberal rating of 90% from the ADA.[139]
Family and personal life
Obama met his wife, Michelle Robinson, in June 1989 when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.[140] Assigned for three months as Obama's adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial offers to date.[141] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.[142] The couple's first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,[143] followed by a second daughter, Natasha ("Sasha"), in 2001.[144]
Applying the proceeds of a book deal,[146] the family moved in 2005 from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to their current $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood.[147] The purchase of an adjacent lot and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer and friend Tony Rezko attracted media attention because of Rezko's indictment and subsequent conviction on political corruption charges unrelated to Obama.[148][149]
In December 2007, Money magazine estimated the Obama family's net worth at $1.3 million.[150] Their 2007 tax return showed a household income of $4.2 million, up from about $1 million in 2006 and $1.6 million in 2005, mostly from sales of his books.[151]
In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family. "Michelle will tell you that when we get together for Christmas or Thanksgiving, it's like a little mini-United Nations," he said. "I've got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I've got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher."[152] Obama has seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father's family, six of them living, and a half-sister, Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband.[153] Soetoro-Ng is married to a Chinese Canadian.[154] Obama's mother is survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham.[155] In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother's family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, president of the southern Confederacy during the American Civil War.[156]
Obama plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school's varsity team.[157] Before announcing his presidential candidacy, he began a well-publicized effort to quit smoking. Obama told the Chicago Tribune. "I've quit periodically over the last several years. I've got an ironclad demand from my wife that in the stresses of the campaign I do not succumb."[158]
Obama is a Christian whose religious views have evolved in his adult life. In The Audacity of Hope, Obama writes that he "was not raised in a religious household." He describes his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as "non-practicing Methodists and Baptists") to be detached from religion, yet "in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known." He describes his Kenyan father as "raised a Muslim," but a "confirmed atheist" by the time his parents met, and his Indonesian stepfather as "a man who saw religion as not particularly useful." In the book, Obama explains how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand "the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change."[159][160]
Cultural and political image
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Barack_Obama_in_Berlin.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_in_Berlin.jpg)
With his Kenyan father and white American mother, his upbringing in Honolulu and Jakarta, and his Ivy League education, Obama's early life experiences differ markedly from those of African American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.[161]
In January 2007, The End of Blackness author Debra Dickerson warned against drawing favorable cultural implications from Obama's political rise: "Lumping us all together," Dickerson wrote in Salon, "erases the significance of slavery and continuing racism while giving the appearance of progress."[162] Film critic David Ehrenstein, writing in a March 2007 Los Angeles Times article, compared the cultural sources of Obama's favorable polling among whites to those of "magical negro" roles played by black actors in Hollywood movies.[163] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is "black enough," Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that the debate is not about his physical appearance or his record on issues of concern to black voters. Obama said that "we're still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong."[164]
In a December 2006 Wall Street Journal editorial headlined "The Man from Nowhere," Ronald Reagan speech writer Peggy Noonan advised "establishment" commentators to avoid becoming too quickly excited about Obama's still early political career.[165] Echoing the inaugural address of John F. Kennedy, Obama acknowledged his youthful image, saying in an October 2007 campaign speech: "I wouldn't be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation."[166]
In March 2007, 'Obama' was officially accepted into the English language as a word by the Global Language Monitor. GLM stated that Obama- is used as a ‘root’ for an ever-expanding number of words, including: obamamentum, obamaBot, obamacize, obamarama, obamaNation, obamanomics, obamican, obamafy, obamamania, and obamacam. [167][168]
A prominent part of Obama's political image is a belief that his rhetoric and actions toward political reform are matched with a political savvy that often includes a measure of expediency. In a July 2008 The New Yorker feature article, for example, Ryan Lizza wrote: "[Obama] campaigns on reforming a broken political process, yet he has always played politics by the rules as they exist, not as he would like them to exist."[169]
Although Obama is Christian, July 2008 polls have shown that some Americans incorrectly believe that he is a Muslim or was raised as a Muslim (12% and 26%, respectively, in Pew[170] and Newsweek[171] polls). When CNN's Larry King cited the latter poll, Obama responded that "...I wasn't raised in a Muslim home," and said that advancement of the misconception insulted Muslim Americans.[172]
Works
- Obama, Barack (1995). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0307383415.
- Obama, Barack (October 17, 2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. Crown Publishing Group / Three Rivers Press. ISBN 0307237699.
- Obama, Barack (March 27, 2007). Barack Obama in His Own Words. PublicAffairs. ISBN 0786720573.
- National Urban League (April 17, 2007). The State of Black America 2007: Portrait of the Black Male (Foreword by Barack Obama ed.). Beckham Publications Group. ISBN 0931761859.
- Obama, Barack (July–August 2007). "Renewing American Leadership". Foreign Affairs. 86 (4). Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: date format (link) - Obama, Barack (March 1, 2008). Barack Obama: What He Believes In - From His Own Works. Arc Manor. ISBN 1604501170.
