Yadav: Difference between revisions
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{{About|modern |
{{About|modern communities claiming descent from [[Yadu]]|the ancient people|Yadava|other uses|Yadav (disambiguation)}} |
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{{Infobox caste |
{{Infobox caste |
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|caste_name= Yadav (यादव) |
|caste_name= Yadav (यादव) |
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|[[File:ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg|68px]] [[File:babaramdev.jpg|68px]] [[File:Yogendra Singh Yadav.jpg|68px]] |
|[[File:ChandraguptaIIOnHorse.jpg|68px]] [[File:babaramdev.jpg|68px]] [[File:Yogendra Singh Yadav.jpg|68px]] [[File:Rao tila ram.jpg|68px]] [[File:Dr. Ram Baran Yadav.jpg|68px]] [[File:Akhilesh.jpg|68px]] |
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|caption=[[Chandragupta Maurya]]{{•}}[[Swami Ramdev]]{{•}}[[Yogendra Singh Yadav]]{{•}}[[Rao Tula Ram]]{{•}}[[Ram Baran Yadav]]{{•}} [[Akhilesh Yadav]] |
|caption=[[Chandragupta Maurya]]{{•}}[[Swami Ramdev]]{{•}}[[Yogendra Singh Yadav]]{{•}}[[Rao Tula Ram]]{{•}}[[Ram Baran Yadav]]{{•}} [[Akhilesh Yadav]] |
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|classification= |
|classification= [[Chandravanshi]] [[Kshatriya]]<ref name="ISC_vol16"/> |
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|subdivisions= [[Ahir]], [[Saini]], [[Dhangars]], [[Maniyani]], [[Konar]], [[Gaur]], etc. 57 sub-castes/clans |
|subdivisions= [[Ahir]], [[Saini]], [[Dhangars]], [[Maniyani]], [[Konar]], [[Gaur]], etc. 57 sub-castes/clans |
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|populated_states=India, [[Nepal]] |
|populated_states=[[India]], [[Nepal]] |
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|languages= [[Hindi]], [[Ahirwati]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[dialect]]s of these languages |
|languages= [[Hindi]], [[Ahirwati]] [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[dialect]]s of these languages |
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|related= • [[Indo-Aryan people]] |
|related= • [[Indo-Aryan people]] • [[Gujjar]]s • [[Ahir]] • [[Maratha]] |
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|religions=[[Hinduism]] |
|religions=[[Hinduism]] |
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| related= |
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}} |
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''' |
'''Yādav''' refers to a group of communities or [[Indian caste system|castes]] found in [[India]] and [[Nepal]], which claim descent from the ancient King [[Yadu]] of the [[Chandravanshi]] [[Kshatriya]] clan.<ref name="ISC_vol16">[http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=7Q4NTernHMbirAewmp3rCw&ct=result&id=KTEoAAAAMAAJ&dq=punjab+jadubans+caste&q=ahir#search_anchor Volume 16 of Report of the Indian Statutory Commission], 1930.</ref> Yadav is one five [[Indo-Aryan people|Indo-Aryan]] Kshatriya clans mentioned in the [[Vedas]] as "[[Panchjanya]]". The Yadavas generally follow the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] tradition of Hinduism, and share [[dharmic religions|dharmic]] religious beliefs.<ref name="ReferenceA">[http://books.google.co.in/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&pg=PA24&dq=abhira+brahmanas&hl=en&ei=2n1tTNnGNoWovQPhwuG_DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false The tribes and castes of Bombay]</ref> |
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By CALCUTTA,URL((http://books.google.co.in/books?id=y6EIAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA183&dq=yadavas+as+kshatriya&hl=en&ei=QyM1TqDuH8HrrQemnuCqCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFcQ6AEwCThu#v=onepage&q=yadavas%20as%20kshatriya&f=false)</ref> |
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.They worshipped Lord [[Krishna]] as Hero of [[Yadava]].<ref>Society and religion: from Rugveda to Puranas |
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By Jayant Gadkari,URL((http://books.google.co.in/books?id=Zst_7qaatp8C&pg=PA184&dq=Abhira+and+yadavA&hl=en&ei=rTQ1TvO7JYKsrAfl5OTLCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEQQ6AEwBjhG#v=onepage&q&f=false))</ref>Three Famlies of Yadava Kshatriya Lineage were ruling locally within the precinets of the Nellore [[Chola Kingdom]] owing allegiance to its rulers.They were the [[Yadavas]] of Addanki,Alavulapadu,Yeragaddapadu.<ref>The history of Andhra country, 1000 A.D.-1500 A.D. By Yashoda Devi,URL((http://books.google.co.in/books?id=-d9IAvFOUHsC&pg=PA483&dq=yadava+kshtriya&hl=en&ei=A8AuTq_3BI-IrAemh4SzAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4#v=onepage&q&f=false))</ref>In modern India, Yadavs form a powerful political caste across party lines in India.<ref>Dipankar Gupta. ''Caste in question: identity or hierarchy?'' Sage, 2004</ref>Many clans within Yadavas classify themselves as Kshatriya varna because they state that they are descended from the ancient King [[Yadu]] of the [[Chandravanshi]] [[Kshatriya]] clan.<ref name="Brahmachary2004">{{cite book|author=K. C. Brahmachary|title=We and our administration|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RfdtUUnVQLQC&pg=PA388|accessdate=26 May 2011|year=2004|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170999164|pages=388–}}</ref><ref name="CommissionSimon1930">{{cite book|author1=Great Britain. Indian Statutory Commission|author2=Viscount John Allsebrook Simon Simon|title=Report of the Indian Statutory Commission ...|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KTEoAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=26 May 2011|volume=16|year=1930|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office}}</ref> However, their varna status is contested, as at times Yadavs have been labeled within the [[Shudra]] (cultivator) varna as "upper Shudra".<ref name="Pathak1992">{{cite book|author=Bindeshwar Pathak|title=Action sociology and development|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vu8eZrzGwuoC&pg=PA119|accessdate=22 May 2011|date=1 January 1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170223191|pages=119–}}</ref><ref name="Freitag1989">{{cite book|author=Sandria B. Freitag|title=Culture and power in Banaras: community, performance, and environment, 1800-1980|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4RAaBmHA9uUC&pg=PA122|accessdate=22 May 2011|year=1989|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520063679|pages=122–}}</ref><ref name="Barrier1981">{{cite book|author=Norman Gerald Barrier|title=The Census in British India: new perspectives|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4kOxAAAAIAAJ|accessdate=22 May 2011|year=1981|publisher=Manohar}}</ref><ref name="Bhattacharya2002">{{cite book|author=Sabyasachi Bhattacharya|title=Education and the disprivileged: nineteenth and twentieth century India|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=f-jBIp3iWdEC&pg=PA54|accessdate=22 May 2011|year=2002|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=9788125021926|pages=54–}}</ref> They are listed as [[Other Backward Classes]] at the national level.<ref>http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Centrallistifobc.html</ref> |
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Yadavs are classified under the [[Kshatriya]] [[varna in Hinduism]], and several royal dynasties in medieval India claimed descent from Yadu. They remained in power in India and [[Nepal]] until 1200-1300 CE, before the arrival of [[Muslim]] invaders. |
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Genetically, Yadavs comes under Indo-[[Caucasoid]] family.<ref>R Ashma, V.K Kashyap. [http://www.fsijournal.org/article/S0379-0738%2802%2900346-8/abstract ''Genetic polymorphism at 15 STR loci among three important subpopulation of Bihar, India'']. Forensic Science International Volume 130, Issue 1, Pages 58-62, 5 November 2002</ref>{{Request quotation|date=August 2011}}{{Page needed|date=August 2011}} |
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Yadav caste includes [[Ahir]]s, [[Bhati]], [[Chudasama]], [[Raizada]], [[Jadeja]] and other [[Yaduvanshi]] castes. |
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== Legendary origin == |
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{{main|Yadu}} |
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Yadavs claim to be the descendants of [[Yadu]], believed to be an ancestor of the god [[Krishna]]. Yadu was the eldest son of King [[Yayati]].<ref name="Mittal2006">{{cite book|author=J.P. Mittal|title=History of Ancient India: From 7300 BC to 4250 BC|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=b7gOBW8oDFgC&pg=PA142|accessdate=30 May 2011|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788126906154|pages=142–}}</ref><ref name="Garg1992">{{cite book|author=Gaṅgā Rām Garg|title=Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=w9pmo51lRnYC&pg=PA18|accessdate=30 May 2011|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170223740|pages=18–}}</ref> It is written in the [[Vishnu]] [[Puran]] that he did not inherit his father's throne, and therefore retired towards [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Iran]]. He had five sons, of whom only Satjit and Krishna produced children. Satjit had three sons: Bibai (Biveya), Hai (Heya) and Ahai (Aheya), the claimed ancestor of the Ahir community.<ref name="Joon1968">{{cite book|author=Ram Sarup Joon|title=History of the Jats|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=fe88AAAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2011|year=1968|publisher=Jaitly Painting [sic] Press, foreword}}</ref><ref name="Sethna1989">{{cite book|author=Kaikhushru Dhunjibhoy Sethna|title=Ancient India in a new light|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Bg1uAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2011|year=1989|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|isbn=9788185179124}}</ref> |
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[[Yadu]] was the eldest son of [[Yayati]] (father of [[Yadu|Yadav]]s). It is written in the [[Vishnu Puran]] that he did not inherit his father's throne. He, therefore, retired towards [[Punjab region|Punjab]] and [[Iran]]. He had five sons, of whom except Satjit and Krishna, three remained childless. Satjit had three sons: Bibai (Biveya), Hai (Heya) whose descendants are [[Jats]] of the [[Heer (clan)|Heer]] [[gotra]] and Ahai (Aheya) who founded the [[Ahir]] community.<ref>[[Ram Swarup Joon]]: History of the Jats, Rohtak, India (1938, 1967)</ref> |
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== Subdivisions == |
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== Origin == |
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The Yadavas of Eastern India are traditionally divided into three major clans{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} or ''shakha''s (branches): |
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Yadavs are the descendants of [[Yadu]], the eldest son of King [[Yayati]]. It is said that Yadu was expelled by Yayati from his kingdom and became a rebel. His successor was Madhu, who ruled from Madhuvana, situated on the banks of river Yamuna, which extended up to Saurastra and Anarta (Gujrat). His daughter Madhumati married Harinasva of Ikshvaku race, from whom Yadu was born again, this time being ancestor of Yadavas. Nanda, the foster father of [[Krishna]], was born in the line of succession of Madhu and ruled from the same side of Yamuna.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=2BRjkE385ScC&pg=PA122&dq=madhu+yadu&ei=hj5kS9THIoiCNsjXgIoO&cd=4#v=onepage&q=madhu%20yadu&f=false Ancient Indian Historical Tradition By F.E. Pargiter, Page no. 122]</ref> Jarasandh, Kansa's father-in-law, and king of [[Magadha]] attacked Yadavas to avenge Kansa's death. Yadavas had to shift their capital from [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] (central Aryavart) to [[Dwarka|Dwaraka]] (on the western coast of Aryavart) on the [[Sindh]]u. Yadu was a legendary [[Hindu]] king, believed to be an ancestor of the god [[Krishna]], who for this reason is sometimes referred to as Yadava. |
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* [[Krishnaut]] or Kishnauth, the descendants of [[Krishna]]<ref name="Swartzberg1979">{{cite book|author=Leon Jr. Swartzberg|title=The North Indian Peasant Goes to Market|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gOXtGexX2gsC&pg=PA11|accessdate=22 May 2011|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=9788120830394|pages=11–}}</ref> |
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* [[Madhauth]] or Majhauth, the descendants of Madhu, ancestor of [[Yadu]].{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} |
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* [[Gaur (tribe)|Gaur]], Gor or Gorya, a very ancient Yadav clan of the Mahabharata.<ref name="Balfour1885">{{cite book|author=Edward Balfour|title=The cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial industrial, and scientific: products of the mineral, vegetable, and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hVsIAAAAQAAJ|accessdate=22 May 2011|year=1885|publisher=Bernard Quaritch|page=1183}}{{Where|date=July 2011}}</ref> |
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Ramprasad Chanda, points to the fact that in the [[Indra]] is said to have brought Turvasu and [[Yadu]] from over the sea, and Yadu and Turvasu are called [[Barbarian]] or Dasa. After analyzing the ancient legends and traditions he comes to the conclusion that Yadavas were originally settled in the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula and subsequently spread to [[Mathura]]. |
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Yadavas of Western India (whom [[Denzil Ibbetson]] also terms as Ahir) are traditionally divided into three major ''khanap'' (clans):<ref name="socialesAnthropology2004">{{cite book|author1=Ecole pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales|author2=University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology|author3=Research Centre on Social and Economic Development in Asia|title=Contributions to Indian sociology|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AAItAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=1 June 2011|year=2004|publisher=Mouton|page=49}}</ref> |
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* [[Yaduvanshi]] - descendants of Yadu |
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* [[Nandvanshi]] - descendants of Nand Baba who was Ahir |
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* [[Gwalvanshi]] - descendants of Holy Gwals (Gwalvanshis Ahirs claim to have descended from the [[Gwala]], friends of Krishna).<ref name="Yadav2002">{{cite book|author=Kripal Chandra Yadav|title=Modern Haryana: history and culture, 1803-1966|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WmRuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=30 May 2011|date=1 October 2002|publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors|isbn=9788173043710|page=223}}</ref> |
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Of the Yadus, rigveda provides two very interesting data, first, that they were ''arajinah'' - without King or non-monarchical, and second that Indra brought them from beyond the sea and made them worthy of consecration.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=lr9pFQPwhXYC&pg=PA33&dq=yadu+Rigveda&hl=en&ei=zm3VTMvMJ4eucL2qsdQL&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDUQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=yadu%20Rigveda&f=false Theory of avatāra and divinity of Chaitanya By Janmajit Roy, Page 33]</ref> A. D. Pusalkar observed that Yadvas were called [[Asura]]s in the epic and puranas, which may be due to mixing with non-aryans and the looseness in observance of Aryan Dharma. It is important to note that even in the [[Mahabharata]] [[Krishna]] is called ''Sanghmukhya'' - Head of Sangh (congress). Bimanbehari Majumdar points out at one place in the mahabharata Yadavas are called ''Vratyas'' and at another place Krishna speaks of his tribe consisting of eighteen thousand vratyas. It is interesting to note that much later, |
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==Vijayanagara Empire of Yadavas== |
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{{Main |Vijayanagara Empire}} |
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The Vijayanagara Empire,called the Kingdom of Bisnaga by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]], was a [[South India]]n empire based in the [[Deccan Plateau]]. Established in 1336 by [[Harihara I]] and his brother [[Bukka Raya I]] of Yadavas lineage.<ref>Traditions in motion: religion and society in history By Supriya Varma, Satish Saberwal, Page no. 243 [http://books.google.com/books?id=S8EoAAAAYAAJ&q=vijaynagar+yadava&dq=vijaynagar+yadava&lr=&ei=s4doS9joA5TMlQSbhpGvCw&cd=30]</ref> The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers against [[Islamic invasions of India|Islamic invasions]] by the end of the 13th century.<ref name="TNIE0702010">{{cite web |url=http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=Who%E2%80%99s+the+charioteer?&artid=yIB5oJW9JGg=&SectionID=f4OberbKin4=&MainSectionID=f4OberbKin4=&SEO=hampi,+festival&SectionName=cxWvYpmNp4fBHAeKn3LcnQ|title=Who’s the charioteer?|accessdate=2010-02-08}}</ref> It lasted until 1646 although its power declined after a major military defeat in 1565 by the [[Deccan sultanates]]. The empire is named after its capital city of [[Vijayanagara]], whose ruins surround modern [[Hampi]], now a [[World Heritage Site]] in modern [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. The writings of medieval European travelers such as [[Domingo Paes]], [[Fernão Nunes]]<ref>Robert Sewell, Fernão Nunes, [[Domingo Paes|Domingos Paes]], "A forgotten empire: Vijayanagar; a contribution to the history of India" (Includes a translation of "Chronica dos reis de Bisnaga," from Domingos Paes and Fernao Nuniz from 1520 and 1535 respectively), Adamant Media Corporation, 1982, ISBN 0543925889</ref> and [[Niccolò Da Conti]] and the literature in local vernaculars provide information about its history.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} Archaeological excavations at Vijayanagara have revealed the empire's power and wealth.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} |
