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Thiruvananthapuram pronunciationⓘ (Malayalam: തിരുവനന്തപുരം), formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala and the headquarters of Thiruvananthapuram District. It is located on the west coast of India near the extreme south of the mainland. It is characterized by its undulating terrain of low coastal hills with wide, clean roads and busy commercial alleys. Mahatma Gandhi had referred to this lovely beach side city built on hills as the "Ever Green City of India". With almost 745,000 inhabitants at the 2001 census,[1] the city itself is the largest and most populous city in Kerala; the wider urban agglomeration has a population of about one million.[2]

The city is the State Capital and houses several Central and State Government offices, organizations and companies. Apart from being the political nerve center of Kerala, it is also a major academic hub and is home to several premier educational institutions including the Kerala University, and to many science and technology institutions, the most prominent being the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC). The city also has the first Information technology park of its kind and first Biotechnology Center, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology (RGCB) of its kind in India. Situated near Kazhakoottam, Technopark is home to many of the world's leading technology companies.[3]

Origin of name

Thiruvananthapuram literally means City of Lord Anantha in Malayalam. The name derives from the deity of the Hindu temple at the centre of the city. Anantha is the serpent Shesha on whom Padmanabhan or Vishnu reclines. The temple of Vishnu reclining on Anantha, the Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple is the most recognizable iconic landmark of the city. The city was officially referred to as Trivandrum in English language until 1991, when the government decided in favour of Thiruvananthapuram. The name Trivandrum is still in common use mostly by tourists and some private/public sector companies.

History

Main article: Thiruvananthapuram History

Thiruvananthapuram is an ancient city with trading traditions dating back to 1000 BC. It was a trading post for spices like the rest of ancient Kerala. However, the ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The early rulers of the city were the Ays. With their fall in the 10th century, the city was taken over by the rulers of Venad.[4]

The rise of modern Thiruvananthapuram began with accession of Marthanda Varma in 1729 as the founding ruler of the princely state of Thiruvithamkoor (Travancore). Thiruvananthapuram was made the capital of Travancore in 1745. The city developed into a major intellectual and artistic center during this period of time. The golden age in the city's history was during the mid 19th century during the reign of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal and Maharaja Ayilyam Thirunal. This era saw the establishment of the first English school (1834), the Observatory (1836), the General Hospital (1839), the Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library and the University College (1873). The first Lunatic Asylum in the state was also started in the same period. Sanskrit College, Ayurveda College, Law College and a second grade college for Women were started by Moolam Thirunal (1885–1924).

The early 19th century was an age of tremendous political and social changes in the city. The Sree Moolam Assembly, established in 1904 was the first democratically elected legislative council in any Indian state. Despite not being under direct control the British Empire at anytime, the city however featured prominently in India's freedom struggle. The Indian National Congress had a very active presence in the city. A political conference of the Congress was held in the city under the presidency of Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramaiah, in 1938.

The period of HH Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma who took the reign of administration in 1931, witnessed many-sided progress. The promulgation of "Temple Entry Proclamation" (1936), was an act that underlined social emancipation. This era also saw the establishment of the University of Travancore in 1937 which later became the Kerala University.

After the withdrawal of the British in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian union. The first popular ministry headed by Pattom Thanu Pillai was installed in office on 24 March 1948. In 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of Thiru-Kochi, the state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbour Kochi. The King of Travancore, Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma became the Rajpramukh of the Travancore-Cochin Union from July 1 1949 until October 31 1956. When the state of Kerala was formed on November 1 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of the new state.

With the establishment of TERLS (Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station) in the 60s, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space program. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) located in the outskirts of the city in 1966. Several establishments of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.[5]

A major milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment in 1995 of Technopark, India's first IT park.[6] Technopark has developed into the largest and greenest IT Park in India and is home to IT giants like Infosys and TCS, employing around 12,000 people in close to 100 companies.[7] This placed Thiruvananthapuram on the IT map of India and it is today one of the most promising in the country in terms of competitiveness and capability.

Geography

File:Ponmudi tvm.JPG
A view from Ponmudi

Thiruvananthapuram is built on hills by the sea shore and is located at 8°30′N 76°54′E / 8.5°N 76.9°E / 8.5; 76.9 on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India. The city covers an area of about 250 square kilometers, sandwiched between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. The average elevation is at sea level.