{{cite book}}
: Text "coauthors:U.S. Senate" ignored (help) - Obama, Barack (June 13, 2008). Barack Obama vs. John McCain - Side by Side Senate Voting Record for Easy Comparison. Arc Manor. ISBN 1604502495.
{{cite book}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - Change We Can Believe In: Barack Obama's Plan to Renew America's Promise (Foreword by Barack Obama ed.). Three Rivers Press. September 9, 2008. ISBN 0307460452.
Notes
- ^ "The truth about Barack's birth certificate". my.barackobama.com. Retrieved 2008-06-13.
- ^ Obama (1995), pp. 9–10. For book excerpts, see "Barack Obama: Creation of Tales". East African. November 1, 2004. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Obama (1995), pp. 125–126. See also: Jones, Tim (March 27, 2007). "Obama's Mom: Not Just a Girl from Kansas". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Merida, Kevin (December 14, 2007). "The Ghost of a Father". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-06-24. See also: Ochieng, Philip (November 1, 2004). "From Home Squared to the US Senate: How Barack Obama Was Lost and Found". East African. Retrieved 2008-06-24. In August 2006, Obama flew his wife and two daughters from Chicago to join him in a visit to his father's birthplace, a village near Kisumu in rural western Kenya. Gnecchi, Nico (August 27, 2006). "Obama Receives Hero's Welcome at His Family's Ancestral Village in Kenya". Voice of America. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). "Punahou Grad Stirs Up Illinois Politics". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 2008-04-13. See also: Obama (1995), Chapters 3 and 4.
- ^ Ripley, Amanda (April 9, 2008). "The Story of Barack Obama's Mother". Time. Retrieved 2008-06-24. See also: Suryakusuma, Julia (November 29, 2006). "Obama for President... of Indonesia". Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ "Obama, McCain talk issues at pastor's forum - CNN.com". cnn.com. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
- ^ "Barack Obama, asked about drug history, admits he inhaled". International Herald Tribune. 2006-10-25. Retrieved 2008-08-31.
- ^ "Oxy Remembers "Barry" Obama '83". Occidental College. January 29, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Boss-Bicak, Shira (January 2005). "Barack Obama '83". Columbia College Today. Retrieved 2008-06-09.
- ^ Issenberg, Sasha (August 6, 2008). "Obama shows hints of his year in global finance: Tied markets to social aid". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ a b c d e f g Chassie, Karen (ed.) (2007). Who's Who in America, 2008. New Providence, NJ: Marquis Who's Who. p. p. 3468. ISBN 9780837970110. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
{{cite book}}
:|author=
has generic name (help);|page=
has extra text (help) - ^ Scott, Janny (October 30, 2007). "Obama's Account of New York Years Often Differs from What Others Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-13. Obama (1995), pp. 133–140; Mendell (2007), pp. 62–63.
- ^ Secter, Bob; McCormick, John (2007-03-30). "Portrait of a pragmatist". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Lizza, Ryan (2007-03-19). "The Agitator: Barack Obama's Unlikely Political Education" (alternate link). New Republic. Retrieved 2008-04-13. Obama (1995), pp. 140–295; Mendell (2007), pp. 63–83. - ^ Matchan, Linda (1990-02-15). "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved 2008-06-06. Corr, John (1990-02-27). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
- ^ Obama, Barack (1988). "Why organize? Problems and promise in the inner city". Illinois Issues. 14 (8–9): 40–42.
{{cite journal}}
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requires|url=
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ignored (help) reprinted in: Knoepfle, Peg (ed.) (1990). After Alinsky: community organizing in Illinois. Springfield, IL: Sangamon State University. pp. pp. 35–40. ISBN 0962087335.{{cite book}}
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requires|url=
(help);|author=
has generic name (help);|pages=
has extra text (help) Tayler, Letta; Herbert, Keith (2008-03-02). "Obama forged path as Chicago community organizer". Newsday. p. A06. Retrieved 2008-06-06.{{cite news}}
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- ^ Levenson, Michael; Saltzman, Jonathan (2007-01-28). "At Harvard Law, a unifying voice". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Kantor, Jodi (2007-01-28). "In law school, Obama found political voice". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Kodama, Marie C (2007-01-19). "Obama left mark on HLS". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Mundy, Liza (2007-08-12). "A series of fortunate events". The Washington Post. p. W10. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Heilemann, John (October 22, 2007). "When they were young". New York. 40 (37): 32–7, 132–3. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Mendell (2007), pp. 80–92. - ^ a b Butterfield, Fox (1990-02-06). "First black elected to head Harvard's Law Review". The New York Times. p. A20. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Ybarra, Michael J (1990-02-07). "Activist in Chicago now heads Harvard Law Review" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Matchan, Linda (1990-02-15). "A Law Review breakthrough" (paid archive). The Boston Globe. p. 29. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Corr, John (1990-02-27). "From mean streets to hallowed halls" (paid archive). The Philadelphia Inquirer. p. C01. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Drummond, Tammerlin (1990-03-12). "Barack Obama's Law; Harvard Law Review's first black president plans a life of public service" (paid archive). Los Angeles Times. p. E1. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Pugh, Allison J. (Associated Press) (1990-04-18). "Law Review's first black president aims to help poor" (paid archive). The Miami Herald. p. C01. Retrieved 2008-06-15.