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[[Abhira]] of Deccan were called Andhra-Vratyas, and Purunas refer to them as Vratyas on many occasions. A Vratya is one who lives outside the fold of the dominant Aryan Society and practice their own form of austerity and esoteric rites. some scholars conjecture that they might have been the source of non-aryan beliefs and practices introduced into Vedic religion.<ref>Students' Britannica India: M to S : (Miraj to Shastri)., Volume 4, Page 253 [http://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&pg=PA253&dq=vratya&hl=en&ei=74PVTLKnOomHcbLgqbAL&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&sqi=2&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=vratya&f=false]</ref> |
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==Yadavas of Devgiri== |
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{{Main|Yadavas of Devagiri}} |
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Genetically, they are in Indo-[[Caucasoid]] family,<ref>[http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0379073802003468 Elsevier.com]</ref> A study in East of India shows their gene structure is similar to [[Brahmin]], [[Kayastha]] & [[Rajput]] living in the same area.<ref>[http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2156/7/28 Biomedcentral.com]</ref> |
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The Yadavas of Devagiri was an [[India]]n dynasty,<ref>Begin A history of the Pattane Prabhus by Shamrao Moroji. Wanting the title-leaf By Shamrao Moroji,URL((http://books.google.co.in/books?id=k5ADAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA48&dq=yadavas+as+kshatriya&hl=en&ei=9SQ1TpKSDY_qrQe_ytzLCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDcQ6AEwAjh4#v=onepage&q&f=false))</ref> that existed from the mid-9th to mid 14th century. At its peak, the kingdom stretched from the [[Tungabhadra]] to the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] rivers, including present-day [[Maharashtra]], [[north Karnataka]] and parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The capital was at Devagiri (present-day [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Daulatabad]] in Maharashtra). The Yadavas initially ruled as feudatories of the [[Western Chalukyas]]. Around the middle of the 12th century, they declared independence and established independence that reached its peak under Singhana II. |
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=== Ahirs as Yadavas === |
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{{See also|Yaduvanshi Ahirs|Category:Chhatis Rajkul|Rajput clans}} |
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[[File:Asirgarh Fort1.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Asirgarh]] Fort was made by King Asa Ahir]] |
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Besides scriptural evidences,Historical & Semi-Historical evidences are available for equating Ahirs with Yadav. The term Ahir comes from Abhira (Bhandarkar, 1911;16), who where once found in different parts of India, and who in several places wielded political power. Ancient Sanskrit classic, Amarkosa, calls gwal, gopa & ballabh to be the synonym of Abhira.A [[Chudasama]] prince styled Grahripu and Ruling at Vanthali near Junagarh described in the Dyashraya kavya of Hemachandra, describes him both as a Abhira and a Yadav.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&pg=PA59&dq=The+tribes+and+castes+of+Bombay,+Volume+1&ei=wSxHS-_UDYiGlQSI8fz5DQ&cd=1#v=onepage&q=vanthali&f=false Books.google.com]</ref> Further, in their Bardic traditions as well as in popular stories Chudasmas are still called [[Ahir]] Ranas.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&pg=PA59&dq=The+tribes+and+castes+of+Bombay,+Volume+1&ei=wSxHS-_UDYiGlQSI8fz5DQ&cd=1#v=snippet&q=yadava&f=false Books.Google.com]</ref> Again, many remains of Khandesh (historical stronghold of abhiras) are popularly believed to be of Gawli Raj, which archaeologically belongs to the Yadvas of Devgiri.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&pg=PA59&dq=The+tribes+and+castes+of+Bombay,+Volume+1&ei=wSxHS-_UDYiGlQSI8fz5DQ&cd=1#v=onepage&q=gauli&f=false Books.Google.com]</ref> Hence, it is concluded that [[Yadavas of Devagiri]] were actually [[Abhira]]s. Portuguese Travellers account refers to Vijaynagar Emperors as Kannada Golla(Abhira). First historically traceable Yadav Dynasty are Trikuta, who were Abhira. |
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Moreover, there are sufficient number of clans within Ahirs, who trace their lineage from Yadu and Lord Krishna, some of which are mentioned in Mahabharata as Yadav Clans. |
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[[James Tod]] demonstrated that Ahirs were included into the list of 36 royal races of Rajasthan (Tod, 1829, Vol.1, p. 69 ii,p. 358).<ref>See [[Ahirs]]</ref><ref>[http://books.google.com/books?lr=&ei=tPZRS-y4B6aykATct_j1BQ&cd=23&id=SQIzAAAAIAAJ&dq=ahir+abhir&q=ahir Population geography: a journal of the Association of Population ..., Volume 10 By Association of population Geographers of India, page no 2]</ref>. |
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Commenting on this Bhandarkar says, Krishna is the Hinduised form of Jesus Christ, whose teachings Abhira have brought from outside, at the biginning of Christian Era, because Krishna is called Christo near Weastern Coast, and Dalliance element in Krishna's life is inspired from traditions of Abhira tribe. Ghurye, contradicts this by saying Abhira as a tribe is mentioned in the works of Patanjali, dated 150BC, by most conservative sources, so they definitely haven't entered at the beginning of the Christian era and possibly their presence goes very far into antiquity. Also, proofs of Extra Marital relationships exists within geneology of Yadus so it is wrong to say Abhira are the source of Dlliance element, and he fails to see the difference between Abhira and the tribe of Krishna. |
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English Ethnologist, RV Russell, also commented that Abhiras, an ancient tribe from which Ahirs claim descent<ref>Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, page# 13, Volume 1 By Gaṅgā Rām Garg,Concept Publishing Company, 1992 </ref>, had no link with Krishna in popular legends even upto 300 AD. He attributes linking of Abhiras to Gopas or cowherds mentioned in Puranas and Krishna, to be a later development which resulted from assimilation of pastoral Abhiras with gopas or cowherd castes among whom Krishna worship was very popular. <ref>The Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India: pt. II., page # 25, Robert Vane Russell, Macmillan and Co., limited, 1916</ref> |
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However, Smith has raised two questions on this synthesis by above scholars. First, If Abhira are Yadavs then why Mahabharata mentions them having abducted wives and children of Krishna and second, why Abhira kings names are after Shiva and not Vishnu till as late as 800AD, who is a rival god. |
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JNS Yadav and MSA Rao has contradicted Smith by saying, Those Abhira who abducted Krishna's Wives and Children might be Yadavs who were supporters of Duryodhna, and they also shows there is no rivalry between Shiva and Krishna. |
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=== Abiria Region === |
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[[Abiria]] was a region in [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]] described by Classical authors, mainly [[Ptolemy]]. It covers the area east of the [[Indus River Delta]] and is apparently named for the [[Abhira]] peoples, presumably in residence of the region.Ptolemy's Abiria {Abhira} is included in [[Indo-Scythians]] <ref>http://books.google.com/books?ei=p0ckTcwsgfqXB7fduc4B&ct=result&id=lVYpAQAAIAAJ&dq=ptolemy+abhira+country&q=abhira+</ref><ref>The Aryan path, Volume 38-page- 176</ref> |
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The 1st century CE [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] describes Abiria as the territory east of the Indus delta and north of Surastrene (modern [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]]): |
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:"Beyond the [[Gulf of Kutch|gulf of Baraca]] is that of [[Bharuch|Barygaza]] and the coast of the country of Ariaca, which is the beginning of the Kingdom of Nambanus and of all India. That part of it lying inland and adjoining Scythia is called Abiria, but the coast is called Syrastrene." Periplus, Chap. 41.<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html Source]</ref> |
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=== Classification based on origin === |
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Some of famous Yadav Gotras are:- [[Parihar]], [[Rathi]], [[Sisodia]], [[Tanwar]], Mohil etc.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?ei=73EQTfE7w5uWB5LbwNwM&ct=result&id=QJNHAAAAMAAJ&dq=rewari+ahir+rulers&q=ahir+jats Yadavas through the ages, from ancient period to date, Volume 2]</ref> |
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The Yadavas of Eastern India are traditionally divided into three major clans or ''shakha''s ("branches"):<ref>The North Indian Peasant Goes to Market By Leon Jr. Swartzberg, Page no.11 [http://books.google.com/books?id=gOXtGexX2gsC&pg=PA11&dq=buchanan+krishnauth&ei=5xNkS7rBGIjIMpa-0J0O&cd=4#v=onepage&q=&f=false The North Indian Peasant Goes to Market] by Leon Jr. Swartzberg.</ref> |
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* '''[[Krishna]]ut''' or Kishnauth, the descendants of [[Krishna]] |
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* '''Madhauth''' or Majhauth, the descendants of Madhu, ancestor of [[Yadu]]. |
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* '''[[Gaur]]''', Gor or Gorya, a very ancient Yadav clan of Epic Mahabharata.<ref>The cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia: commercial ... By Edward Balfour, Page No.1183 [http://books.google.com/books?id=hVsIAAAAQAAJ&q=gaur+mahabharata&dq=gaur+mahabharata&lr=&ei=FnJkS__CHpSoNoXMpTE&cd=8 Books.Google.com]</ref> |
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Yadavas of Western India (whom [[Denzil Ibbetson]] also terms as [[Ahir]]) are traditionally divided into three major clans called Khanap:<ref>According to Ibbetson, Bingley & Joon, The Ethnographical Survey of Bombay, Page no.4 [http://books.google.com/books?id=Rh0SeJiOEHMC&q=yadu+abhira&dq=yadu+abhira&ei=6WBlS-SLFqLGNbjArJsJ&cd=10 Books.Google.com], [http://www.jatland.com Jatland.com]</ref> |
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* '''[[Yaduvanshi Ahirs]]''' - Descendants of [[Yadu]] |
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* '''[[Nandvanshi]]''' - Descendants of Nand Baba who was Ahir<ref>[http://www.jatland.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-623.html JADU VANSHI RULERS OF BAYANA]</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.sensagent.com/yadav/en-en/ Yadav : definition of yadav and synonym of yadav (English)]</ref><ref>http://yadavektavikasmanch.com/YadavHistory.html</ref> |
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* '''[[Gwalvanshi]]''' - Descendants of Holy Gwals (Original word Gaur becomes Gwar and then Gwal) |
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{{Main|Gwalvanshi}} |
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Yayati<ref name= Pargiter/> |
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Yadu (Ancestor of Madhu) |
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Madhu ---- Nanda ----Nandavanshi, Madhauth(Majhauth) |
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yadu (Successor of Madhu) |
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Krishna |
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Krishnauth,Yaduvanshi |
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== Yadav kingdoms == |
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{{See also|Rao Tula Ram|Saini|Yaduvanshi Ahirs|Punjab, Pakistan|Aheer}} |
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The lineage of several rulers of ancient and medieval India is traced to Yadu. These include mythological characters such as [[Krishna]], as well as historical rulers such as [[King Porus]], who fought [[Alexander the Great]] in the [[Battle of the Hydaspes River]]. |
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[[File:Asia 1200ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Asia in 1200 AD, showing the Yadava Dynasty and its neighbors.]] |
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* [[Dholpur]] and [[Bharatpur, India]] kingdoms in Rajasthan were ruled by Yadavs. |
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Many groups and clans claiming descent from the ancient [[Yadu]] clan call themselves Yadavs. Some of the major groups derived from the principal professions they follow or the crafts they practice, for example, [[Sandilya]] (Central UP), Bhragudev (Central UP),Gwal and Dadhor (Eastern UP), [[Gosia]] (Central UP),* Nirwan (Western UP Chaubisa)is a gotra found in [[Rajput clans|rajputs]], jats<ref>[http://www.jatland.com/home/Gotras/N Jatland.com]</ref> and Ahirs<ref>[http://yadavvivah.com/yadav_gotra Yadavvivah.com]</ref> of [[Haryana]]. [[Gawli]], [[Jadon]], [[Gaur]]s (also called ''Goriya'', and mentioned in the Mahabharata), [[Jadhav]] [[Maratha]]), Chawda and Chaudhry in [[Gujarat]], [[Konar]] Doss, Karayalar (Yadava) ({{lang-ta|கோனார்}} pillai (in Tamil Nadu and [[Kerala]]), Maniyani, Kondayankotth, Nambiyar, Vathiyar, Nayakkar-Tirunelveli-Tamil Nadu (in Kerala), Mohaladiya Belongs to Alwar Rajasthan, [[Saini]] (Shoorseni/[[Surasena]]/Shaursaini),<ref>King Shoorsena identified as the leader of Yadu clan: "Formerly, Shoorsena (Surasena), the chief of the Yadu dynasty, had gone to live in the city of Mathura. There he enjoyed the places known as Mathura and Shoorsena (Surasena)" (Srimad Bhagavatam by Krsna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Translation: A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada & others, Cantos 10, Chapter Seventeen - The Supreme Lord Agrees to Become Aditi's Son, verse 27)</ref> |
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Yudhisthra identifies Shoorsena as his grandfather, and Krishna's father, Vasudeva, as his maternal uncle in Srimad Bhavat Purana: "Is my respectable grandfather Shoorsena in a happy mood? And are my maternal uncle Vasudeva and his younger brothers all doing well?" (Srimad Bhagavatam by Krsna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Translation: A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada & others, Chapter Eleven, Lord Krsna's Entrance into Dvaraka, verse 26)<ref>Descendants of Shoorsena identified as a distinct Yadava clan and Krishna's kinsmen: "Assisted by the descendants of Bhoja, Vrsni, Andhaka, Madhu, Shoorsena, Dasarha, Kuru, Srnjaya and Pandu, Lord Krsna performed various activities." (Sriad Bhagavatam by Krsna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Translation: A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada & others, Cantos 9, Chapter Twenty-four Krsna the Supreme Personality of Godhead, verse 63)</ref><ref>Krishna identified as Shoorseni (Shoorsaini): "Foremost among all the Shoorsenis, the powerful one, Krishna, residing at Dwaraka, will rule and protect the whole earth after vanquishing all her lords, conversant as he will be with the science of polity." (Mahabharata, Book 13, Chapter 147)</ref><ref>First wave of Shoorseni (Yadava) or Saini migration to Punjab (West of Mathura): "The eighteen tribes of the Bhojas, from fear of Jarasandha, have all fled towards the west; so also have the Shoorsenis" (Mahabharata, Book 2, Chapter 14)</ref><ref> |
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Prince Arjuna settles some more Shoorseni (Yadava) in Punjab: "As soon as Krishna died, the parijata tree and the assembly hall named Sudharma returned to heaven. The kali era began. And the city of Dvaraka was swallowed up by the sea, with the exception of Krishna’s own dwelling. Arjuna settled some of the Yadavas in Punjab." (Visnu Purana, Section 5)</ref><ref>An account of a Shoorseni or Saini General leading a Rajput force as late as 14 Century CE: "The rai was in affright, and sent for Gurdan Saini, who was the most experienced warrior amongst the 40,000 rawats under the rai, and had seen many fights among the Hindus. "Sometimes he had gone with the advance to Malwa; sometimes he had gone plundering in Gujarat." The Saini took 10,000 rawats with him from Jhain, and advanced against the Turks, and, after a severe action, he was slain..." (Excerpted from Amir Khusro's Ghurratu-L-Kamal, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians", Henry Miers Elliot and John Dowson, pp 541)</ref> [[Adhikari]] [[Bengal]] and [[Orissa]], Bhatrajus (Andhra Pradesh)[[Kuruba]], [[Kuruma]], Gouda (Orissa), [[Jambavas]], [[Kuruma]], Manthri, [[Pillai (community)|Pillai]], in Andhra Pradesh Telangana region, Manjrauth (linked with Jarasandh), [[Rabari]] in [[Gujarat]], [[Raut]]s{{dn}}, [[Pradhan]]s Sridhar Yadav. |
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The Ahirs believe that their ancestors walked together with Lord Krishna. Ahirs synonyms are Yadav and [[Rao Sahab]]. Rao Sahab is only used in Ahirwal region consisting of territories of few villages of Delhi,Southern Haryana & Behrod area of Alwar district (Rajasthan). Historically, Ahir laid the foundation of Ahir Batak town which was later called Ahrora and Ahirwada in [[Jhansi]] district in AD 108. Rudramurti Ahir became the chief of the Army and later on, the king. Madhuriputa, [[Ishwarsen]] and Shivdatta were well known kings from the lineage who mingled with Yadav Rajputs. |