The area can be divided into two geographical regions, the midlands and the lowlands. The midland region comprises of low hills and valleys adjoining the Ghats. The lowland is a narrow stretch comprising of shorelines, rivers and deltas, dotted with coconut palms. Vellayani lake, biggest fresh water lake in the district is in the suburbs of the city. The major rivers that flow through the city are the Karamana river, and the Killi river.

There are highlands, which form the eastern suburbs of the city. The highest point in the district is the Agasthyarkoodam which rises 1890 m above sea level. Ponmudi and Mukkunimala are hill-resorts near the city.


Climate

The city has a tropical climate and therefore does not experience distinct seasons. The mean maximum temperature 34 °C and the mean minimum temperature is 21 °C. The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the monsoon season.[8]Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the south-west monsoons and gets its first showers in early June. The city gets heavy rainfall of around 1700 mm per year. The city also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. The dry season sets in by December. December, January and February are the coldest months while March, April and May are the hottest. The winter temperature comes down to about 15 °C and summer temperatures can sometimes go as high as 37 °C.[9]

Economy

Main article: Thiruvananthapuram Economy
A View of a Technopark building

The economy of Thiruvananthapuram city was earlier based on the tertiary sector with about 60% of the workforce being employed as government servants. Large scale industrial establishments are low compared to other south Indian state capitals like Chennai and Bangalore. At present the economy is growing with the contributions from more professionals in the fields of IT, and Medical/Bio-Technology. The city contributes 80% of software exports from the state. The opening of many private Television channels in the state, made Thiruvananthapuram the home of several studios and related industries.

Since the establishment of Technopark in 1995, Thiruvananthapuram has steadily grown into a competitive IT centre. The city was rated as the best 2nd tier metro with IT/ITES infrastructure, and second in terms of availability of human talent.[10] [11] Technopark houses global majors like Infosys, TCS, McKinsey & Co., Ernst & Young, Allianz Cornhill, Toonz, US Technologies, M-Squared etc. The park has around 110 companies employing over 12,500 professionals. With the expansion plans to be completed in 2007–08, this figure is to rise to about 30,000. The work in progress include 600,000 ft² Thejaswini to be completed in October 2006, 400,000 ft² TCS Peepul Park in May 2006 and TCS Development Centre. Work on Leela IT building, IBS Campus, US Tech Campus and Infosys campus is due to commence shortly.[12]

Tourism has also contributed heavily to the economy of Thiruvananthapuram. Foreign tourists are flocking to Thiruvananthapuram, a major destination for chartered flights to India for Medical tourism, as there are more than fifty recognised Ayurveda centres in and around the city. This is primarily due to Ayurveda's immense popularity in the West. Medical tourism is further promoted by world class modern medicine hospitals in the city. Recuperation facilities are available at five star beach resorts and hill stations nearby.

There are around 20 government owned and 60 privately owned medium and large scale industrial units in Thiruvanathapuram. The major employers are the Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC), Keltron, Travancore Titanium and Hindustan Latex, all government owned. There are also about 30,000 small scale industrial units employing around 115,000 people. Traditional industries include handloom and coir.[13]

File:Pic4.jpg
Vizhinjam Port site

Commercial activity is quite low mainly due to the under-development of ports. However, this is expected to change with the construction of the proposed mega Deep Water Container Transshipment Port at Vizhinjam [14] . Situated close to the city, Vizhinjam is very close to international shipping routes and the East-West shipping axis and hardly require maintenance dredging [15] . Other major organizations of economic interest are the Chithranjali Film Complex, Kinfra Apparel Park, Kinfra Film and Video Park, Kerala High-tech Industries (KELTECH), Kerala Automobiles and the English Indian Clays Ltd.

Government and politics

The city is administered by the Trivandrum Corporation headed by the Mayor. The city council is democratically elected and comprises of 84 members representing the different city wards. Several agencies work under or in partnership with the Corporation including the Trivandrum Development Authority (TRIDA) and Trivandrum Road Development Corporation.

Kerala Legislative Assembly Building

Most of the city comes under the Thiruvananthapuram Lok Sabha constituency. Some northern wards of the city come under the Chirayinkeezhu constituency. The city contributes to six legislative assembly seats namely Kazhakoottam, Thiruvananthapuram North, Thiruvananthapuram West, Thiruvananthapuram East, Nemom and Kovalam.