- ^ a b c Scott, Janny (2008-05-18). "The story of Obama, written by Obama". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Obama (1995), pp. xiii–xvii.
- ^ White, Jesse (ed.) (2000). Illinois Blue Book, 2000, Millennium ed. Springfield, IL: Illinois Secretary of State. p. p. 83. OCLC 43923973. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
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has extra text (help) - ^ Jarrett, Vernon (1992-08-11). "'Project Vote' brings power to the people" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 23. Retrieved 2008-06-06. Reynolds, Gretchen (1993). "Vote of Confidence". Chicago. 42 (1): 53–54. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
{{cite journal}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) Anderson, Veronica (1993). "40 under Forty: Barack Obama, Director, Illinois Project Vote". Crain's Chicago Business. 16 (39): 43.{{cite journal}}
:|access-date=
requires|url=
(help); Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ University of Chicago Law School (2008-03-27). "Statement regarding Barack Obama". University of Chicago Law School. Retrieved 2008-06-10. Miller, Joe (2008-03-28). "Was Barack Obama really a constitutional law professor?". FactCheck.org. Retrieved 2008-06-10. Holan, Angie Drobnic (2008-03-07). "Obama's 20 years of experience". PolitiFact.com. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ^ Robinson, Mike (Associated Press) (2007-02-10). "Obama got start in civil rights practice". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Pallasch, Abdon M (2007-12-17). "As lawyer, Obama was strong, silent type; He was 'smart, innovative, relentless,' and he mostly let other lawyers do the talking". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4. Retrieved 2008-06-15. "People" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. 1993-06-27. p. 9 (Business). Retrieved 2008-06-15. "Business appointments" (paid archive). Chicago-Sun-Times. 1993-07-05. p. 40. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Miner, Barnhill & Galland (2008). "About Us". Miner, Barnhill & Galland – Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved 2008-06-15. Obama (1995), pp. 438–439, Mendell (2007), pp. 104–106.
- ^ Public Allies (2008). "Fact Sheet on Public Allies' History with Senator Barack and Michelle Obama". Public Allies. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
- ^ Jackson, David (April 3, 2007). "Obama Knows His Way Around a Ballot". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) White, Jesse (2001). "Legislative Districts of Cook County, 1991 Reapportionment". Illinois Blue Book 2001–2002. Springfield: Illinois Secretary of State. pp. p. 65.{{cite book}}
:|pages=
has extra text (help); External link in
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|chapterurl=
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suggested) (help)State Sen. District 13 = State Rep. Districts 25 & 26. - ^ Slevin, Peter (February 9, 2007). "Obama Forged Political Mettle in Illinois Capitol". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-20. Helman, Scott (September 23, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama Dealt with Lobbyists". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-04-20. See also: "Obama Record May Be Gold Mine for Critics". Associated Press. CBS News. January 17, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-20. "In-Depth Look at Obama's Political Career" (video). CLTV. Chicago Tribune. February 9, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ^ a b Scott, Janny (July 30, 2007). "In Illinois, Obama Proved Pragmatic and Shrewd". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-20. See also: Pearson, Rick (May 3, 2007). "Careful Steps, Looking Ahead". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
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: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Allison, Melissa (2000-12-15). "State takes on predatory lending; Rules would halt single-premium life insurance financing". Chicago Tribune (paid archive). p. 1 (Business). Retrieved 2008-06-01. Long, Ray; Allison, Melissa (2001-04-18). "Illinois OKs predatory loan curbs; State aims to avert home foreclosures". Chicago Tribune (paid archive). p. 1. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. August 24, 2000. Archived from the original (archive) on 2000-04-12. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite web}}
:|archive-date=
/|archive-url=
timestamp mismatch; 2000-08-24 suggested (help) "13th District: Barack Obama". Illinois State Senate Democrats. October 9, 2004. Archived from the original (archive) on 2004-08-02. Retrieved 2008-04-20. - ^ "Federal Elections 2000: U.S. House Results - Illinois". Federal Election Commission. Retrieved 2008-04-24.. See also: "Obama's Loss May Have Aided White House Bid". and Scott, Janny (September 9, 2007). "A Streetwise Veteran Schooled Young Obama". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ^ McClelland, Edward (February 12, 2007). "How Obama Learned to Be a Natural". Salon. Retrieved 2008-04-20. See also: Wolffe, Richard (July 16, 2007). "Across the Divide". Newsweek. MSNBC. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-04-20. and "Obama learned from failed Congress run". - ^ Calmes, Jackie (February 23, 2007). "Statehouse Yields Clues to Obama". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ^ Tavella, Anne Marie (2003-04-14). "Profiling, taping plans pass Senate". Daily Herald (paid archive). p. 17. Retrieved 2008-06-01. Haynes, V. Dion (2003-06-29). "Fight racial profiling at local level, lawmaker says; U.S. guidelines get mixed review". Chicago Tribune (paid archive). p. 8. Retrieved 2008-06-01. Pearson, Rick (2003-07-17). "Taped confessions to be law; State will be 1st to pass legislation". Chicago Tribune (paid archive). p. 1 (Metro). Retrieved 2008-06-01.