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As Jhansi was known for a long time as Ahirwada (land of Ahir’s).[[Ahirs]] from [[Ahirwada]] and [[Bundelkhand]] also known [[Dau sahab]] (Dau saab).Dau sahab means the powerful and mighty of all. Upto 1800 A.D. ruling class among [[Ahirs]] in [[Bundelkhand]] use [[Rao]] as their title name which was replaced by the title [[Maate]]. Maate means Mother Goddess or Supreme authority of that region. [[zamindar]] having control over multiple villages known as [[Maate]].In [[Bundelkhand]],[[Ahirs]] are considered to be very strong and powerful class. In [[Bundelkhand]] both [[Chandravanshi]] [[Rajputs]]/[[Thakurs]] ([[Ahirs]] , [[Chandela]], [[Bundela]]) and [[suryavanshi]] [[Rajputs]]/[[Thakurs]] has equal status.[[Ahirs]] of [[Jhansi]] and [[Bundelkhand]] came from either [[Rewari]] or [[Gurgaon]]. A town 22 km from [[Jhansi]] known as [[Niwari]] which is named analogous to the name [[Rewari]] of haryana,since [[Niwari]] is in [[jhansi]] zone it is also an [[Ahir]] dominant region.,<ref name="books.google.co.in">Rajasthan, Volume 1 By K. Suresh (Kumar Suresh) Singh, B. K. Lavanta, Dipak Kumar Samanta, S. K. (Sushil Kumar) Mandal, Anthropological Survey of India, N. N. Vyas, Page 44 [http://books.google.co.in/books?id=iKsqzB4P1ioC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=king+Ishwarsen+and+Shivdatta&source=bl&ots=JO-cFoAxe6&sig=C5P5A5EegCY__ZBa8vQWitRLTQU&hl=en&ei=RPTdSZfcJoXN-QaKhJi-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2 Books.Google.co.in]</ref><ref name="north-india2" /> [[Saini]]s, who are now found by their original name only in Punjab and in the neighbouring states of Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. They claim descent from Yaduvanshi Rajputs<ref>a b c d e f g h i j k l m "In the Punjab in the sub- mountainous region the community came to be known as 'Saini'. It maintained its Rajput character despite migration." Castes and Tribes of Rajasthan, pp 108,Sukhvir Singh Gahlot, Banshi Dhar, Jain Brothers, 1989</ref><ref>a b c d e f g "In Jullundhur the Sainis are said to claim Rajput origin...and lived principally in the Muttra district. When Mahmud of Ghazni invaded India their ancestors came into Jullundur and settled down there...". See pp 346 of Denzil Ibbetson, Edward MacLagan, H.A. Rose "A Glossary of The Tribes & Casts of The Punjab & North-West Frontier Province", 1990</ref> of the Yaduvanshi <ref>^ a b c d e f "The Sainis believe that their ancestors were Yadavs and that it was the same lineage in which Krishna was born. In the 43rd generation of the Yadavs there was a king known as Shoor or Sur, the son of King Vidaratha. It was in the name of these, father and son, that the community was known as Shoorsaini or Sursaini." People of India: Haryana, pp 430, Kumar Suresh Singh, Madan Lal Sharma, A. K. Bhatia, Anthropological Survey of India, Published by Published on behalf of Anthropological Survey of India by Manohar Publishers, 1994</ref><ref>a b c d e "In a four-fold division of the Hindu social order, the Sainis invariably claim a Kshatriya origin. Among different groups of Kshatriya, the Sainis are the ones who consider themselves Rajputs." People of India: Haryana, pp 430, Kumar Suresh Singh, Madan Lal Sharma, A. K. Bhatia, Anthropological Survey of India, Published by Published on behalf of Anthropological Survey of India by Manohar Publishers, 1994</ref> Surasena lineage, originating from Yadav King Shoorsen, who was the grandfather of both Krishna and the legendary Pandava warriors. Sainis relocated to Punjab from Mathura and surrounding areas over different periods of time.<ref>^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "In the Punjab in the sub- mountainous region the community came to be known as 'Saini'. It maintained its Rajput character despite migration." Castes and Tribes of Rajasthan, pp 108,Sukhvir Singh Gahlot, Banshi Dhar, Jain Brothers, 1989</ref><ref>^ a b c d Visnu Purana, Section 5</ref> |
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=== Ancient Yadav Kingdoms === |
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[[Image:Hampi natural fortress Dk.jpg|thumb|Natural fortress at [[Vijayanagara]]]] |
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[[File:Rao tila ram.jpg|thumb|200px|right|King Rao Tula Ram of [[Rewari]]]] |
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* [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]] |
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* [[Surasena Kingdom]] |
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* [[Vidarbha Kingdom]] |
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* [[Dwaraka Kingdom]] |
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* [[Kunti Kingdom]] |
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* [[Saurashtra Kingdom]] |
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* [[Heheya Kingdom]] |
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* [[Nishadha Kingdom]] |
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* [[Gurjara Kingdom]] |
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* [[Karusha Kingdom]] |
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* [[Chedi Kingdom]] |
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* [[Dasarna Kingdom]] |
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* [[Avanti Kingdom]] |
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* [[Malava Kingdom]] |
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* [[Anarta Kingdom]] |
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* [[Youdheya Kingdom]] |
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* [[Vijaya Nagara Kingdom]] |
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Some scholars, such as [[Robert Sewell (historian)|Robert Sewell]], believe that the rulers of [[Origin of Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]] were [[Kurubas]] (also known as Yadavas).<ref>A Forgotten Empire (vijayanagar), By Robert Sewell, Asian Educational Services, 13th reprint (2006), p 23.</ref> Some early inscriptions, dated 1078 and 1090, have implied that the [[Hoysala Empire|Hoysalas of Mysore]] were also the descendants of the original Yadava clan, by referring to the Yadava ''vansa'' (clan) as Hoysala ''vansa''. |
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But there are no records directly linking the [[Hoysalas]] to the Yadavas of North India. Calling it 'poetic fancy', William Coelho, author of ''Hoysala Vansa'', 1950, argues that there is no evidence of even a tradition that traces back their lineage to one of northern origin. S.U. Kamath argues that it was a common practice in royal families of medieval South India to build [[Puranas|puranic]] genealogies.<ref>Suryanath U. Kamath, ''A Concise History of [[Karnataka]] from pre-historic times to the present'', 2001, Jupiter books, MCC, (Reprinted 2002), p 122</ref> However, J.N. Singh Yadav, a famous historian, gives the following account in his ''Yadav's Through The Ages, " he Hoysalas ruled illustriously for over three centuries and have left in the country imperishable monuments of art and culture. They were family of kings who ruled over practically the whole of the [[Kannada]] country at the height of their power. They scheduled the hill tribes known as Malepas in the Western Ghats and they assumed the title 'Maleparoleganda'. The account of their origin can be traced in some of their inscriptions. They claimed Sosevura (Sasakapura of Sanskrit writers) as their birthplace. |
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This place has been identified with Angadi of Mudigere Taluk in chikamanglura district. It has been mentioned as the seen of the incident between Sala and the [[tiger]]. When Sala,' an ornament of the Yaduvamsa' (Yaduvamsojvala tilakan) was worshiping the goddess Vasantike of Sasakapura, a [[tiger]] came from the forest. The holiman Sodutta, who was there gave him his fan saying 'Poysala' (Strike, Sala). Sala killed the tiger. From that time the name of Poysala become the designation of the Yadava kings (E.C. VOL. VI, Cm. 20.). Almost the same account, though differing in certain details, is found in many of their inscriptions. According to another version, when Sala was hunting along the slopes of the Sahya mountains (or the Western Ghats), he was astonished to see a hare (SKt. Sasa) pursuing a tiger, while he was walking alone saying to himself, 'this is heroic soil', a holy muni near by, being afraid of the tiger, called out 'Poy-Sala' and before it could proceed the length of a span Sala slew it with his sword (E.C., VOL. V, PART I B1. 171.). It is after this incident that the place came to be known as Sasakapura.<ref>Yadav's Through The Ages (From ancient period to date), VOL I, P-236, By J.N. Singh Yadav, 1992, Sarada publishing house Delhi-110052.</ref> |
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The founder of the [[Wodeyar]] dynasty, Vijaya, also claimed descent from the Yadu and took on the name [[Yadu]]-Raya. According to S.C. Raychoudhary (author of ''Social, Cultural and Economic History of India''), a noted historian, "The [[Pandya kingdom]] generally associated with the [[Pandu]]s of the [[Mahabarata]] covered the districts of Madura and Tinnivelly as well as certain portions of south Travancore."<ref name="Raychoudhary">''Social, Cultural and Economic History of India [Earliest times to present times]'' by Raychoudhary, Surjeet publications, seventh reprint 2002, p102</ref> |
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V. Kanakasabhai(1904) in his,"The Tamil Eighteen Hundred Years Ago( Chapter IV,Page-53-57, Asian Education Services Publications, Madras) states, " It is beyond doubt therefore that long before the fourth century BC the pandyan kingdom in the south of India had come into existance.... ... ... It appears that the founder of the southern Pandyan kingdom was a princess. [[Megasthanes]] who resided as an ambassador of seleukus in the court of [[Chandragupta]] at [[Pataliputra]], has the following account of the origin of the Pandyas: " Herakles(Krishna) begot a daughter in India whom he called Pandaia. |
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To her he assigned that portion of India which lies to southward and extends to the sea, while he distributed the people subject to her rule into three hundred and sixty five villages, giving orders that one village should each day bring to the treasury the royal tribute, so that the queen might always have the assistance of men whos turn it was to pay the tribute, in coercing those who for the time being were defaulters, in their payments. Pliny gives a similar account, " next come the pandoe the only race in India ruled by woman. |
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They say that [[Hercules]] (Krishna) having but one daughter, who was on that account all the more beloved, endowed her with a noble kingdom. Her desendents rule over three hundred cities and command on army of 150000 foot and 500 elephants. Ancient tamil poems seem to support this tradition because they refer to a woman as the founder of the Pandyan dynasty. She appears to have been subsequently worshipped as a goddess in Madura. In the chilappathikaram ( A Tamil epic) she is spoken as of Mathurapatti or " Queen of Madura" and she is described dressed half in the attire of a warrior and half in that of a princess. |
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The Manimekalai ( another Tamil epic) also alludes to her as Mathurapathy. Taking together the tradation as reported by Megasthenes and Pliny and the allusions in ancient [[Tamil language|Tamil]] works, it appears that a princess who belonged to the race of the Pandus, then reigning at Madura on the banks of Jamuna, led a colony and founded Dakshina-Mathura on the banks of the Vaigai. Like Dido, who fled form Phoenicia and founded carthage, it is most probable that the princess was driven by some domestic affliction to settle in a distant land. |
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The later traditionary accounts speak of this princess as a woman born with three breasts. It is quite possible that owing to this personal deformity she was obliged to seek a husband in a foreign country. She appears to have married a king of the Marar tribe, which was already settled in the Tamil country, and hence her descendants assumed the titles of Pandyan and Maran.The few Aryas who accompanied the Pandyan princess appear to have merged in the Tamil people by inter-marriages with them. The Pandyan kings of the first and second century AD considered themselves as Tamils, and not Aryas, although they claimed descent from [[Pandu]]s. |
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=== Ayar === |
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The Ayar or the cowherd race was distinct from the other races. Their name Ayar is derived from the Dravidian word "A" meaning cow. They were known as [[Abhira]]s in puranic history. In northern India they are still called Ahirs. In the Tamil land they were also called as Pothuvar or Commons( from the Dravidian word podhu meaning common) apparently because they possosed friendship to the nagas and Tamil alike. Originally they appear to have had their own petty kings, in the Chola country, but Karikal- Chola os said to have exterminated their line of kings. The Ayar in the Pandyan domminion had a tradation that they came into the Tamil land, along with the founder of Pandyan family.<ref name="V. Kanakasabhai">" The Tamil Eighteen Hundreds Years Ago" Chapter IV, Page- 53-57, Published by Asian Educational Services,1904</ref> |
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Dr. V. Manickam in his path-breaking work ''Kongu Nadu'' gives an expanded version of his doctoral thesis submitted to the university of Madras as follows, "It was noted that the pastoral people (Ayar) of the '' mullai'' land in Kongu formed the major component of the '''Vellalar''' community of the medieval period. It is Dr. V. Manickam thesis that the [[Vellalar]] of Kongu were nothing but the pastoral people of Kongu, of course,with some additions (p 553). However, We come across references to ''Idaiyar'' of Kiranur, alias Kolumam Konda Cholanallur (SII : 5:283), ''Kon'' from the same place (SII : 5: 265,267,269), and ''Yatavar'' in two epigraphs from Chevur (Eye Copy 94,98). Further, there are also references to Tiruvayappadi nattar, which indicate the supra-local activities of the herdsmen discussed in chapter 15. The presence of the herdsmen, with the titles as found in the macro region, may be explained as survivors of the pastoral people of the pre-chola period who were reluctant to integrate themselves in the new setup or new additions.<ref>Kongu Nadu (A History up to A.D 1400), (p 553,559), By Dr. V. Manickam, Makkal Veliyedu,Chennai-2.</ref> |
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=== Trikuta Hill under Yaduvanshi king === |
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[[File:Havelis of Jaisalmer, Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|210px|[[Haveli]]s of [[Jaisalmer]], [[Rajasthan]]]] |
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[[Rawal Jaisal]] laid the foundation stone of [[Jaisalmer]] in 1156. He hailed from the Yaduvanshi Rajput kin group.<ref name="umaidbhawan.com">[http://www.umaidbhawan.com/jaisalmer.htm Umaidbhawan.com]</ref> The city has an interesting legend associated with it, according to which, [[Lord Krishna]], the head of the Yadav Clan, foretold [[Arjuna]], one of the [[Pandava]] brothers of the Mahabharata that a remote descendent of the Yadav Clan would build his kingdom atop the Trikuta Hill. His prophecy was fulfilled in 1156 AD when Rawal Jaisal, abandoned his fort at Lodurva and founded a new capital Jaisalmer, perched on the Trikuta Hill.<ref name="umaidbhawan.com"/><ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/rajasthan/jaisalmer.htm Mapsofindia.com]</ref> |
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<ref>[http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/208809/asia_destinations/jaisalmer_travel_guide.html Streedirectory.com]</ref> However, historical facts contradicts this claim, because Trikuta Hill is actually near Deccan, a range of hills bordering Nashik,<ref>Ancient Indian History and Civilization By Sailendra Nath Sen, Page no.426 [http://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA426&dq=abhira+trikuta&ei=WINdS7PjL5G8lASqmPHjAQ&cd=3#v=onepage&q=abhira%20trikuta&f=false Books.Google.com]</ref> where one Abhira dynasty, Traikuta, directly claiming descent from ancient Haihai <ref>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency ..., Volume 1, Part 1 By Bombay (India: State), Page no.58 [http://books.google.com/books?id=0bkMAAAAIAAJ&q=abhira+trikuta&dq=abhira+trikuta&ei=2H9dS8qMIaOykAT6oazFBA&cd=7 Books.Google.com]</ref> Yadav King, Nala,<ref>The Mahabharata, Volume 2: Book 2: The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of ... By Johannes Adrianus Bernardus van Buitenen, Page no. 322 [http://books.google.com/books?id=YNZFdBgP2ZEC&pg=PA322&dq=nala&ei=bXpdS-WlMoaskASSjsGsDQ&cd=2#v=onepage&q=nala&f=false Books.Google.com]</ref> in 5th century AD, had built kingdom on original Trikuta Hill, and hence assumed the title Traikuta.<ref>Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district ..., Volumes 2-3 By Vithal Trimbak Gune, Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept, Page no.13 [http://books.google.com/books?id=vD0KAQAAIAAJ&q=traikuta&dq=traikuta&ei=O3xdS-6THonClATsx9ibDQ&cd=7 Books.Google.com]</ref> |
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Hamir Dev, a descendant of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] ruled Ranthambor. Seventeen kilometers from Sawaimadhopur stands a fort, encompassing in its stately walls, a glorious history of the Rajputs. Ranathambhor's venerable structure, rapturous beauty and sublime expressiveness seem to be continuously vocalizing the great legends of Hamir Dev, the Rajput king, who ruled in the 13th century.His wife was an Ahir lady, Raj Kaur.<ref>[http://www.sainisamaz.com/saini-samaj-blog/?page_id=6 Sainisamaz.com]</ref> She was also a brave warrior. In those days, the warrior and his wife would choose each other in the Svayamvar.Raj Kaur would also ride a horse, and support her husband in battle. The lady would pray and blow her conch shell while climb her horse. Together they successfully fought over seven battles. Both husband and wife wore armour in battle. |