The city police is headed by a Police Commissioner an officer of IPS rank. The city is divided three police sub-divisions headed by Assistant Commissioners. There are also two traffic sub-divisions. A women's cell and a narcotics control cell also operate in the city. The other units of Thiruvananthapuram city police includes Crime Detachment, City Special Branch, Dog Squad, Mounted Police, District Crime Records Bureau, Foreigners Registration Office (FRO), Tourist Police and District Armed Reserve.[16] There are two state Armed Police Battalions and a unit of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) based in Trivandrum. The CRPF has a Group Head Quarters (GHQ) located at Pallipuram. There is also a large army cantonment in Pangode where some regiments of the Indian Army are based.

Thiruvananthapuram is the capital of Kerala and hence the state legislative assembly and Secretariat are located here. The city is also the headquarters of the Thiruvananthapuram district. The only foreign mission in the city is the Consulate of Maldives.[17]

Transport

A typical road in Thiruvananthapuram City

Within the city, city buses and autorickshaws provide means of transportation. Two-wheelers, especially scooters and motorcycles are the favoured means of personal transportation on the roads.

The intra-city public transport is dominated by the state-owned KSRTC (Kerala State Road Transport Corporation). There are also private bus services, but are limited in number. The city services of KSRTC operate from six depots namely, the City depot, Vikas Bhavan, Peroorkada, Pappanamcode, Kaniyapuram and Vellanad. These services were revamped in 2005 with the introduction of modern buses and electronic ticketing mechanisms. The central city bus terminal is located at East fort, near the Padmanabha Swamy temple. The Central and Inter State bus station is located 1 km away at Thampanoor. Buses from it go to all major towns and villages in the State as well as big cities in India such as Bangalore and Chennai.

Trivandrum Central

The Central railway station is also located at Thampanoor in the heart of the city, 8 km from the airport. It is a very important terminus which handles over 50 trains daily. The city is well connected by rail to almost all major cities in India. Trivandrum is the first major city from south along the second longest train route in the world, Kanyakumari to Jammu. A second satellite station was opened in 2005 at Kochuveli, near the International Airport.

Thiruvananthapuram's international airport, with direct flights from the Middle East, Singapore, Maldives and Sri Lanka is the gateway to the tourism-rich state of Kerala. Indian Airlines, Jet Airways and Air Deccan are the domestic airlines operating from here. Air India, Gulf Air, Oman Air, Kuwait Airways,Silkair, Srilankan Airlines and Emirates operate international flights. There are also two military airports one near the civilian airport and the other at the Southern Air Command of the Indian Air Force in Akkulam. Apart from regular scheduled flights, many chartered flights from Europe like First Choice Airways from London Gatwick and Monarch, operating with big jets, land here during the peak tourist season (around December); with Kerala fast becoming a prime tourist destination in India, and also with Ayurveda gaining popularity in the west, several beach and ayurveda-resorts have sprung up all around. Thiruvanthapuram airport's importance is also due to the fact that it is the southernmost airport in India and also the closest (and thus cheapest option) for neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka and Maldives.

File:Image(55).jpg
Trivandrum International Airport

The construction of the mega Deep Water Container Trans-shipment Port at Vizhinjam is expected to begin in 2007. It is to be built in three phases, and expected to be a key competitor in the ports business (especially for container transhipment), with the international shipping lanes between Europe and the Far East very close to the port, and also with major ports like Colombo, Kochi and Tuticorin in close proximity [18].

The exponential growth of the services and IT based sectors coupled with its prominence as the state capital and tourist centre has caused considerable strain on the transport infrastructure of the city. To tackle this crisis, several multi-million dollar construction projects are now underway including the construction of several new underpasses and flyovers, scheduled to be completed by early 2007. In the first phase, 42 km of six-lane and four-lane dual carriage ways are being built, with world class facilities such as bus bays, modern bus stations and GPS synchronised traffic signals.

Demographics

The view of the city towards the area where the Kerala Legislative Assembly Building stands

The city has a population of 889,191 according to the 2001 census (crossing 1 million on Jan 2006). Within the city, the density of population is about 3,500 people per square kilometer. The district has a literacy rate of 90%. With the sex ratio being 1,037 females to every 1,000 males, there are more women in Thiruvananthapuram than men.

Hindus comprise of 62% of the population, Christians are about 20% and Muslims about 15%. The major language spoken is Malayalam. English and Hindi are also widely understood. There is also a prominent minority of Tamil speakers and a few Tulu and Konkani speakers.