- ^ Youngman, Sam (March 14, 2007). "Obama's Crime Votes Are Fodder for Rivals". The Hill. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) See also: "US Presidential Candidate Obama Cites Work on State Death Penalty Reforms". Associated Press. International Herald Tribune. November 12, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-20. - ^ Coffee, Melanie (November 6, 2004). "Attorney Chosen to Fill Obama's State Senate Seat". Associated Press. HPKCC. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ^ Helman, Scott (October 12, 2007). "Early Defeat Launched a Rapid Political Climb". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Davey, Monica (March 7, 2004). "Closely Watched Illinois Senate Race Attracts 7 Candidates in Millionaire Range". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Wallace-Wells, Ben (April 1, 2007). "Obama's Narrator". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Davey, Monica (May 17, 2004). "From Crowded Field, Democrats Choose State Legislator to Seek Senate Seat". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-13. See also: Jackson, John S (August 2006). "The Making of a Senator: Barack Obama and the 2004 Illinois Senate Race" (PDF). Occasional Paper of the Paul Simon Public Policy Institute. Southern Illinois University. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ "Ryan Drops Out of Senate Race in Illinois". CNN. June 25, 2004. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Bernstein, David (June 2007). "The Speech". Chicago Magazine. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Obama, Barack (July 27, 2004). "Keynote Address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention" (text or video). BarackObama.com. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
(help)|format=
- ^ Archibold, Randal C (July 29, 2004). "The Illinois Candidate; Day After, Keynote Speaker Finds Admirers Everywhere". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-13. Roach, Ronald (October 7, 2004). "Obama Rising". Black Issues In Higher Education. DiverseEducation.com. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Lannan, Maura Kelly (August 9, 2004). "Alan Keyes Enters U.S. Senate Race in Illinois Against Rising Democratic Star". Associated Press. Union-Tribune (San Diego). Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Liam, Ford (August 13, 2004). "Keyes Sets Up House in Cal City". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "America Votes 2004: U.S. Senate / Illinois". CNN. Retrieved 2008-04-13. Slevin, Peter (November 13, 2007). "For Obama, a Handsome Payoff in Political Gambles". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ "About Barack Obama". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ "Breaking New Ground: African American Senators". U.S. Senate Historical Office. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
- ^ "Member Info". Congressional Black Caucus. Retrieved 2008-06-25. See also: Zeleny, Jeff (June 26, 2005). "When It Comes to Race, Obama Makes His Point—With Subtlety". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
- ^ Nather, David (January 14, 2008). "The Space Between Clinton and Obama". CQ Weekly. Retrieved 2008-06-25. See also: Curry, Tom (February 21, 2008). "What Obama's Senate Votes Reveal". MSNBC. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
- ^ "Obama: Most Liberal Senator In 2007". National Journal. January 31, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-25.
- ^ {{cite web | url=http://www.congress.org/congressorg/power_rankings/overall.tt | Power Rankings: Senate | author=KnowLegis | accessdate=2008-09-07
- ^ "President Bush Signs Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act". White House. September 26, 2006.