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Please visit www.yadavhistory.com for more details. |
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{{See also|Bharatpur,_India}} |
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== Yadavs in modern India == |
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=== Yadavs of Delhi NCR === |
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== Modern India == |
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=== Delhi National Capital Region=== |
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[[File:babaramdev.jpg|right|thumb|[[Swami Ramdev]] (Ramkishan Yadav) born in Mahendragarh Haryana]] |
[[File:babaramdev.jpg|right|thumb|[[Swami Ramdev]] (Ramkishan Yadav) born in Mahendragarh Haryana]] |
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[[File:Param Sant Arman Saheb ji 2.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Baba [[Ram Singh Arman]]]] |
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The name of the State of [[Haryana]] may have been derived from its ancient inhabitants: Abhirayana. The name `Abhira` may stem from a-bhira meaning fearless.<ref name="north-india2">[http://www.north-india.in/haryana/people/ahirs.htm North-India.in]</ref> |
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<ref name="haryana-online">[http://www.haryana-online.com/People/ahirs.htm Haryana-online.com]</ref> For centuries the Ahirs were eclipsed as a political power in Haryana until the time of the Pratihara dynasty. In time they became independent rulers of Southwest Haryana. Although the Ahirs and Yadavas form one group, the former are an important community of Haryana, but numerically they constitute less than 10% of the total population. Most of them live in the region around [[Behror]], [[Alwar]], [[Rewari]], [[Narnaul]], [[Mahendragarh]] and [[Gurgaon]] which is therefore known as [[Ahirwal]] or the abode of Ahirs.Ahirs synonyms are Yadav and [[Rao Sahab]]. Rao Sahab is only used in Ahirwal region consisting of territories of few villages of Delhi, Southern Haryana & Behrod area of [[Alwar]] district (Rajasthan). Ahir's of this region are mainly in armed forces. |
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{{See also|National Capital Region (India)|Ethnic groups in Delhi}} |
{{See also|National Capital Region (India)|Ethnic groups in Delhi}} |
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[[Rao Birender Singh]] Yadav was the second{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} chief minister of Haryana and [[Chaudhary Brahm Prakash]] Yadav was the first{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} chief minister of Delhi. [[Devender Yadav]] is the only Yadav Legislator in Delhi. In Marubhumi (Marwar), [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Maharashtra]] they served the local rulers and established their own rule.{{When|date=August 2011}} Ishwarsena, a great Ahir general, became master of Western Deccan in place of the famous Satava-hanas. He took the title of Rajan and an era was named after him. His descendants continued to rule for nine generations.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} |
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Yadav dominated areas in National Capital Region(NCR) includes [[Gurgaon]], [[Noida]],<ref>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noida</ref> [[Manesar]], [[Behror]], [[Bawal]], [[Dharuhera]], [[Pataudi]], [[Bhiwadi]], [[Badshahpur]], [[Kosli]], [[Alwar]] and [[Rewari]]. |
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[[Pran Sukh Yadav]] (1802–1888) was an military commander and close friend of [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] and famous Punjab ruler [[Ranjit Singh]]. In his early career he trained the Sikh [[Khalsa]] army. After the death of Ranjit Singh he fought in both the [[First Anglo-Sikh War|First]] and [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]s. Due to his extreme hatred towards British after the defeat of Sikhs he started giving military training to the farmers of [[Narnaul]] and [[Mahendragarh]] region.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} |
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Some of the villages in Ahirwal with Yadav prominence are:- |
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King [[Rao Tula Ram]] of Rewari was born on 9 December 1825 in a Royal Rao Bhadur Nirpur Yadav family which belonged to "Rao Bhadur Ghari-Bolni" in village Rampura ([[Rewari]]). His father was Puran Singh and his mother's name was Gyan Kaur who was daughter of Great [[Jat]] ruler [[Ranjit Singh of Bharatpur|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} |
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* '''Delhi''' has 40 village <ref>http://books.google.com/books?ei=1qEuTab9KIKglAfNp7n4Cw&ct=result&id=tPMEAAAAMAAJ&dq=aheer+villages&q=jat</ref> some of them are Chhawla, Yadavpur,<ref>http://www.jstor.org/pss/1152898</ref> Haibatpur, Kheda-khadkhadi, Zafarpur, Pundwala, Hasanpur, Gummanheda, Jhuljhuli, Khyala, Gazipur, Bhalswa, Paprawat,kilokari, Palam, [[Libas Pur]], Bhalawas, Jahangirpuri <ref>http://books.google.com/books?ei=1qEuTab9KIKglAfNp7n4Cw&ct=result&id=tPMEAAAAMAAJ&dq=aheer+villages&q=ahir</ref> Chhaproula, Haider Pur, Kazipur, Dhanawas, Jwala Heri, Rajokri, Madipur, Surehra, Samaypur, [[Badli]], [[Najafgarh]], Todapur,<ref>http://www.hindustantimes.com/From-rocks-amp-ridge-rose-a-New-Delhi/H1-Article1-646426.aspx</ref> Khaira, Sakarpur, Bagdola, Gudhana and Kapashera.<ref>Ahiwaltimes-5-11 december 2010 source book by sudhanand yogi on yadav itihas</ref> |
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In 1857, Rao Tula Ram led the rebellion in [[Haryana]] along with his brother Rao Bhadur Tula Ram of Ghari Bolni and Rao Gopal Dev of Nirpur. For centuries the Ahirs were eclipsed as a political power in [[Haryana]] until the time of the [[Pratihara]] dynasty. In time they became independent rulers of Southwest Haryana. Although the Ahirs and Yadavas form one group, the former are an important community of Haryana, but numerically they constitute less than 10% of the total population.<ref name="haryana-online">[http://www.haryana-online.com/People/ahirs.htm Ahirs], Haryana-online.com</ref> Most of them live in the region around [[Rewari]], [[Narnaul]], [[Mahendragarh]] and [[Gurgaon]] which is therefore known as [[Ahirwal]] or the abode of Ahirs.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/content_mail.php?option=com_content&name=print&id=2177 |title=Bridal air|author=Sandeep Unnithan|date=November 30, 2007|work=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://overseasindian.in/2009/mar/news/20092003-113339.shtml|title=Rural India, an expanding market|author=Rama Lakshmi|date=2009-03-20 }}</ref> |
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* '''Gurgaon''' has 106 villages <ref>http://books.google.com/books?ei=1qEuTab9KIKglAfNp7n4Cw&ct=result&id=ai0uAAAAMAAJ&dq=aheer+villages&q=ahir</ref> some of them are:- Palda, Kankrola, [[Pachgaon (Manesar)]], [[Wazirabad (Gurgaon)]], Samaspur, Kanhai, Badshapur, Islampur, Sukhrali, Hyatpur, Shilokhra, Tikri, Teekli, Sahraul, Khedki, Daula, Fazilpur, Sikohpur , Nathupur, Chakkarpur, Sikanderpur, Nawada, Mohmmadpur, Dundahera, Iqbalpur, Smalkha, Bamdoli, Mirpur, Sashand and [[Manesar]]. |
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=== In Maharashtra === |
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The 1881 census records of the [[British India]] state that "the Yadavas, who in their turn are identified with the Gaolis and Ahirs, were the dominant race at that time."<ref name="Enthoven1990">{{cite book|author=Reginald Edward Enthoven|title=The tribes and castes of Bombay|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=FoT6gPrbTp8C&pg=PA24|accessdate=2 June 2011|date=1 January 1990|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120606302|pages=24–}}</ref><ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au">W.Chichele Plowden, (1883), [http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=&record=389 ''Report on the Census of British India taken on 17 February 1881'']. London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, p. 326</ref> Among the claimed{{By whom|date=July 2011}} Yadav clans of Maharashtra are the [[Solaskar]] of Satara district, the [[Dhangar]], and the [[Jadhav]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} |
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* '''Noida''' has Sarfabad, Garhi Chaukhandi,Morna ,Hoshiyarpur ,Patwari,Hoshiyarpur, Khanjarpur, Zahilabad,Rasoolpur Navada, Partha, Sorkhla and Naharpur etc.<ref>[http://epaper.amarujala.com/thankyou.php?sflagOut=1 Starview]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-3948522,prtpage-1.cms Indiatimes.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.tehelka.com/story_main23.asp?filename=Ne121606_I_am_CS.asp Tehelka.com]</ref> |
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=== In Tamil Nadu=== |
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The [[Konar]] (also known as Idaiyar, Ayar, or Tamil Yadavar)<ref name="Pandian1987">{{cite book|author=Jacob Pandian|title=Caste, nationalism and ethnicity: an interpretation of Tamil cultural history and social order|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=73msCkfD5V8C&pg=PA110|accessdate=1 June 2011|year=1987|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9780861321360|pages=110–}}</ref> are a caste from the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], and a sub-division of the Yadava. When Yadavas became the rulers of the south, the "eer" of ''Aheer'' was sufixed with ''Aya'' making it ''Ayeera'' or ''Aiyar''.<ref name="Yadav1997">{{cite book|author=J.N. Singh Yadav|title=Yadavas Through the Ages|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xJNHAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=23 May 2011|volume=1|date=1 October 1997|publisher=Sharada Publishing House|isbn=9788185616032|page=118}}</ref> [[Ilango Adigal]] had mentioned Konars of [[Madurai]] in his Tamil epic ''[[Silapathikaram]]'', which is considered to be one of the five famous epics of Tamil literature. According to this epic, they gave accommodation for [[Kannagi]]. They occupied grasslands known as [[Mullai]] in the ancient Tamil country. |
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* '''Rajasthan''' has [[Alwar]], [[Jodhpur]],<ref>http://books.google.co.in/books?ei=pAtATY_tBpHKrAeW8K2lAw&ct=result&id=6tMXAAAAIAAJ&dq=nandbanshi+ahir&q=ahir#search_anchor</ref> [[Jhunjhunu]], [[Jaisalmer]], [[Bharatpur, India|Bharatpur]]. |
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Konars traditionally raise cows, goats and sheeps and sell milk.<ref name="SinghBhanu2004">{{cite book|author1=Kumar Suresh Singh|author2=B. V. Bhanu|author3=Anthropological Survey of India|title=People of India: Maharashtra|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1100|accessdate=1 June 2011|year=2004|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=9788179911013|pages=1100–}}</ref> |
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* '''Haryana''' has [[Gurgaon]], [[Narnaul]], [[Rewari]] , [[Mahendragarh]]. |
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* '''Uttar Pradesh''' has [[Noida]], [[Agra]], [[Badaun]], [[Etah]], [[Mainpuri]], [[Firozabad]], [[Kanpur]], [[Etawah]], [[Farukhabad]], [[Kannauj]], [[Auraiya]], [[Unnao]], [[Hardoi]], [[Azamgarh]], [[Gorkakhpur]], [[Jhansi]], [[Lalitpur]], [[Gazipur]], [[Banares]], [[Hamirpur]], [[Jaunpur]], [[Barabanki district]] and [[Mirzapur District]].<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=1XgTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA333&dq=abhira+tribe&hl=en&ei=idQFTcaVDMGblgfSxoX-Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBzgo#v=onepage&q=ahir&f=false Hindu tribes and castes, Volume 2] by Matthew Atmore Sherring</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=QQwJAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=various+census+of+india&hl=en&ei=qt8aTcXgC4WKlwfz7fD-Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=aheer&f=false</ref><ref>Various census of India-page37</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1247270.cms Jobs go to people from Yadav-belt – The Times of India]</ref> |
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* '''Bihar''' has [[Gopalganj District, India|Gopalganj]], [[Banka district|Banka]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Siwan District|Siwan]], [[Chhapra]], [[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]], [[Munger]].<ref>[http://riseofhindustan.blogspot.com/2010/05/yadav-dominated-districts.html riseofhindustan: Yadav dominated districts]</ref><ref>[http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/nation/crumbling-yadav-bastion Crumbling Yadav Bastion | Open Magazine]</ref> |
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[[Rao Birender Singh]] Yadav was the second chief minister of Haryana and [[Chaudhary Brahm Prakash]] Yadav was the first chief minister of Delhi.In Marubhumi (Marwar), [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Maharashtra]] they served the local rulers and established their own rule. Ishwarsena, a great Ahir general, became master of Western Deccan in place of the famous Satava-hanas. He took the title of [[Raja]]n and an era was named after him. His descendants continued to rule for nine generations. |
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===Kerala=== |
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[[Maniyani]] is a caste of [[Kerala]] that claims descent from Krishna. Maniyanis are also known as Kola-Aya or Kolayars. They are the Yadavas of Kolathnadu and Thulunad. They are found in [[Kannur district|Kannur]] and [[Kasargod District]]s.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} |
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[[Pran Sukh Yadav]] (1802–1888) was an extraordinary military commander of his time. He was a close friend of [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] and famous Punjab ruler [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]].In his early career he trained [[Sikh]] [[Khalsa]] army. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh he fought in both the [[First Anglo-Sikh War|First]] and [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]]s, due to his extreme hatred towards Britishers after the defeat of Sikhs he started giving military training to the farmers of [[Narnaul]] and [[Mahendragarh]] region. |
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Ayar is a common surname for Yadavas throughout India. They settled in north Kerala about 3000 years back. Kola is the name of a Yadava clan who settled in North Kerala and Southern Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} |
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King [[Rao Tula Ram]] of Rewari was born on 9 December 1825 in a Royal Rao Bhadur Nirpur Yadav family which belonged to "Rao Bhadur Ghari-Bolni" in village Rampura ([[Rewari]]). His father was Puran Singh and his mother's name was Gyan Kaur who was daughter of Great [[Jat]] ruler [[Ranjit Singh of Bharatpur|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]].<ref>[http://wind.prohosting.com/rajarao/family.html Prhosting.com]</ref><ref>[http://raotularam.org/rtrm_004.htm Raotularam.com]</ref> |
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In 1857, Rao Tula Ram led the rebellion in [[Haryana]] along with his brother Rao Bhadur Tula Ram of Ghari Bolni and Rao Gopal Dev of Nirpur.For centuries the Ahirs were eclipsed as a political power in [[Haryana]] until the time of the [[Pratihara]] dynasty. In time they became independent rulers of Southwest Haryana.<ref name="haryana-online" /> Although the Ahirs and Yadavas form one group, the former are an important community of Haryana, but numerically they constitute less than 10% of the total population.<ref name="haryana-online" /><ref><!-- REPEAT -->[http://www.creativeuttarakhand.com/cu/hottopics/rewari-motor.html Creativeuttarakhand.com]</ref> Most of them live in the region around [[Rewari]], [[Narnaul]], [[Mahendragarh]] and [[Gurgaon]] which is therefore known as [[Ahirwal]] or the abode of Ahirs.<ref name="haryana-online">[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/content_mail.php?option=com_content&name=print&id=2177 Intoday.in]</ref><ref>[http://overseasindian.in/2009/mar/news/20092003-113339.shtml Overseasindian.in]</ref> |
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=== Yadavs in Maharashtra === |
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[[File:Devagirifort.jpg|thumb|300px|Devagiri fort - The capital of Yadavas of Devagiri]] |
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The Seuna, Sevuna or [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Yadava dynasty]] (850 - 1334) was an Indian dynasty, which at its peak ruled a kingdom stretching from the Tungabhadra to the Narmada rivers, including present-day Maharashtra, north Karnataka and parts of Madhya Pradesh, from its capital at [[Devagiri]] (present-day Daulatabad in Maharashtra). It claimed descent from the Chandravanshi Yadavs of North India. |
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The 1881 census records of the [[British India]] state that "the Yadavas, who in their turn are identified with the Gaolis and Ahirs, were the dominant race at that time."<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au">W.Chichele Plowden , (1883), [http://www.chaf.lib.latrobe.edu.au/dcd/page.php?title=&record=389 Report on the Census of British India taken on the 17th February 1881, London, Eyre and Spottiswoode, p. 326]</ref> |