Culture

Main article: Thiruvananthapuram Culture
Kovalam beach, a popular tourist destination

Thiruvananthapuram has a rich cultural background, with the rulers of erstwhile Travancore taking an active interest in development of arts and culture. Thiruvananthapuram has produced several great artists, the most famous ones being Maharaja Swathi Thirunal [19]and Raja Ravi Varma.

Maharaja Swathi Thirunal was a great composer and played a vital role in the development of Carnatic music [20]. He is widely credited with introducing the violin in to the world of classical Carnatic music. A music college in his name exists today in the city. Raja Ravi Varma was an illustrious painter with global recognition. His contributions to Indian art are substantial. Most of his famous paintings are preserved at the Sree Chithra Art Gallery in the city. The Padmanabha Swamy Temple and the fort surrounding it, the Napier Museum and Zoo, the VJT hall, Palayam Mosque and Church are among the prominent heritage buildings in the city. The Veli Lake and Shangumukham beach are home to various sculptures of noted sculptor Kanhai Kunjiraman.

Trivandrum Public library

Thiruvananthapuram easily disguises itself as a laid back quiet city to the casual observer. However, beneath it, there is a humdrum of cultural activity. The city comes to life during the festival season of Onam in August/September, and during the tourist season later in the year. The state government conducts the tourism week celebrations every year during Onam with cultural events taking place at various centers in the city. The other major events include the annual flower show, the Attukal Pongala, the Aaraat of Padmanabha Swamy Temple, the Beemapally Uroos, Vettucaud Perunaal etc [21].

The CVN Kalari at East Fort, is world renowned center for training in Kerala's own martial art the Kalaripayattu. The Margi center offers training in many of Kerala's traditional arts including Kathakali.

Trivandrum has numerous libraries, the prominent ones being the State Central Library (Trivandrum Public library, Est. 1829)[22], the University Library, Trivandrum Children's Library, Manuscripts Library and the Center for Development Studies Library. The British Council and Library (Est. 1964) [23] is located very near the Government Secretariat adjacent to the YMCA Hostel.

Education

Thiruvananthapuram is a major academic hub. The University of Kerala is located here. The city also has several professional education colleges including fifteen engineering colleges, three medical colleges, three Ayurveda colleges, two Homeopathy colleges, six other medical related colleges, and some law colleges.[24] Trivandrum Medical College, the premier health institute of the state is also one of the finest in the country. It is being upgraded to the status of an All India Institute of Medical Sciences(AIIMS). The College of Engineering, Trivandrum is one of the prominent engineering institutions in the country. The Asian School of Business and IIITM-K are two of the other top class institutions in the city, both situated inside Technopark.

There are about 900 schools in Thiruvananthapuram district.[25]. The public schools are run directly by the state government and follow the syllabus prescribed by the state government. In addition to this there are also four Kendriya Vidyalayas run directly by the Central government which follow the CBSE syllabus and private schools run by educational trusts or boards which follow CBSE and/or ICSE syllabus. Trivandrum also has Kerala's first International school — The Trivandrum International School. The literacy rate in Thiruvananthapuram, according to the 2001 census, is 89.36 percent; 92.68 percent among males and 86.26 percent among females [26].

The Government of India has announced that an IIT or the new campus of IIT-Madras will be setup in Trivandrum. 250 acres of land in the hill resort of Ponmudi have been identified for the purpose [27]

Science and Technology

Thiruvananthapuram is a Research and Development hub in the fields of space science, information technology, bio-technology, medicine and so on. It is home to a cluster of research centres to rival any in the world, which include


See also: Colleges in Trivandum and Schools in Trivandrum

Media

Main article: Media in Trivandrum

Daily newspapers are available in English and Malayalam. The English newspapers with editions from Thiruvananthapuram are The New Indian Express and The Hindu. The major Malayalam newspapers are Mathrubhumi, Malayala Manorama, Kerala Kaumudi, Desabhimani, Madhyamam and Mangalam.