{{cite web}}
: Text "2008-04-27" ignored (help) - ^ U.S. Senate, 109th Congress, 1st Session (May 12, 2005). "S. 1033, Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act". Thomas. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Latinos Upset Obama Voted for Border Fence". CBS 2 (Chicago). November 20, 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ "Lugar–Obama Nonproliferation Legislation Signed into Law by the President". Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. January 11, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-27. See also: Lugar, Richard G (December 3, 2005). "Junkyard Dogs of War". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ McCormack, John (December 21, 2007). "Google Government Gone Viral". Weekly Standard. Retrieved 2008-04-27. See also: "President Bush Signs Coburn–Obama Transparency Act". Tom Coburn U.S. Senate Office. September 26, 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ S. 3077: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008 Govtrack.us, 2007-2008 (110th Congress)
- ^ McIntire, Mike (February 3, 2008). "Nuclear Leaks and Response Tested Obama in Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ "Democratic Republic of the Congo". United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) "The IRC Welcomes New U.S. Law on Congo". International Rescue Committee. January 5, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-27. - ^ Weixel, Nathaniel (November 15, 2007). "Feingold, Obama Go After Corporate Jet Travel". The Hill. Retrieved 2008-04-27. Weixel, Nathaniel (December 5, 2007). "Lawmakers Press FEC on Bundling Regulation". The Hill. Retrieved 2008-04-27. See also: "Federal Election Commission Announces Plans to Issue New Regulations to Implement the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act of 2007". Federal Election Commission. September 24, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ Stern, Seth (January 31, 2007). "Obama–Schumer Bill Proposal Would Criminalize Voter Intimidation". CQPolitics.com. The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-27. U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 31, 2007). "S. 453, Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act of 2007". Thomas. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) See also: "Honesty in Elections" (editorial). The New York Times. January 31, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-27. - ^ Krystin, E. Kasak (February 7, 2007). "Obama Introduces Measure to Bring Troops Home". Medill News Service. The Times (Munster, Indiana). Retrieved 2008-04-27. "Latest Major Action: 1/30/2007 Referred to Senate committee." U.S. Senate, 110th Congress, 1st Session (January 30, 2007). "S. 433, Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007". Thomas. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Nunn–Lugar Report" (PDF). Richard Lugar U.S. Senate Office. 2005. Retrieved 2008-04-30.
{{cite web}}
: Unknown parameter|month=
ignored (help) - ^ "Obama, Bond Hail New Safeguards on Military Personality Disorder Discharges, Urge Further Action". Kit Bond U.S. Senate Office. October 1, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-27. See also: Dine, Philip (December 23, 2007). "Bond Calls for Review of Military Discharges". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ Graham-Silverman, Adam (September 12, 2007). "Despite Flurry of Action in House, Congress Unlikely to Act Against Iran". CQ Today. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ "Obama, Schiff Provision to Create Nuclear Threat Reduction Plan Approved". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. December 20, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ "Senate Passes Obama, McCaskill Legislation to Provide Safety Net for Families of Wounded Service Members". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. August 2, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ "Committee Assignments" (archive). Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. 2006-12-09. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ "Obama Gets New Committee Assignments". Associated Press. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. November 15, 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ Baldwin, Tom (December 21, 2007). "Stay-At-Home Barack Obama Comes Under Fire for a Lack of Foreign Experience". Sunday Times (UK). Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ Larson, Christina (September 2006). "Hoosier Daddy: What Rising Democratic Star Barack Obama Can Learn from an Old Lion of the GOP". Washington Monthly. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ Goudie, Chuck (January 12, 2006). "Obama Meets with Arafat's Successor". WLS-TV. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ "Obama Slates Kenya for Fraud". News24.com. August 28, 2006. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
- ^ Wamalwa, Chris (September 2, 2006). "Envoy Hits at Obama Over Graft Remark". The Standard (Nairobi). Retrieved 2008-04-27. Moracha, Vincent (September 4, 2006). "Leaders Support Obama on Graft Claims". The Standard (Nairobi). Retrieved 2008-04-27.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ Chicago Tribune, 10 Feb 2008
- ^ "Obama Launches Presidential Bid". BBC News. February 10, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14. Video at Brightcove.TV.
- ^ "Presidential Campaign Announcement" (video). Obama for America. Brightcove.TV. February 10, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ "Barack Obama on the Issues: What Would Be Your Top Three Overall Priorities If Elected?". Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-14. See also: Falcone, Michael (December 21, 2007). "Obama's 'One Thing'". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-14.
- ^ Malone, Jim (July 2, 2007). "Obama Fundraising Suggests Close Race for Party Nomination". Voice of America. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Cummings, Jeanne (September 26, 2007). "Small Donors Rewrite Fundraising Handbook". Politico. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Cadei, Emily (February 21, 2008). "Obama Outshines Other Candidates in January Fundraising". CQ Politics. Retrieved 2008-02-24.
- ^ "2008 Democratic Delegates". RealClearPolitics. Retrieved 2008-03-25.
- ^ Dan Morain (March 7, 2008). "Obama sets fundraising record with $55 million". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
- ^ Brian Knowlton (February 21, 2008). "Make That 11 for Obama". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
- ^ "Results: March 4 - Multi-State Events". CNN. 2008-03-04. Retrieved 2008-03-04.
- ^ a b Brian Ross (March 13, 2008). "Obama's Pastor: God Damn America, U.S. to Blame for 9/11". ABC News. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
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: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) See also: Sullivan, Andrew (March 16, 2008). "For The Record". The Daily Dish. The Atlantic. Retrieved 2008-03-18.{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Jeff Goldblatt (March 14, 2008). "Obama's Pastor's Sermon: 'God Damn America'". FOXNews. Retrieved 2008-04-04.