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Solaskars are another group that belong to the Kshatriya Yadav clan, and claim to be the successors of the Yadavas of Devagiri. They are the protectors of sixteen Shiva temples situated in the hillside region of Satara. Solashi (place of Solaskar) is in North Koregaon Area on the South East side of Khambatki Ghat while coming from Pune to Satara. The village is recognized by an old and nice temple of Shul-Pateshwar. On the North side of the village is a large mountain (same one of Khambati ghat) on which temples of Hareshwar and Dhareshwar were built. It has a height of 4000 meters. Solashi is one of the villages situated on the northern side of Koregaon. It is famous for the God Hareshwara. There are sixteen small temples of Lord Shiva around the entire village. All Solaskar families in Solashi are vegetarians. |
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The [[Jadhav]]s also claim descent from the Yaduvanshi clan. |
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{{See also|Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri|Dhangar}} |
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=== Yadavs of Tamil Nadu and Kerala === |
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[[File:Maha veeran Alagu muthu kone.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Veeran Azhagu Muthu Kone]] (Freedom Fighter)]] |
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; [[Konar]] |
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[[Konar]] or Idaiyar or [[Tamil people|Tamil]] Yadavar<ref>Pandian, Jacob (1987). Caste, Nationalism, and Ethnicity. Popular Prakashan. pp. p. 110. ISBN 0-86132-136-7. [http://books.google.com/books?id=73msCkfD5V8C&pg=PA110&dq=Konar%2Bcaste%2Btamil&lr=&num=100&as_brr=3&sig=_BkgLqmnXABUBuZ4yySp5fzkkps Books.Google.com]</ref> is a caste from the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a sub-division of Yadava community. They are also known as Ayars.When Yadavas became the rulers of the south, the "eer" of [[Aheer]] was sufixed with "Aya" making it "Ayeera" and Aiyar".<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?ei=H6gRTbXmCsKB8gaxpYznDQ&ct=result&id=xJNHAAAAMAAJ&dq=yadavas+through+the+ages&q=haryana Yadavas Through the Ages] -volume 1-page 118</ref> |
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Konars are distributed throughout the state of Tamil Nadu. They are one of the ancient Tamil castes.<ref>[http://www.thepedia.com/define/Konar#cite_note-0 Thepedia.com]</ref> |
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; Konar in ancient literature |
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Ilango Adigal had mentioned Konars of [[Madurai]] in his Tamil epic Silapathikaram, which is considered to be one of the five famous epics of Tamil literature. According to this epic, they gave accommodation for Kannagi. They occupied grasslands known as Mullai in Ancient Tamil country. Konars traditionally raise cows, goats and sheeps and sell milk.<ref>[http://www.thepedia.com/define/Konar#cite_note-1 Thepedia.com]</ref><ref>Singh, Kumar Suresh; Bhanu, B. V. (2004). People of India. Popular Prakashan. pp. p. 1100. ISBN 81-7991-101-2. [http://books.google.com/books?id=BsBEgVa804IC&pg=PA1100&dq=Konar%2Bcaste&lr=&num=100&sig=JHnxijXrSEWIk5go6HsXd1UE-tc Books.Google.com]</ref> |
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{{Main|Konar}} |
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; Maniyani |
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(Kolaya, Ayar, Mayar, Maniyani and Iruman)<ref>[http://www.keralapsc.org/scstobc.htm Keralapsc.org]</ref> |
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[[Maniyani]] is a caste of [[Kerala]] that claims descent from Krishna. The Maniyani are the [[Kshatriyas]] of [[Kerala]], India. Maniyanis are also known as Kola- Aya (Kolayars). They are the Yadavas of Kolathnadu and Thulunad.<ref>[http://kasargod.nic.in/profile/culture.htm Nic.in]</ref> They are seen in Kannur and Kasargod Districts. Ayar is a common surname for Yadavas through out India. They settled in north Kerala about 3000 years back. Kola is the name of Yadava clan who settled in North Kerala and Southern Karnataka.<ref>[http://saradhi-uae.com/ Saradhi-uae.com]</ref> |
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[[File:Mandal3b.jpg|frame|left|B. P. Mandal statue in Patna, Bihar]] |
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===Ahirs of Gujarat=== |
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[[File:Map GujDist Kuchchh.png|thumb|Kachchh (Kutch) District, State of [[Gujarat]]]] |
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The very ancient race of Ahir also appears in Gujrat, once a ruling race, as inscriptions and grants mention their princes. Traditionally they appear in frequent connection with the Yadava – in the Krishan legend. Some historians say they may be [[Turanian]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Demetrius Charles Boulger |author2=Oriental Institute (Woking |author3=Surrey) |coauthors=East India Association (London, England), Royal India, Pakistan, and Ceylon Society |title=Asian review |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EFDVAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA131 |accessdate=3 January 2011 |year=1898 |publisher=East & West |pages=1–}}</ref><ref>Asian review By Oriental Institute (Woking, Surrey), East India Association (London, England), Royal India, Pakistan, and Ceylon Society, p. 133</ref> |
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There is a great concentration of Ahirs in Kutch, Jamnagar and Junagadh: of the 18 million Ahirs in India about 300,000 live in Kutch.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.agrocel.co.in/kutch/people.htm |title=Magnificient Kutch |publisher=Agrocel.co.in |date= |accessdate=2010-07-26}}</ref> There are five main castes of Ahirs in [[Kutch]]: [[Ahir Pancholi|Pancholi]], [[Ahir Paratharia|Prantharia]], [[Ahir Maschoiya|Mochhaya]], [[Ahir Boricha|Boricha]], and [[Ahir Sorathia|Sorathia]]. |
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These communities are mainly of farmers who once sold milk and ghee but who now have diversified their businesses because of the irregularity of rain. Their mother tongue is [[Gujrati]]. "Ahirs in Jamnagar and Junagadh": There is large number of Ahir population in [[Jamnagar]] and [[Junagadh]], who have been said to be migrated along with Lord Krishna during his migration from [[Mathura]] to Dwarka(Jamnagar). Ahirs in rural areas of Jamnagar and Junagadh are mainly involved in agriculture, while those migrated to cities of Jamnagar and Junagadh are involved in business of construction, real estate, travels agency and heavy construction machineries. Ahirs of Jamnagar region are the economically fastest developing community of Jamnagar in year 2009, with growth rate of around 80%. |
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{{See also|Ahir clans}} |
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==Caste politics== |
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=== All-India Yadav Mahasabha === |
=== All-India Yadav Mahasabha === |
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The transformation of all Ahirs |
The transformation of all Ahirs { [[Yaduvanshi Ahirs]], Nadvanshi and [[Gwalvanshi]] } into Yaduvanshi Yadavs was promoted by the All India Yadav Mahasabha which was founded in 1927.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=8OIUAQAAIAAJ&q=yaduvanshi++ahirs&dq=yaduvanshi++ahirs&hl=en&ei=ccARTbyXHsK88gbwxay7Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAg The vernacularisation of democracy: politics, caste, and religion in India]</ref><ref>The vernacularisation of democracy: politics, caste, and religion in India --page -80</ref> The emergence of an educated and religiously orthodox elite among the Yadavs, after the religious movements of [[Arya Samaj]] and Janeu movements led to the formation of the All-India Yadava Mahasabha in 1923 in [[Allahabad]]. The AIYM immediately engaged itself in two issues. It appealed to its castemen in all regions to add “Yadav” to their names and at the same time launched on a major programme of social reform. The regional organisation of the [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] Rashtra Yadav Mahajana Samajam, for example, appealed to the Census Commission that their caste name Ahir be changed to Yadava.<ref>[http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/audience.nsf/(docid)/0879F8EFAD3A0BE3652569410032A35C CSCSarchive.org]{{Dead link|date=April 2010}}</ref> |
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All India Yadav Mahasabha also |
All India Yadav Mahasabha is also pressing Indian government for the formation of Yadav regiment in [[Indian Army]] after they showed their bravery in the 1965 Indo-China war. In 1966 the AIYM held its annual conference in Etawa, with Mulayam Singh Yadav as chairman of the reception committee and Rao Birender Singh the scion of the Rewari dynasty as president.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=bgpEIb4tNjgC&pg=PT15&lpg=PT15&dq=yadav+regiment&source=bl&ots=k0G33Om2lM&sig=H7A19J5gPGFjNwwCsYtP3LmgsZk&hl=en&ei=TpLpSfe8B4XK-AbL_piQAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10 |title=Caste in question: identity or ... - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=nJMs-r0FY50C&pg=PA450&lpg=PA450&dq=yadav+regiment&source=bl&ots=i3p0QaaSxf&sig=wDaQDhs--LfWY8B3mAfv0C89P3w&hl=en&ei=TpLpSfe8B4XK-AbL_piQAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5#PPA450,M1 |title=Caste and race in India - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref> |
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<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=nJ7BbRExrhkC&pg=PA235&lpg=PA235&dq=yadav+regiment&source=bl&ots=-AYlHn5w0W&sig=MFt5j839Fsp6BQX-RvzrAKTe1U0&hl=en&ei=TpLpSfe8B4XK-AbL_piQAQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2#PPA235,M1 |title=India's silent revolution: the rise ... - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref> |
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After Independence, the Yadavs have emerged as the leaders of the other backward classes. Prof. Rao’s study of the Yadava elite in the various states (based on the members and supporters of the All India Yadav Sabha and not on those of the rival All India Yadav Mahasabha) reveals the growth of varied business and professional groups within the caste category. Heading the list are businessmen who comprise roughly 21 per cent of the elite. They include dairy owners, contractors, [[tobacco]] and timber merchants, wholesale grass dealers, owners of engineering firms and other industries as well as restaurant owners. They are followed by the large farmers who comprise around 21 per cent of the Yadav elite. Politicians (MPs, MLAs, ministers, municipal councillors, district board members, office-bearers of political parties) constitute 17 percent of the elite and school and college teachers, [[physicians|doctors]], [[lawyers]] and engineers together another 20 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yadavmahasabha.org |title=Yadav Mahasabha USA - Home |publisher=Yadavmahasabha.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref><ref>http://akhilbhartiyayadavmahasangh.com</ref> |
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== Yadavs in the military == |
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== Military== |
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[[File:Yogendra Singh Yadav.jpg|thumb|right|x216px| text|Naib Subedar [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]] who was awarded the highest Indian military honour, [[Param Vir Chakra]] for his actions during the [[Kargil War]] ]] |
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The Yadav have served the British and Indian armed and defense forces in numerous conflicts. Some prominent conflicts fought by Yadav soldiers are the 1962 [[India-China War]], the [[Kargil War]],<ref>[http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=141931 Merinews.com]</ref> and the 2001 Parliament attacks.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/21/stories/2007072154050400.htm ''‘Decide soon on Afzal's hanging’''] Hindu.com, July 21, 2007</ref> Yadavs have also played a role in the Maoist insurgencies in Nepal and India.{{Citation needed|date=July 2011}} |
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[[File:Victoria Cross Medal Ribbon & Bar.jpg|thumb|575px|right|The prestigious [[Victoria Cross]], awarded for exceptional valour "in the face of the enemy".]] |
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[[Namdev Jadhav]] received the [[Victoria Cross]] during the [[Burma Campaign]] of World War II.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} Havaldar [[Umrao Singh]] was another recipient of that award during the war, in this instance for his involvement in hand to hand combat with the Japanese infantry who were raiding his gun position in the [[Kaladan Valley]]. He killed ten with his bare hands armed only with the gun bearer (a heavy metallic tool). He was found exhausted, bleeding but alive in the morning, amidst a pile of Japanese corpses littered around the gun, which was found to be still fit for immediate firing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/bbumraos.htm |title=Umrao Singh ]publisher=Victoriacross.org.uk |accessdate=2011-08-07}}</ref> |
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The [[Ahir]]/Yadav community has served the Indian armed and defense forces and laid down their lives to safeguard India. Some prominent battles fought by Ahir soldiers are the Indo-China war, the [[kargil war]] <ref>[http://ikashmir.net/kargilheroes/blood.html Ikashmir.net]</ref><ref>[http://www.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=141931 Merinews.com]</ref> [[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham]],<ref>[http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/03jan27/national.htm Dailyexcelsior.com]</ref> and Parliament attacks.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/21/stories/2007072154050400.ht Hindu.com]</ref> |
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[[Grenadier]] [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]] of the Indian Army was awarded the highest Indian military honour, the [[Param Vir Chakra]], for his actions during the Kargil War.<ref>{{cite newspaper |first=K. M. |last=Dayashankar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-districtplus/article1025667.ece |title=Kargil hero accorded warm welcome |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 January 2011}}</ref> |
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Grenadier [[Yogendra Singh Yadav]] of the [[Indian army]] was awarded the highest Indian military honour, [[Param Vir Chakra]] for his actions during the [[Kargil War]] on 4 July 1999. |
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[[Namdev Jadhav]] received Victoria cross also during the [[Burma]] Campaign of the Second World war, Havaldar [[Umrao Singh]],<ref name="creativeuttarakhand.com">[http://www.creativeuttarakhand.com/cu/hottopics/rewari-motor.html Creativeuttarakhand.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/bbumraos.htm Victoriacross.org.uk]</ref> a gunner, won the [[Victoria Cross]]; which is a world–wide symbol of the recognition of the highest form of bravery in the face of the enemy; in hand to hand combat with the Japanese infantry, when its do or die squads raided his gun position, in the Kaladan Valley. He killed ten of them with his bare hands armed only with the gun bearer (a heavy metallic tool) they found him exhausted and bleeding in the morning but still alive amidst a pile of Japanese corpses littered around the gun, which, remarkably, was found to be still fit for immediate firing. |
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In the [[Indo-China War]] of 1962, the Ahirs (almost all of them from the Ahirwal region of Southern [[Haryana]]) of 13 [[Kumaon Regiment]] set an unparallel example in the military history of Aryavart by defending their position at [[Rezang La]] in Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. The battle of Rezang La, a ridge overlooking the strategic Chushul plains in [[Ladakh]], to defend the highest air strip in the world located at 16,000 feet — just across the [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] claim line — is a chapter in the history of the Indian army which has been compared by some Indian military historians with the famed [[Battle]] of Thermopylae {{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}. In the final phase of the Indo-China War of 1962, where Indian units typically offered little resistance while being routed by attacking [[PLA]]{{dn}} forces, the Ahir Charlie Company from 13 [[Kumaon Regiment]], set a rare example of raw courage, bravery and dedication by literally fighting to the last man. Of the 120 defenders, only four survived, all seriously wounded. The dead bodies of those who died were discovered after the [[winter]], frozen, mostly holding their weapons but with no ammunition. According to some accounts, several jawans, having run out of ammunition, came out of the pickets and charged the enemy with bare hands. Lance Naik Ram Singh killed several Chinese soldiers after lifting and hitting them against the rocks. It is also believed that these jawans inflicted heavy casualties on the attackers. Of the 120 soldiers, 114 were Yadavas from Ahirwal region of [[Haryana]], Rajasthan and Delhi. |
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On this horrific battle, Major-General Ian Cardozo, in his book ''[[Param Vir]], Our Heroes In Battle'' writes, “When Rezang La was later revisited dead jawans were found in the trenches still holding on to their weapons... every single man of this company was found dead in his trench with several bullet or splinter wounds. The 2-inch mortar man died with a bomb still in his hand. The medical orderly had a syringe and bandage in his hands when the Chinese bullet hit him... Of the thousand mortar bombs with the defenders all but seven had been fired and the rest were ready to be fired when the (mortar) section was overrun.” |
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General T.N. Raina said, "You rarely come across such example in the annals of world military history when braving such heavy odds, the men fought till the last bullet and the last man. Certainly the [[Battle]] of Rezang La is such a shining example." |
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[[General]] K S Thimayya remarked, "I had said many years ago that the Army must have a Ahir Regiment. The supreme sacrifice of the Charlie Company has fulfilled my expectations. I hope a suitable memorial will be built in Ahirwal in their memory so that the generations to come may seek inspiration from the immense courage and valour of their forefathers." |
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The heroes who were awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] in 1962 defending Rezang La were Naik Hukum Chand (posthumous), Naik Gulab Singh Yadav, Lance-Naik Singh Ram (posthumous), Subedar Ram Kumar and Subedar Ram Chander [[Maha Vir Chakar]] Rao Chiman Singh, Gokulgarh, Rewari. All were from the Ahirwal region. |
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<ref name="creativeuttarakhand.com" /><ref name="xomba.com">[http://www.xomba.com/the_history_of_the_abhirs_and_yadavas_of_ancient_bharat_varse_4 Xomba.com]</ref><ref>[http://www.haryana-online.com/WarHeroes/ahirs_in_1962_war.htm Haryana-online.com]</ref> |
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A small memorial for the dead soldiers in Rezang La reads: |
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<blockquote> |
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How can a man die better,<br> |
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Than facing fearful odds, <br> |
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For the ashes of his fathers, <br> |
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And temples of his gods.<br> |
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To the sacred memory of the Heroes of Rezang La,<br> |
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114 Martyrs of 13 Kumaon who fought to the Last Man,<br> |
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Last Round, Against Hordes of Chinese on 18 November 1962.<br> |
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Built by All Ranks 13th Battalion, The Kumaon Regiment. |
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</blockquote> |
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== Dialects == |
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Although the Abhiras constituted a distinct ethnic group, they spoke diverse regional dialects. The language of the Ahirs was known as Ahirani in Khandesh, resembling [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. While the Ahirs of Kathiawad and Kachh have a dialect which resembles [[Gujarati language|Gujarathi]] (Bhandarkar, 1911:17). Abhira ''bhasha'' is in fact considered to be ''Apabhransha''. In the ninth century BC, it had become the language of the people, and was spoken from [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], and Shastri (1967) proves that poetry was composed in the language around the sixth century BC. Suryavamsi (1962:14-15) mentions the following two dialects in addition to the ones above--[[Gaddi]], which is currently the dialect spoken in Gadderan, on the outskirts of the [[Chamba, Himachal Pradesh|Chamba]] and [[Kangra Valley|Kangra]] hills, and Gandi, spoken in some parts of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Abhiri as a dialect has been recorded by Sanskrit poets such as [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]] and [[Dandi (poet)|Dandin]]. Yadav (1916:15), notes that the dialect the people of Ahirwal in Haryana speak, has a resemblance to [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], and Grierson (1916:9), considers [[Ahirwati]] a branch of eastern Rajasthani and western [[Hindi]]. |
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Legends of the cowherd Krishna and his dances with cowherdesses are mentioned in the [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] classics. The term ''Ayarpati'' (cowherd settlement) is found in ''Cilappatikaram'' (Iyer, 1950). It is argued that the term ''Ayar'' has been used for the Abhiras in ancient Tamil literature, and V. Kanakasabha Pillai (1904) derives Abhira from the Tamil word''Ayir'' which also means cow. He equates the Ayars with Abhiras, and [[Suryavanshi]] (1962:17-18) treats this as evidence of migration of the Abhiras to the south in the first century AD. |
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Thus, linguistic evidence is used to support the argument that the Abhiras spread to different parts of India, and that they retained different but related cultural traditions. The most common denominator, as was pointed out earlier, was a descent from the Yadu dynasty and their association with cattle.<ref>''Social Movements and Social Transformation'' by M. S. A. Rao (The Macmillan Company of India Limited, 1979. page: 123,124,125,127,128)</ref> |
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GUJARAT AHIR |
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== Religious Seats of Yadavs == |
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Besides chiefdoms and ''jagirs'', the Yadavas had ''peethams'' (seats) granted to them by virtue of their religious powers. For instance, there were fourteen seats (''peethams'') among the Yadavas of [[Warangal]] according to a ''sanad'' granted in 1425 (Shaka Samvat), by Sree Pratapa Rudra, Maharaja of Warangal, to Sree Kondiah Guru, as the head of the fourteen seats. Subsequently when [[Bhagyanagar]] was founded by Sultan Abdulla of Kutub Shahi in AD 1560 the rights of the Yadavas were acknowledged and recognized, and the name Golkonda was substituted for Manugal.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} |
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According to the charter awarded by the [[Abdullah Qutb Shah|Sultan Abdullah]] of [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] in 1071 [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]], Kondiah built the fort for the [[Sultan]] by using his charisma in resolving the mystery of the site, and also discovered for him gold coins buried underground. In return, the Sultan gave him the Charter conferring upon Kondiah the rights and privileges due to the head of the fourteen seats, and of twelve classes of Gollas and two classes of shepherds (Kuruba Gollas). Kondiah, although a follower of Basaveshwara (Lingayat), was the head of the Yadava ''Peethams''. Perhaps the Gollas at this time were under the influence of Veerasaivism, although they were incorporated into the Yadava category.<ref>Social Movements and Social Transformation By M.S.A. Rao, The Macmillan Company of India Ltd, p-128-129.</ref> |
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<gallery> |
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Image: babaramdev.jpg|[[Swami Ramdev]] |
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Image: Yogendra Singh Yadav.jpg|[[Yogendra Singh Yadav]] |
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Image: Param Sant Arman Saheb ji 2.jpg|[[Ram Singh Arman]] |
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Image: Rao tila ram.jpg|[[Rao Tula Ram]] |
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Image: laluprasadyadav.jpg|[[Laloo Prasad Yadav]] |
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Image: Dr. Ram Baran Yadav.jpg|[[Ram Baran Yadav]] |
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Image: Akhilesh.jpg|[[Akhilesh Yadav]] |
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</gallery> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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* [[List of Yadavs]] |
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* [[Bighoto]] |
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* [[Saini]] |
* [[Saini]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Heer (clan)]] |
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* [[List of Yadavs]] |
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* [[Konar]] |
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* [[Haryana]] |
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* [[Yaduvanshi Ahirs]] |
* [[Yaduvanshi Ahirs]] |
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* [[Ahir clans]] |
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* [[Nandvanshi]] |
* [[Nandvanshi]] |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em| |
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refs= |
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<ref name= Pargiter>[http://books.google.com/books?id=2BRjkE385ScC&pg=PA122&dq=madhu+yadu&ei=hj5kS9THIoiCNsjXgIoO&cd=4#v=onepage&q=madhu%20yadu&f=false Ancient Indian Historical Tradition By F.E. Pargiter, page no.122]</ref> |
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}} |
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{{Kshatriya Communities}} |
{{Kshatriya Communities}} |
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{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}} |
{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}} |
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HARYANA IS A YADAV STATE |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav Caste}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav Caste}} |
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[[Category:Ahir]] |
[[Category:Ahir]] |
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[[Category:Indian castes]] |
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[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]] |
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]] |
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[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]] |
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]] |
Revision as of 10:30, 15 August 2011
Yadav (यादव) | |
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Classification | Chandravanshi Kshatriya[1] |
Religions | Hinduism |
Languages | Hindi, Ahirwati Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi and dialects of these languages |
Populated states | India, Nepal |
Subdivisions | Ahir, Saini, Dhangars, Maniyani, Konar, Gaur, etc. 57 sub-castes/clans |
Related groups | • Indo-Aryan people • Gujjars • Ahir • Maratha |
Yādav refers to a group of communities or castes found in India and Nepal, which claim descent from the ancient King Yadu of the Chandravanshi Kshatriya clan.[1] Yadav is one five Indo-Aryan Kshatriya clans mentioned in the Vedas as "Panchjanya". The Yadavas generally follow the Vaishnava tradition of Hinduism, and share dharmic religious beliefs.[2]
Yadavs are classified under the Kshatriya varna in Hinduism, and several royal dynasties in medieval India claimed descent from Yadu. They remained in power in India and Nepal until 1200-1300 CE, before the arrival of Muslim invaders.
Yadav caste includes Ahirs, Bhati, Chudasama, Raizada, Jadeja and other Yaduvanshi castes.
Yadu was the eldest son of Yayati (father of Yadavs). It is written in the Vishnu Puran that he did not inherit his father's throne. He, therefore, retired towards Punjab and Iran. He had five sons, of whom except Satjit and Krishna, three remained childless. Satjit had three sons: Bibai (Biveya), Hai (Heya) whose descendants are Jats of the Heer gotra and Ahai (Aheya) who founded the Ahir community.[3]
Origin
Yadavs are the descendants of Yadu, the eldest son of King Yayati. It is said that Yadu was expelled by Yayati from his kingdom and became a rebel. His successor was Madhu, who ruled from Madhuvana, situated on the banks of river Yamuna, which extended up to Saurastra and Anarta (Gujrat). His daughter Madhumati married Harinasva of Ikshvaku race, from whom Yadu was born again, this time being ancestor of Yadavas. Nanda, the foster father of Krishna, was born in the line of succession of Madhu and ruled from the same side of Yamuna.[4] Jarasandh, Kansa's father-in-law, and king of Magadha attacked Yadavas to avenge Kansa's death. Yadavas had to shift their capital from Mathura (central Aryavart) to Dwaraka (on the western coast of Aryavart) on the Sindhu. Yadu was a legendary Hindu king, believed to be an ancestor of the god Krishna, who for this reason is sometimes referred to as Yadava.
Ramprasad Chanda, points to the fact that in the Indra is said to have brought Turvasu and Yadu from over the sea, and Yadu and Turvasu are called Barbarian or Dasa. After analyzing the ancient legends and traditions he comes to the conclusion that Yadavas were originally settled in the Kathiawar peninsula and subsequently spread to Mathura.
Of the Yadus, rigveda provides two very interesting data, first, that they were arajinah - without King or non-monarchical, and second that Indra brought them from beyond the sea and made them worthy of consecration.[5] A. D. Pusalkar observed that Yadvas were called Asuras in the epic and puranas, which may be due to mixing with non-aryans and the looseness in observance of Aryan Dharma. It is important to note that even in the Mahabharata Krishna is called Sanghmukhya - Head of Sangh (congress). Bimanbehari Majumdar points out at one place in the mahabharata Yadavas are called Vratyas and at another place Krishna speaks of his tribe consisting of eighteen thousand vratyas. It is interesting to note that much later,
Abhira of Deccan were called Andhra-Vratyas, and Purunas refer to them as Vratyas on many occasions. A Vratya is one who lives outside the fold of the dominant Aryan Society and practice their own form of austerity and esoteric rites. some scholars conjecture that they might have been the source of non-aryan beliefs and practices introduced into Vedic religion.[6]
Genetically, they are in Indo-Caucasoid family,[7] A study in East of India shows their gene structure is similar to Brahmin, Kayastha & Rajput living in the same area.[8]
Ahirs as Yadavas
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Asirgarh_Fort1.jpg/300px-Asirgarh_Fort1.jpg)
Besides scriptural evidences,Historical & Semi-Historical evidences are available for equating Ahirs with Yadav. The term Ahir comes from Abhira (Bhandarkar, 1911;16), who where once found in different parts of India, and who in several places wielded political power. Ancient Sanskrit classic, Amarkosa, calls gwal, gopa & ballabh to be the synonym of Abhira.A Chudasama prince styled Grahripu and Ruling at Vanthali near Junagarh described in the Dyashraya kavya of Hemachandra, describes him both as a Abhira and a Yadav.[9] Further, in their Bardic traditions as well as in popular stories Chudasmas are still called Ahir Ranas.[10] Again, many remains of Khandesh (historical stronghold of abhiras) are popularly believed to be of Gawli Raj, which archaeologically belongs to the Yadvas of Devgiri.[11] Hence, it is concluded that Yadavas of Devagiri were actually Abhiras. Portuguese Travellers account refers to Vijaynagar Emperors as Kannada Golla(Abhira). First historically traceable Yadav Dynasty are Trikuta, who were Abhira.
Moreover, there are sufficient number of clans within Ahirs, who trace their lineage from Yadu and Lord Krishna, some of which are mentioned in Mahabharata as Yadav Clans. James Tod demonstrated that Ahirs were included into the list of 36 royal races of Rajasthan (Tod, 1829, Vol.1, p. 69 ii,p. 358).[12][13].
Commenting on this Bhandarkar says, Krishna is the Hinduised form of Jesus Christ, whose teachings Abhira have brought from outside, at the biginning of Christian Era, because Krishna is called Christo near Weastern Coast, and Dalliance element in Krishna's life is inspired from traditions of Abhira tribe. Ghurye, contradicts this by saying Abhira as a tribe is mentioned in the works of Patanjali, dated 150BC, by most conservative sources, so they definitely haven't entered at the beginning of the Christian era and possibly their presence goes very far into antiquity. Also, proofs of Extra Marital relationships exists within geneology of Yadus so it is wrong to say Abhira are the source of Dlliance element, and he fails to see the difference between Abhira and the tribe of Krishna.
English Ethnologist, RV Russell, also commented that Abhiras, an ancient tribe from which Ahirs claim descent[14], had no link with Krishna in popular legends even upto 300 AD. He attributes linking of Abhiras to Gopas or cowherds mentioned in Puranas and Krishna, to be a later development which resulted from assimilation of pastoral Abhiras with gopas or cowherd castes among whom Krishna worship was very popular. [15]
However, Smith has raised two questions on this synthesis by above scholars. First, If Abhira are Yadavs then why Mahabharata mentions them having abducted wives and children of Krishna and second, why Abhira kings names are after Shiva and not Vishnu till as late as 800AD, who is a rival god.
JNS Yadav and MSA Rao has contradicted Smith by saying, Those Abhira who abducted Krishna's Wives and Children might be Yadavs who were supporters of Duryodhna, and they also shows there is no rivalry between Shiva and Krishna.
Abiria Region
Abiria was a region in Sindh, Pakistan described by Classical authors, mainly Ptolemy. It covers the area east of the Indus River Delta and is apparently named for the Abhira peoples, presumably in residence of the region.Ptolemy's Abiria {Abhira} is included in Indo-Scythians [16][17]
The 1st century CE Periplus of the Erythraean Sea describes Abiria as the territory east of the Indus delta and north of Surastrene (modern Saurashtra):
- "Beyond the gulf of Baraca is that of Barygaza and the coast of the country of Ariaca, which is the beginning of the Kingdom of Nambanus and of all India. That part of it lying inland and adjoining Scythia is called Abiria, but the coast is called Syrastrene." Periplus, Chap. 41.[18]
Classification based on origin
Some of famous Yadav Gotras are:- Parihar, Rathi, Sisodia, Tanwar, Mohil etc.[19]
The Yadavas of Eastern India are traditionally divided into three major clans or shakhas ("branches"):[20]
- Krishnaut or Kishnauth, the descendants of Krishna
- Madhauth or Majhauth, the descendants of Madhu, ancestor of Yadu.