- ^ Johnson, Alex (2008-03-14). "Controversial minister leaves Obama campaign". MSNBC. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ Barack Obama (March 18, 2008). "Remarks by Barack Obama: 'A More Perfect Union'". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2008-03-18.
- ^ "Obama resigns from controversial church". CNN. May 31, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-31.
- ^ "Obama quits church, citing controversies". CNN. May 31, 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-24.
- ^ "Obama quits church after long controversy". MSNBC. June 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-05.
- ^ "Superdelegates put Obama within reach". The Associated Press. MSNBC.com. May 12, 2008. Retrieved 2008-05-13.
- ^ "Clinton Wins Puerto Rico Primary". The Associated Press. Free Internet Press. June 1, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
- ^ "Obama: I will be the Democratic nominee". CNN.com. 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
- ^ John Whitesides in Washington (2008-06-04). "Obama clinches nomination". Herald Sun (Australia). Retrieved 2008-06-06.
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff and Michael Luo (2008-06-04). "Obama Clinches Nomination". New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
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(help) - ^ Salant, Jonathan D. (2008-06-19). "Obama Won't Accept Public Money in Election Campaign". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2008-06-19.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Lis Sidoti and Nedra Pickler (2008-08-22). "Obama picks Biden for veep". Associated Press.
- ^ Tom Baldwin (2008-08-27). "Hillary Clinton: 'Barack is my candidate'". TimesOnline. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
{{cite news}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "Obama Wins Hard-Fought Nomination as Biden and Bill Clinton Rally the Party". The New York Times. 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-08-27.
- ^ "Obama accepts Democrat nomination". BBC News. BBC. 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
- ^ Soaring speech from Obama, plus some specifics
- ^ Strausberg, Chinta (September 26, 2002). "Opposition to war mounts" (paid archive). Chicago Defender. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (October 2, 2002). "President, House Leadership Agree on Iraq Resolution". The White House. Retrieved 2008-02-17. Tackett, Michael (October 3, 2002). "Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
- ^ Glauber, Bill (October 3, 2002). "War protesters gentler, but passion still burns" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-02-03. Strausberg, Chinta (October 3, 2002). "War with Iraq undermines U.N." Chicago Defender. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-02-03. Bryant, Greg (October 2, 2002). "300 protesters rally to oppose war with Iraq". Medill News Service. Retrieved 2008-02-03. Katz, Marilyn (October 2, 2007). "Five Years Since Our First Action". Chicagoans Against War & Injustice. Retrieved 2008-02-17. Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.
- ^ Obama, Barack (October 2, 2002). "Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama Against Going to War with Iraq". BarackObama.com. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (March 16, 2003). "President Bush: Monday "Moment of Truth" for World on Iraq". The White House. Retrieved 2008-02-17. Associated Press (March 17, 2003). "'Moment of truth for the world'; Bush, three allies set today as final day for Iraq to disarm or face massive military attack" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 1. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
- ^ Ritter, Jim (March 17, 2003). "Anti-war rally here draws thousands" (paid archive). Chicago Sun-Times. p. 3. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
- ^ Barack Obama. Obama-Caucus4Priorities (flv). Obama '08. Retrieved 2008-05-18.
{{cite AV media}}
: Unknown parameter|date2=
ignored (help) - ^ For audio and text, see: Obama, Barack (November 20, 2006). "A Way Forward in Iraq". Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Obama, Barack (March 2, 2007). "AIPAC Policy Forum Remarks". Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2008-01-30. For Obama's 2004 Senate campaign remarks on possible missile strikes against Iran, see: Mendell, David (September 25, 2004). "Obama Would Consider Missile Strikes on Iran" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ Official Obama campaign's official website Accessed May 11, 2008
- ^ Gordon, Michael R. and Zeleny, Jeff (2007-11-02). "Obama Pledges 'Aggressive' Iran Diplomacy". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
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(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Transcript of fourth Democratic debate". The New York Times. 2007-07-24. Retrieved 2008-06-17.
{{cite news}}
: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=
(help) - ^ "Obama Warns Pakistan on Al-Qaeda". BBC News. August 1, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14. For video and text of the speech, see: "Policy Address on Terrorism by The Honorable Barack Obama, United States Senator from Illinois". Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. August 1, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-30. For details of the aborted 2005 military operation, see Mazzetti, Mark (July 8, 2007). "Rumsfeld Called Off 2005 Plan to Capture Top Qaeda Figures". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Obama, Barack (December 27, 2005). "Policy Adrift on Darfur". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
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: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) Doyle, Jim (May 1, 2006). "Tens of Thousands Rally for Darfur". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-01-14. - ^ Kuhnhenn, Jim (May 17, 2007). "Giuliani, Edwards Have Sudan Holdings". Associated Press via SFGate.com. Retrieved 2008-01-14. Obama, Barack (August 30, 2007). "Hit Iran Where It Hurts". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Obama, Barack (July–August 2007). "Renewing American Leadership". Foreign Affairs. 86 (4). Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Franklin, Ben A (June 1, 2005). "The Fifth Black Senator in U.S. History Makes F.D.R. His Icon". Washington Spectator. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Zeleny, Jeff (September 12, 2005). "Judicious Obama Turns Up Volume". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Pickler, Nedra (January 25, 2007). "Obama Calls for Universal Health Care within Six Years". Associated Press via Union-Tribune (San Diego). Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
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(help) - ^ Davis, Teddy (November 20, 2007). "Obama Bucks Party Line on Education". ABC News. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Unknown parameter|coauthors=
ignored (|author=
suggested) (help) - ^ "A Speech On the Economy, Opportunity and Tax Policy with Senator Barack Obama". Tax Policy Center. September 18, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ "Study:Bush tax cuts favor wealthy". CBS. August 13, 2004. Retrieved 2008-04-05.
- ^ "Obama Tax Plan: $80 Billion in Cuts, Five-Minute Filings". CNN. September 18, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff (October 9, 2007). "Obama Proposes Capping Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Making Polluters Pay". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Barack Obama. "The Blueprint for Change: Barack Obama's plan for America" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ^ Lerner, Michael (July 3, 2006). "U.S. Senator Barack Obama Critiques Democrats' Religiophobia". Tikkun Magazine. Retrieved 2008-01-14. "Sen. Barack Obama: Call to Renewal Keynote Address". Beliefnet. June 28, 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Gibson, Manda (June 28, 2006). "At Global AIDS Summit, Churches Challenged to Take the Lead". PurposeDriven.com. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ "Screaming Crowds Welcome U.S. Senator 'Home'". CNN. August 27, 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ Obama, Barack (December 1, 2006). "Race Against Time—World AIDS Day Speech". Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ "Rick Warren/Barack Obama AIDS Partnership Must End, Say Pro-Life Groups". Christian Newswire Press Release. November 28, 2006. Retrieved 2008-01-14. See also: Van Biema, David (December 1, 2006). "The Real Losers in the Obama-Warren Controversy". Time. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
- ^ "Barack Obama: Faith Has Been 'Hijacked'". Associated Press via CBS News. June 24, 2007. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
{{cite news}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=
(help) See also: Brody, David (July 30, 2007). "Obama to CBN News: We're No Longer Just a Christian Nation". Christian Broadcasting Network. Retrieved 2008-01-14. - ^ Mayer, William. "Kerry's Record Rings a Bell", Washington Post, (2004-03-28): "The question of how to measure a senator's or representative's ideology is one that political scientists regularly need to answer. For more than 30 years, the standard method for gauging ideology has been to use the annual ratings of lawmakers' votes by various interest groups, notably the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the American Conservative Union (ACU)." Retrieved 2008-06-07.
- ^ "2005 U.S. Senate Votes", American Conservative Union; "2006 U.S. Senate Votes", American Conservative Union; "2007 U.S. Senate Votes", American Conservative Union. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
- ^ "ADA's 2005 Congressional Voting Record", Americans for Democratic Action; "ADA's 2006 Congressional Voting Record", Americans for Democratic Action; "ADA's 2007 Congressional Voting Record", Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved 2008-06-07.
- ^ Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also: Brown, Sarah (December 7, 2005). "Obama '85 Masters Balancing Act". Daily Princetonian. Retrieved 2008-04-28. Tucker, Eric (March 1, 2007). "Family Ties: Brown Coach, Barack Obama". Associated Press. ABC News. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ Obama (2006), p. 329.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (October 3, 2007). "Michelle Obama: 'He Swept Me Off My Feet'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ Martin, Jonathan (2008-07-04). "Born on the 4th of July". The Politico. Retrieved 2008-07-10.
- ^ Obama (1995), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also: "Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama". Gannett News Service. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ "Senator Barack Obama Visit to CJTF-HOA and Camp Lemonier: 31 August—1 September 2006" (video). Combined Joint Task Force—Horn of Africa. YouTube. February 6, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ "Obama: I trusted Rezko". 2008-03-15.
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff (December 24, 2005). "The First Time Around: Sen. Obama's Freshman Year". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ "Rezko found guilty in corruption case". The Associated Press. MSNBC.com. June 4, 2008. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ Slevin, Peter (December 17, 2006). "Obama Says He Regrets Land Deal With Fundraiser". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
- ^ "Obama's Money". CNNMoney.com. December 7, 2007. Retrieved 2008-04-28. See also: Goldfarb, Zachary A (March 24, 2007). "Measuring Wealth of the '08 Candidates". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ Zeleny, Jeff (April 17, 2008). "Book Sales Lifted Obamas' Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ "Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First". The Oprah Winfrey Show. October 18, 2006. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Half Siblings: 'A Complicated Family'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-06-24. See also: "Interactive Family Tree". Chicago Sun-Times. September 9, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Maya Soetoro-Ng: 'He Helped Me Find My Voice'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ Fornek, Scott (September 9, 2007). "Madelyn Payne Dunham: 'A Trailblazer'". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
- ^ Obama (1995), p. 13. For reports on Obama's maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Harry Truman, see: Nitkin, David (March 2, 2007). "A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2008-06-24.