- Gaur, Gor or Gorya, a very ancient Yadav clan of Epic Mahabharata.[21]
Yadavas of Western India (whom Denzil Ibbetson also terms as Ahir) are traditionally divided into three major clans called Khanap:[22]
- Yaduvanshi Ahirs - Descendants of Yadu
- Nandvanshi - Descendants of Nand Baba who was Ahir[23][24][25]
- Gwalvanshi - Descendants of Holy Gwals (Original word Gaur becomes Gwar and then Gwal)
Yayati[26] | Yadu (Ancestor of Madhu) | Madhu ---- Nanda ----Nandavanshi, Madhauth(Majhauth) | yadu (Successor of Madhu) | Krishna | Krishnauth,Yaduvanshi
Yadav kingdoms
The lineage of several rulers of ancient and medieval India is traced to Yadu. These include mythological characters such as Krishna, as well as historical rulers such as King Porus, who fought Alexander the Great in the Battle of the Hydaspes River.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Asia_1200ad.jpg/300px-Asia_1200ad.jpg)
- Dholpur and Bharatpur, India kingdoms in Rajasthan were ruled by Yadavs.
Many groups and clans claiming descent from the ancient Yadu clan call themselves Yadavs. Some of the major groups derived from the principal professions they follow or the crafts they practice, for example, Sandilya (Central UP), Bhragudev (Central UP),Gwal and Dadhor (Eastern UP), Gosia (Central UP),* Nirwan (Western UP Chaubisa)is a gotra found in rajputs, jats[27] and Ahirs[28] of Haryana. Gawli, Jadon, Gaurs (also called Goriya, and mentioned in the Mahabharata), Jadhav Maratha), Chawda and Chaudhry in Gujarat, Konar Doss, Karayalar (Yadava) (Tamil: கோனார் pillai (in Tamil Nadu and Kerala), Maniyani, Kondayankotth, Nambiyar, Vathiyar, Nayakkar-Tirunelveli-Tamil Nadu (in Kerala), Mohaladiya Belongs to Alwar Rajasthan, Saini (Shoorseni/Surasena/Shaursaini),[29]
Yudhisthra identifies Shoorsena as his grandfather, and Krishna's father, Vasudeva, as his maternal uncle in Srimad Bhavat Purana: "Is my respectable grandfather Shoorsena in a happy mood? And are my maternal uncle Vasudeva and his younger brothers all doing well?" (Srimad Bhagavatam by Krsna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Translation: A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada & others, Chapter Eleven, Lord Krsna's Entrance into Dvaraka, verse 26)[30][31][32][33][34] Adhikari Bengal and Orissa, Bhatrajus (Andhra Pradesh)Kuruba, Kuruma, Gouda (Orissa), Jambavas, Kuruma, Manthri, Pillai, in Andhra Pradesh Telangana region, Manjrauth (linked with Jarasandh), Rabari in Gujarat, Rauts[disambiguation needed], Pradhans Sridhar Yadav.
The Ahirs believe that their ancestors walked together with Lord Krishna. Ahirs synonyms are Yadav and Rao Sahab. Rao Sahab is only used in Ahirwal region consisting of territories of few villages of Delhi,Southern Haryana & Behrod area of Alwar district (Rajasthan). Historically, Ahir laid the foundation of Ahir Batak town which was later called Ahrora and Ahirwada in Jhansi district in AD 108. Rudramurti Ahir became the chief of the Army and later on, the king. Madhuriputa, Ishwarsen and Shivdatta were well known kings from the lineage who mingled with Yadav Rajputs.
As Jhansi was known for a long time as Ahirwada (land of Ahir’s).Ahirs from Ahirwada and Bundelkhand also known Dau sahab (Dau saab).Dau sahab means the powerful and mighty of all. Upto 1800 A.D. ruling class among Ahirs in Bundelkhand use Rao as their title name which was replaced by the title Maate. Maate means Mother Goddess or Supreme authority of that region. zamindar having control over multiple villages known as Maate.In Bundelkhand,Ahirs are considered to be very strong and powerful class. In Bundelkhand both Chandravanshi Rajputs/Thakurs (Ahirs , Chandela, Bundela) and suryavanshi Rajputs/Thakurs has equal status.Ahirs of Jhansi and Bundelkhand came from either Rewari or Gurgaon. A town 22 km from Jhansi known as Niwari which is named analogous to the name Rewari of haryana,since Niwari is in jhansi zone it is also an Ahir dominant region.,[35][36] Sainis, who are now found by their original name only in Punjab and in the neighbouring states of Haryana, Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. They claim descent from Yaduvanshi Rajputs[37][38] of the Yaduvanshi [39][40] Surasena lineage, originating from Yadav King Shoorsen, who was the grandfather of both Krishna and the legendary Pandava warriors. Sainis relocated to Punjab from Mathura and surrounding areas over different periods of time.[41][42]
Ancient Yadav Kingdoms
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Panaromic_view_of_the_natural_fortification_and_landscape_at_Hampi.jpg/220px-Panaromic_view_of_the_natural_fortification_and_landscape_at_Hampi.jpg)
- Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri
- Surasena Kingdom
- Vidarbha Kingdom
- Dwaraka Kingdom
- Kunti Kingdom
- Saurashtra Kingdom
- Heheya Kingdom
- Nishadha Kingdom
- Gurjara Kingdom
- Karusha Kingdom
- Chedi Kingdom
- Dasarna Kingdom
- Avanti Kingdom
- Malava Kingdom
- Anarta Kingdom
- Youdheya Kingdom
- Vijaya Nagara Kingdom
Some scholars, such as Robert Sewell, believe that the rulers of Vijayanagara Empire were Kurubas (also known as Yadavas).[43] Some early inscriptions, dated 1078 and 1090, have implied that the Hoysalas of Mysore were also the descendants of the original Yadava clan, by referring to the Yadava vansa (clan) as Hoysala vansa.
But there are no records directly linking the Hoysalas to the Yadavas of North India. Calling it 'poetic fancy', William Coelho, author of Hoysala Vansa, 1950, argues that there is no evidence of even a tradition that traces back their lineage to one of northern origin. S.U. Kamath argues that it was a common practice in royal families of medieval South India to build puranic genealogies.[44] However, J.N. Singh Yadav, a famous historian, gives the following account in his Yadav's Through The Ages, " he Hoysalas ruled illustriously for over three centuries and have left in the country imperishable monuments of art and culture. They were family of kings who ruled over practically the whole of the Kannada country at the height of their power. They scheduled the hill tribes known as Malepas in the Western Ghats and they assumed the title 'Maleparoleganda'. The account of their origin can be traced in some of their inscriptions. They claimed Sosevura (Sasakapura of Sanskrit writers) as their birthplace.
This place has been identified with Angadi of Mudigere Taluk in chikamanglura district. It has been mentioned as the seen of the incident between Sala and the tiger. When Sala,' an ornament of the Yaduvamsa' (Yaduvamsojvala tilakan) was worshiping the goddess Vasantike of Sasakapura, a tiger came from the forest. The holiman Sodutta, who was there gave him his fan saying 'Poysala' (Strike, Sala). Sala killed the tiger. From that time the name of Poysala become the designation of the Yadava kings (E.C. VOL. VI, Cm. 20.). Almost the same account, though differing in certain details, is found in many of their inscriptions. According to another version, when Sala was hunting along the slopes of the Sahya mountains (or the Western Ghats), he was astonished to see a hare (SKt. Sasa) pursuing a tiger, while he was walking alone saying to himself, 'this is heroic soil', a holy muni near by, being afraid of the tiger, called out 'Poy-Sala' and before it could proceed the length of a span Sala slew it with his sword (E.C., VOL. V, PART I B1. 171.). It is after this incident that the place came to be known as Sasakapura.[45]
The founder of the Wodeyar dynasty, Vijaya, also claimed descent from the Yadu and took on the name Yadu-Raya. According to S.C. Raychoudhary (author of Social, Cultural and Economic History of India), a noted historian, "The Pandya kingdom generally associated with the Pandus of the Mahabarata covered the districts of Madura and Tinnivelly as well as certain portions of south Travancore."[46]
V. Kanakasabhai(1904) in his,"The Tamil Eighteen Hundred Years Ago( Chapter IV,Page-53-57, Asian Education Services Publications, Madras) states, " It is beyond doubt therefore that long before the fourth century BC the pandyan kingdom in the south of India had come into existance.... ... ... It appears that the founder of the southern Pandyan kingdom was a princess. Megasthanes who resided as an ambassador of seleukus in the court of Chandragupta at Pataliputra, has the following account of the origin of the Pandyas: " Herakles(Krishna) begot a daughter in India whom he called Pandaia.
To her he assigned that portion of India which lies to southward and extends to the sea, while he distributed the people subject to her rule into three hundred and sixty five villages, giving orders that one village should each day bring to the treasury the royal tribute, so that the queen might always have the assistance of men whos turn it was to pay the tribute, in coercing those who for the time being were defaulters, in their payments. Pliny gives a similar account, " next come the pandoe the only race in India ruled by woman.
They say that Hercules (Krishna) having but one daughter, who was on that account all the more beloved, endowed her with a noble kingdom. Her desendents rule over three hundred cities and command on army of 150000 foot and 500 elephants. Ancient tamil poems seem to support this tradition because they refer to a woman as the founder of the Pandyan dynasty. She appears to have been subsequently worshipped as a goddess in Madura. In the chilappathikaram ( A Tamil epic) she is spoken as of Mathurapatti or " Queen of Madura" and she is described dressed half in the attire of a warrior and half in that of a princess.
The Manimekalai ( another Tamil epic) also alludes to her as Mathurapathy. Taking together the tradation as reported by Megasthenes and Pliny and the allusions in ancient Tamil works, it appears that a princess who belonged to the race of the Pandus, then reigning at Madura on the banks of Jamuna, led a colony and founded Dakshina-Mathura on the banks of the Vaigai. Like Dido, who fled form Phoenicia and founded carthage, it is most probable that the princess was driven by some domestic affliction to settle in a distant land.
The later traditionary accounts speak of this princess as a woman born with three breasts. It is quite possible that owing to this personal deformity she was obliged to seek a husband in a foreign country. She appears to have married a king of the Marar tribe, which was already settled in the Tamil country, and hence her descendants assumed the titles of Pandyan and Maran.The few Aryas who accompanied the Pandyan princess appear to have merged in the Tamil people by inter-marriages with them. The Pandyan kings of the first and second century AD considered themselves as Tamils, and not Aryas, although they claimed descent from Pandus.
Ayar
The Ayar or the cowherd race was distinct from the other races. Their name Ayar is derived from the Dravidian word "A" meaning cow. They were known as Abhiras in puranic history. In northern India they are still called Ahirs. In the Tamil land they were also called as Pothuvar or Commons( from the Dravidian word podhu meaning common) apparently because they possosed friendship to the nagas and Tamil alike. Originally they appear to have had their own petty kings, in the Chola country, but Karikal- Chola os said to have exterminated their line of kings. The Ayar in the Pandyan domminion had a tradation that they came into the Tamil land, along with the founder of Pandyan family.[47]
Dr. V. Manickam in his path-breaking work Kongu Nadu gives an expanded version of his doctoral thesis submitted to the university of Madras as follows, "It was noted that the pastoral people (Ayar) of the mullai land in Kongu formed the major component of the Vellalar community of the medieval period. It is Dr. V. Manickam thesis that the Vellalar of Kongu were nothing but the pastoral people of Kongu, of course,with some additions (p 553). However, We come across references to Idaiyar of Kiranur, alias Kolumam Konda Cholanallur (SII : 5:283), Kon from the same place (SII : 5: 265,267,269), and Yatavar in two epigraphs from Chevur (Eye Copy 94,98). Further, there are also references to Tiruvayappadi nattar, which indicate the supra-local activities of the herdsmen discussed in chapter 15. The presence of the herdsmen, with the titles as found in the macro region, may be explained as survivors of the pastoral people of the pre-chola period who were reluctant to integrate themselves in the new setup or new additions.[48]
Trikuta Hill under Yaduvanshi king
Rawal Jaisal laid the foundation stone of Jaisalmer in 1156. He hailed from the Yaduvanshi Rajput kin group.[49] The city has an interesting legend associated with it, according to which, Lord Krishna, the head of the Yadav Clan, foretold Arjuna, one of the Pandava brothers of the Mahabharata that a remote descendent of the Yadav Clan would build his kingdom atop the Trikuta Hill. His prophecy was fulfilled in 1156 AD when Rawal Jaisal, abandoned his fort at Lodurva and founded a new capital Jaisalmer, perched on the Trikuta Hill.[49][50] [51] However, historical facts contradicts this claim, because Trikuta Hill is actually near Deccan, a range of hills bordering Nashik,[52] where one Abhira dynasty, Traikuta, directly claiming descent from ancient Haihai [53] Yadav King, Nala,[54] in 5th century AD, had built kingdom on original Trikuta Hill, and hence assumed the title Traikuta.[55]
Hamir Dev, a descendant of Prithviraj Chauhan ruled Ranthambor. Seventeen kilometers from Sawaimadhopur stands a fort, encompassing in its stately walls, a glorious history of the Rajputs. Ranathambhor's venerable structure, rapturous beauty and sublime expressiveness seem to be continuously vocalizing the great legends of Hamir Dev, the Rajput king, who ruled in the 13th century.His wife was an Ahir lady, Raj Kaur.[56] She was also a brave warrior. In those days, the warrior and his wife would choose each other in the Svayamvar.Raj Kaur would also ride a horse, and support her husband in battle. The lady would pray and blow her conch shell while climb her horse. Together they successfully fought over seven battles. Both husband and wife wore armour in battle.
Please visit www.yadavhistory.com for more details.
Yadavs in modern India
Yadavs of Delhi NCR
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Babaramdev.jpg/220px-Babaramdev.jpg)
The name of the State of Haryana may have been derived from its ancient inhabitants: Abhirayana. The name `Abhira` may stem from a-bhira meaning fearless.[36] [57] For centuries the Ahirs were eclipsed as a political power in Haryana until the time of the Pratihara dynasty. In time they became independent rulers of Southwest Haryana. Although the Ahirs and Yadavas form one group, the former are an important community of Haryana, but numerically they constitute less than 10% of the total population. Most of them live in the region around Behror, Alwar, Rewari, Narnaul, Mahendragarh and Gurgaon which is therefore known as Ahirwal or the abode of Ahirs.Ahirs synonyms are Yadav and Rao Sahab. Rao Sahab is only used in Ahirwal region consisting of territories of few villages of Delhi, Southern Haryana & Behrod area of Alwar district (Rajasthan). Ahir's of this region are mainly in armed forces.
Yadav dominated areas in National Capital Region(NCR) includes Gurgaon, Noida,[58] Manesar, Behror, Bawal, Dharuhera, Pataudi, Bhiwadi, Badshahpur, Kosli, Alwar and Rewari.
Some of the villages in Ahirwal with Yadav prominence are:-
- Delhi has 40 village [59] some of them are Chhawla, Yadavpur,[60] Haibatpur, Kheda-khadkhadi, Zafarpur, Pundwala, Hasanpur, Gummanheda, Jhuljhuli, Khyala, Gazipur, Bhalswa, Paprawat,kilokari, Palam, Libas Pur, Bhalawas, Jahangirpuri [61] Chhaproula, Haider Pur, Kazipur, Dhanawas, Jwala Heri, Rajokri, Madipur, Surehra, Samaypur, Badli, Najafgarh, Todapur,[62] Khaira, Sakarpur, Bagdola, Gudhana and Kapashera.[63]
- Gurgaon has 106 villages [64] some of them are:- Palda, Kankrola, Pachgaon (Manesar), Wazirabad (Gurgaon), Samaspur, Kanhai, Badshapur, Islampur, Sukhrali, Hyatpur, Shilokhra, Tikri, Teekli, Sahraul, Khedki, Daula, Fazilpur, Sikohpur , Nathupur, Chakkarpur, Sikanderpur, Nawada, Mohmmadpur, Dundahera, Iqbalpur, Smalkha, Bamdoli, Mirpur, Sashand and Manesar.