{{cite news}}
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suggested) (help) Jordan, Mary (May 13, 2007). "Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2008-06-24. "Obama's Family Tree Has a Few Surprises". Associated Press. CBS 2 (Chicago). September 8, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-24. - ^ Kantor, Jodi (June 1, 2007). "One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-04-28. See also: "The Love of the Game" (video). HBO: Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel. YouTube (BarackObama.com). April 15, 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
{{cite news}}
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- ^ Parsons, Christi (February 6, 2007). "Obama Launches an '07 Campaign—To Quit Smoking". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: Obama, Barack (October 23, 2006). "My Spiritual Journey". Time. Retrieved 2008-04-28.
- ^ Obama, Barack (2006-06-28). "'Call to Renewal' Keynote Address". Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois (website).
{{cite web}}
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - ^ Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (November 2004). "The Great Black Hope: What's Riding on Barack Obama?". Washington Monthly. Retrieved 2008-04-07. See also: Scott, Janny (December 28, 2007). "A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
- ^ Dickerson, Debra J (January 22, 2007). "Colorblind". Salon. Retrieved 2008-01-14. For a sampling of views by other black commentators see: Younge, Gary (posted October 27, 2006 (November 13, 2006 issue)). "Obama: Black Like Me". The Nation. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
{{cite news}}
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(help) Crouch, Stanley (November 2, 2006). "What Obama Isn't: Black Like Me". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 2007-03-08. Retrieved 2008-04-07. Washington, Laura (January 1, 2007). "Whites May Embrace Obama, But Do 'Regular Black Folks'?". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 2008-04-07. Page, Clarence (February 25, 2007). "Is Barack Black Enough? Now That's a Silly Question". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2007-03-08. Retrieved 2008-04-07. - ^ Ehrenstein, David. "Obama the 'Magic Negro'", Los Angeles Times, March 19, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-04-07.
- ^ Payne, Les (August 19, 2007). "In One Country, a Dual Audience" (paid archive). Newsday. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
- ^ Noonan, Peggy (December 15, 2006). "The Man From Nowhere". OpinionJournal (Wall Street Journal). Retrieved 2008-04-07. See also: Obama (2006), pp. 122–124. For Noonan's comments on Obama winning the January 2008 Iowa Caucus, see: Noonan, Peggy (January 4, 2008). "Out With the Old, In With the New". OpinionJournal (Wall Street Journal). Retrieved 2008-04-07.
- ^ Dorning, Mike (October 4, 2007). "Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK" (paid archive). Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2008-04-07. See also: Harnden, Toby (October 15, 2007). "Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
- ^ ObamaSpeak
- ^ http://www.cnn.com/video/?/video/offbeat/2008/02/19/moos.obamafied.cnn: CNN Video
- ^ Making It: How Chicago shaped Obama
- ^ Poll: Obama extends national lead over McCain, Associated Press (July 11, 2008).
- ^ Jonathan Darman, Glow Fading?, Newsweek online exclusive (July 11, 2008).
- ^ King, Larry (2008-07-15). "CNN Larry King Live: Interview with Sen. Barack Obama …". CNN. Retrieved 2008-07-17.
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References
- Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6.
- Obama, Barack (2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. Times Books. ISBN 1-4000-8277-3.
- Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 0-307-23769-9.
Further reading
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Personal
Illinois State Senator and U.S. Senator from Illinois 44th President of the United States Tenure
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- Curry, Jessica. "Barack Obama: Under the Lights", Chicago Life, Fall 2004. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- Graff, Garrett. "The Legend of Barack Obama", Washingtonian, November 1, 2006. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- Lizza, Ryan. "Above the Fray", GQ, September 2007. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- MacFarquhar, Larissa. "The Conciliator: Where is Barack Obama Coming From?", New Yorker, May 7, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- Mundy, Liza. "A Series of Fortunate Events", The Washington Post Magazine, August 12, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- Wallace-Wells, Ben. "Destiny's Child", Rolling Stone, February 7, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
- Zutter, Hank De. "What Makes Obama Run?", Chicago Reader, December 8, 1995. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
External links
Template:Sisterlinks-author Official sites
- Barack Obama U.S. Senator for Illinois (U.S. Senate office)
- Obama '08—BarackObama.com (2008 U.S. presidential campaign)
- Fight the Smears: the candidate's responses to Internet rumors.
Congressional links
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
- Profile at Vote Smart
Site directory
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