- Noida has Sarfabad, Garhi Chaukhandi,Morna ,Hoshiyarpur ,Patwari,Hoshiyarpur, Khanjarpur, Zahilabad,Rasoolpur Navada, Partha, Sorkhla and Naharpur etc.[65][66][67]
- Rajasthan has Alwar, Jodhpur,[68] Jhunjhunu, Jaisalmer, Bharatpur.
- Haryana has Gurgaon, Narnaul, Rewari , Mahendragarh.
- Uttar Pradesh has Noida, Agra, Badaun, Etah, Mainpuri, Firozabad, Kanpur, Etawah, Farukhabad, Kannauj, Auraiya, Unnao, Hardoi, Azamgarh, Gorkakhpur, Jhansi, Lalitpur, Gazipur, Banares, Hamirpur, Jaunpur, Barabanki district and Mirzapur District.[69][70][71][72]
- Bihar has Gopalganj, Banka, Darbhanga, Siwan, Chhapra, Madhubani, Munger.[73][74]
Rao Birender Singh Yadav was the second chief minister of Haryana and Chaudhary Brahm Prakash Yadav was the first chief minister of Delhi.In Marubhumi (Marwar), Saurashtra and Maharashtra they served the local rulers and established their own rule. Ishwarsena, a great Ahir general, became master of Western Deccan in place of the famous Satava-hanas. He took the title of Rajan and an era was named after him. His descendants continued to rule for nine generations.
Pran Sukh Yadav (1802–1888) was an extraordinary military commander of his time. He was a close friend of Hari Singh Nalwa and famous Punjab ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh.In his early career he trained Sikh Khalsa army. After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh he fought in both the First and Second Anglo-Sikh Wars, due to his extreme hatred towards Britishers after the defeat of Sikhs he started giving military training to the farmers of Narnaul and Mahendragarh region.
King Rao Tula Ram of Rewari was born on 9 December 1825 in a Royal Rao Bhadur Nirpur Yadav family which belonged to "Rao Bhadur Ghari-Bolni" in village Rampura (Rewari). His father was Puran Singh and his mother's name was Gyan Kaur who was daughter of Great Jat ruler Maharaja Ranjit Singh.[75][76] In 1857, Rao Tula Ram led the rebellion in Haryana along with his brother Rao Bhadur Tula Ram of Ghari Bolni and Rao Gopal Dev of Nirpur.For centuries the Ahirs were eclipsed as a political power in Haryana until the time of the Pratihara dynasty. In time they became independent rulers of Southwest Haryana.[57] Although the Ahirs and Yadavas form one group, the former are an important community of Haryana, but numerically they constitute less than 10% of the total population.[57][77] Most of them live in the region around Rewari, Narnaul, Mahendragarh and Gurgaon which is therefore known as Ahirwal or the abode of Ahirs.[57][78]
Yadavs in Maharashtra
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Devagirifort.jpg/300px-Devagirifort.jpg)
The Seuna, Sevuna or Yadava dynasty (850 - 1334) was an Indian dynasty, which at its peak ruled a kingdom stretching from the Tungabhadra to the Narmada rivers, including present-day Maharashtra, north Karnataka and parts of Madhya Pradesh, from its capital at Devagiri (present-day Daulatabad in Maharashtra). It claimed descent from the Chandravanshi Yadavs of North India.
The 1881 census records of the British India state that "the Yadavas, who in their turn are identified with the Gaolis and Ahirs, were the dominant race at that time."[2][79]
Solaskars are another group that belong to the Kshatriya Yadav clan, and claim to be the successors of the Yadavas of Devagiri. They are the protectors of sixteen Shiva temples situated in the hillside region of Satara. Solashi (place of Solaskar) is in North Koregaon Area on the South East side of Khambatki Ghat while coming from Pune to Satara. The village is recognized by an old and nice temple of Shul-Pateshwar. On the North side of the village is a large mountain (same one of Khambati ghat) on which temples of Hareshwar and Dhareshwar were built. It has a height of 4000 meters. Solashi is one of the villages situated on the northern side of Koregaon. It is famous for the God Hareshwara. There are sixteen small temples of Lord Shiva around the entire village. All Solaskar families in Solashi are vegetarians.
The Jadhavs also claim descent from the Yaduvanshi clan.
Yadavs of Tamil Nadu and Kerala
Konar or Idaiyar or Tamil Yadavar[80] is a caste from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is a sub-division of Yadava community. They are also known as Ayars.When Yadavas became the rulers of the south, the "eer" of Aheer was sufixed with "Aya" making it "Ayeera" and Aiyar".[81]
Konars are distributed throughout the state of Tamil Nadu. They are one of the ancient Tamil castes.[82]
- Konar in ancient literature
Ilango Adigal had mentioned Konars of Madurai in his Tamil epic Silapathikaram, which is considered to be one of the five famous epics of Tamil literature. According to this epic, they gave accommodation for Kannagi. They occupied grasslands known as Mullai in Ancient Tamil country. Konars traditionally raise cows, goats and sheeps and sell milk.[83][84]
- Maniyani
(Kolaya, Ayar, Mayar, Maniyani and Iruman)[85]
Maniyani is a caste of Kerala that claims descent from Krishna. The Maniyani are the Kshatriyas of Kerala, India. Maniyanis are also known as Kola- Aya (Kolayars). They are the Yadavas of Kolathnadu and Thulunad.[86] They are seen in Kannur and Kasargod Districts. Ayar is a common surname for Yadavas through out India. They settled in north Kerala about 3000 years back. Kola is the name of Yadava clan who settled in North Kerala and Southern Karnataka.[87]
Ahirs of Gujarat
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Map_GujDist_Kuchchh.png/220px-Map_GujDist_Kuchchh.png)
The very ancient race of Ahir also appears in Gujrat, once a ruling race, as inscriptions and grants mention their princes. Traditionally they appear in frequent connection with the Yadava – in the Krishan legend. Some historians say they may be Turanian.[88][89]
There is a great concentration of Ahirs in Kutch, Jamnagar and Junagadh: of the 18 million Ahirs in India about 300,000 live in Kutch.[90] There are five main castes of Ahirs in Kutch: Pancholi, Prantharia, Mochhaya, Boricha, and Sorathia.
These communities are mainly of farmers who once sold milk and ghee but who now have diversified their businesses because of the irregularity of rain. Their mother tongue is Gujrati. "Ahirs in Jamnagar and Junagadh": There is large number of Ahir population in Jamnagar and Junagadh, who have been said to be migrated along with Lord Krishna during his migration from Mathura to Dwarka(Jamnagar). Ahirs in rural areas of Jamnagar and Junagadh are mainly involved in agriculture, while those migrated to cities of Jamnagar and Junagadh are involved in business of construction, real estate, travels agency and heavy construction machineries. Ahirs of Jamnagar region are the economically fastest developing community of Jamnagar in year 2009, with growth rate of around 80%.
All-India Yadav Mahasabha
The transformation of all Ahirs { Yaduvanshi Ahirs, Nadvanshi and Gwalvanshi } into Yaduvanshi Yadavs was promoted by the All India Yadav Mahasabha which was founded in 1927.[91][92] The emergence of an educated and religiously orthodox elite among the Yadavs, after the religious movements of Arya Samaj and Janeu movements led to the formation of the All-India Yadava Mahasabha in 1923 in Allahabad. The AIYM immediately engaged itself in two issues. It appealed to its castemen in all regions to add “Yadav” to their names and at the same time launched on a major programme of social reform. The regional organisation of the Hyderabad Rashtra Yadav Mahajana Samajam, for example, appealed to the Census Commission that their caste name Ahir be changed to Yadava.[93]
All India Yadav Mahasabha is also pressing Indian government for the formation of Yadav regiment in Indian Army after they showed their bravery in the 1965 Indo-China war. In 1966 the AIYM held its annual conference in Etawa, with Mulayam Singh Yadav as chairman of the reception committee and Rao Birender Singh the scion of the Rewari dynasty as president.[94] [95] [96] After Independence, the Yadavs have emerged as the leaders of the other backward classes. Prof. Rao’s study of the Yadava elite in the various states (based on the members and supporters of the All India Yadav Sabha and not on those of the rival All India Yadav Mahasabha) reveals the growth of varied business and professional groups within the caste category. Heading the list are businessmen who comprise roughly 21 per cent of the elite. They include dairy owners, contractors, tobacco and timber merchants, wholesale grass dealers, owners of engineering firms and other industries as well as restaurant owners. They are followed by the large farmers who comprise around 21 per cent of the Yadav elite. Politicians (MPs, MLAs, ministers, municipal councillors, district board members, office-bearers of political parties) constitute 17 percent of the elite and school and college teachers, doctors, lawyers and engineers together another 20 percent.[97][98]
Yadavs in the military
The Ahir/Yadav community has served the Indian armed and defense forces and laid down their lives to safeguard India. Some prominent battles fought by Ahir soldiers are the Indo-China war, the kargil war [99][100] Akshardham,[101] and Parliament attacks.[102]
Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav of the Indian army was awarded the highest Indian military honour, Param Vir Chakra for his actions during the Kargil War on 4 July 1999.
Namdev Jadhav received Victoria cross also during the Burma Campaign of the Second World war, Havaldar Umrao Singh,[103][104] a gunner, won the Victoria Cross; which is a world–wide symbol of the recognition of the highest form of bravery in the face of the enemy; in hand to hand combat with the Japanese infantry, when its do or die squads raided his gun position, in the Kaladan Valley. He killed ten of them with his bare hands armed only with the gun bearer (a heavy metallic tool) they found him exhausted and bleeding in the morning but still alive amidst a pile of Japanese corpses littered around the gun, which, remarkably, was found to be still fit for immediate firing.
In the Indo-China War of 1962, the Ahirs (almost all of them from the Ahirwal region of Southern Haryana) of 13 Kumaon Regiment set an unparallel example in the military history of Aryavart by defending their position at Rezang La in Ladakh district of Jammu and Kashmir. The battle of Rezang La, a ridge overlooking the strategic Chushul plains in Ladakh, to defend the highest air strip in the world located at 16,000 feet — just across the Chinese claim line — is a chapter in the history of the Indian army which has been compared by some Indian military historians with the famed Battle of Thermopylae [citation needed]. In the final phase of the Indo-China War of 1962, where Indian units typically offered little resistance while being routed by attacking PLA[disambiguation needed] forces, the Ahir Charlie Company from 13 Kumaon Regiment, set a rare example of raw courage, bravery and dedication by literally fighting to the last man. Of the 120 defenders, only four survived, all seriously wounded. The dead bodies of those who died were discovered after the winter, frozen, mostly holding their weapons but with no ammunition. According to some accounts, several jawans, having run out of ammunition, came out of the pickets and charged the enemy with bare hands. Lance Naik Ram Singh killed several Chinese soldiers after lifting and hitting them against the rocks. It is also believed that these jawans inflicted heavy casualties on the attackers. Of the 120 soldiers, 114 were Yadavas from Ahirwal region of Haryana, Rajasthan and Delhi.
On this horrific battle, Major-General Ian Cardozo, in his book Param Vir, Our Heroes In Battle writes, “When Rezang La was later revisited dead jawans were found in the trenches still holding on to their weapons... every single man of this company was found dead in his trench with several bullet or splinter wounds. The 2-inch mortar man died with a bomb still in his hand. The medical orderly had a syringe and bandage in his hands when the Chinese bullet hit him... Of the thousand mortar bombs with the defenders all but seven had been fired and the rest were ready to be fired when the (mortar) section was overrun.”
General T.N. Raina said, "You rarely come across such example in the annals of world military history when braving such heavy odds, the men fought till the last bullet and the last man. Certainly the Battle of Rezang La is such a shining example."
General K S Thimayya remarked, "I had said many years ago that the Army must have a Ahir Regiment. The supreme sacrifice of the Charlie Company has fulfilled my expectations. I hope a suitable memorial will be built in Ahirwal in their memory so that the generations to come may seek inspiration from the immense courage and valour of their forefathers."
The heroes who were awarded the Vir Chakra in 1962 defending Rezang La were Naik Hukum Chand (posthumous), Naik Gulab Singh Yadav, Lance-Naik Singh Ram (posthumous), Subedar Ram Kumar and Subedar Ram Chander Maha Vir Chakar Rao Chiman Singh, Gokulgarh, Rewari. All were from the Ahirwal region. [103][105][106]
A small memorial for the dead soldiers in Rezang La reads:
How can a man die better,
Than facing fearful odds,
For the ashes of his fathers,
And temples of his gods.
To the sacred memory of the Heroes of Rezang La,
114 Martyrs of 13 Kumaon who fought to the Last Man,
Last Round, Against Hordes of Chinese on 18 November 1962.
Built by All Ranks 13th Battalion, The Kumaon Regiment.
Dialects
Although the Abhiras constituted a distinct ethnic group, they spoke diverse regional dialects. The language of the Ahirs was known as Ahirani in Khandesh, resembling Marathi. While the Ahirs of Kathiawad and Kachh have a dialect which resembles Gujarathi (Bhandarkar, 1911:17). Abhira bhasha is in fact considered to be Apabhransha. In the ninth century BC, it had become the language of the people, and was spoken from Saurashtra, and Shastri (1967) proves that poetry was composed in the language around the sixth century BC. Suryavamsi (1962:14-15) mentions the following two dialects in addition to the ones above--Gaddi, which is currently the dialect spoken in Gadderan, on the outskirts of the Chamba and Kangra hills, and Gandi, spoken in some parts of Madhya Pradesh. Abhiri as a dialect has been recorded by Sanskrit poets such as Bharata and Dandin. Yadav (1916:15), notes that the dialect the people of Ahirwal in Haryana speak, has a resemblance to Rajasthani, and Grierson (1916:9), considers Ahirwati a branch of eastern Rajasthani and western Hindi.
Legends of the cowherd Krishna and his dances with cowherdesses are mentioned in the Sangam classics. The term Ayarpati (cowherd settlement) is found in Cilappatikaram (Iyer, 1950). It is argued that the term Ayar has been used for the Abhiras in ancient Tamil literature, and V. Kanakasabha Pillai (1904) derives Abhira from the Tamil wordAyir which also means cow. He equates the Ayars with Abhiras, and Suryavanshi (1962:17-18) treats this as evidence of migration of the Abhiras to the south in the first century AD.
Thus, linguistic evidence is used to support the argument that the Abhiras spread to different parts of India, and that they retained different but related cultural traditions. The most common denominator, as was pointed out earlier, was a descent from the Yadu dynasty and their association with cattle.[107] GUJARAT AHIR
Religious Seats of Yadavs
Besides chiefdoms and jagirs, the Yadavas had peethams (seats) granted to them by virtue of their religious powers. For instance, there were fourteen seats (peethams) among the Yadavas of Warangal according to a sanad granted in 1425 (Shaka Samvat), by Sree Pratapa Rudra, Maharaja of Warangal, to Sree Kondiah Guru, as the head of the fourteen seats. Subsequently when Bhagyanagar was founded by Sultan Abdulla of Kutub Shahi in AD 1560 the rights of the Yadavas were acknowledged and recognized, and the name Golkonda was substituted for Manugal.[citation needed]
According to the charter awarded by the Sultan Abdullah of Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1071 Hijri, Kondiah built the fort for the Sultan by using his charisma in resolving the mystery of the site, and also discovered for him gold coins buried underground. In return, the Sultan gave him the Charter conferring upon Kondiah the rights and privileges due to the head of the fourteen seats, and of twelve classes of Gollas and two classes of shepherds (Kuruba Gollas). Kondiah, although a follower of Basaveshwara (Lingayat), was the head of the Yadava Peethams. Perhaps the Gollas at this time were under the influence of Veerasaivism, although they were incorporated into the Yadava category.[108]
See also
References
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HARYANA IS A YADAV STATE