Most Malayalam TV channels are based in Thiruvananthapuram. The government owned Doordarshan began broadcasting from here in 1981. Asianet was the first private Malayalam channel and began operations in 1991. The other channels now based in Thiruvananthapuram are Surya TV, Amrita TV, Kairali TV, Kiran TV (Youth channel of Surya TV) Asianet Plus (Youth channel of Asianet) and People (News and current affairs channel of Kairali TV). The local cable services are provided by Asianet Satellite Communications Limited(Cable TV Services wing of Asianet). and Siti Cable and they provide a bouquet of local channels in addition to all the Indian channels. DTH services are available through Doordarshan Direct Plus and Dish TV. All India Radio has an AM (1161 MHz) and an FM (101.9 MHz) station for the city. The first private FM channel, "Radio DC" has commenced operations recently.

There are over 20 cinema halls which screen movies in Malayalam, Tamil, English and Hindi. There are also two movie studios in the city, Chithranjali and Merryland. The Kinfra Film and Video Park is located near Technopark and is one of the most advanced film and animation production facilities in India. Leading firms like Prasad Labs have their facilities here. The International Film Festival of Kerala (IFFK) is held in November every year and is acknowledged as one of the leading such events in India.

The basic telephone services are provided by BSNL, Reliance and Tata Indicom. The cellular networks operating in the city are BSNL CellOne, Airtel, Idea Cellular, Hutch (all GSM) and Reliance (CDMA). The number of mobile phone connections have increased exponentially since the late 90s. Broadband internet services are provided by Asianet Dataline, Siti Cable and BSNL DataOne. The major dial-up internet providers are BSNL NetOne, Kerala Online and KelNet among others. Trivandrum also holds the distinction of having been the first 100% Digital SSA in India.

Sports

Chandrashekaran Nair Football Stadium

The most popular sports are football and cricket.[28] Basketball, badminton and volleyball are also popular, mostly in schools. The Kerala Cricket Association(KCA) is Head Quartered in Trivandrum. The HQ complex of KCA, have advance facilities including two practice turfs with nets, bowling machines, gymnasium with multi-gym and equipment for aerobic training, lecture hall and library, an astro-turf indoor coaching facility, fully furnished accommodation for coaches and players, a physiotherapy clinic, functional office facilities and guest rooms. KCA has decided to establish an international cricket stadium in the city suburbs.[29] The Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium is a prominent football stadium and has hosted both national and international level matches. The University stadium has hosted two international cricket matches. This stadium is under University of Kerala and is equipped with synthetic tracks for athletics games. The Jimmy George Sports Complex, the GV Raja Sports School and Lakshmi Bhai National College for Physical Education (LNCPE) are the other major sports establishments in the city. The city also has a Golf Club, one of the oldest in India, and a Tennis Club (Trivandrum Tennis Club/TTC)both located at Kawdiar. The golf course is widely acceped as the oldest course outside Great Britain. The city fields two football clubs SBT-Trivandrum, and Titanium, in the second division of the National Football League.

City's Importance and Future prospects

The importance of the city, apart from being the capital of India’s most literate [30] and socially developed state [31] [32] , is a strategically important city in Southern India. Being the biggest city with a credible infrastructure in India’s deep south, it is an important city for both military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country. It is the headquarters of the Southern Air Command(SAC) of the Indian Air Force [33]. Due to the strategic importance of the city, the Indian Air Force authorities have planned to make an aerospace command in SAC[34]. The plan for setting up a new "Tri-Service Command", which will integrate all the three forces under a single command, is also in the pipeline[35].

Gandhi Park in East fort

Being the Indian city with the closest air link to the small island-country of Maldives and also Sri Lanka, the city’s medical and health infrastructure plays a vital role for patients from both countries, especially Maldives [36]. Apart from regular health and medical services, the city is also important for people from around the world seeking help through Ayurveda medicine and therapy. Beach resorts and also ayurveda resorts are coming up at a rapid pace, especially along the International Beach of Kovalam and Varkala coast.

Exports of perishables and medicines from Trivandrum Airport run to full capacity on everyday flights to Maldives and Sri Lanka. Trivandrum also provides a key link in movement of goods and passengers to and from southern Tamilnadu into Kerala, the state border being just 30 km away.

The future prospects of Trivandrum are manifold. Potential future growth areas include Tourism (medical and eco-tourism), civil aviation and air-cargo, commercial activity through upcoming port (at Vizhinjam) [18], software development parks, media and the arts, rubber-based industries, etc. Much of this high potential growth would depend on the investment and trade union reforms of the government of Kerala.


See also

Template:Topics related to Thiruvananthapuram

Notes

  1. ^ "Population of Trivandrum City". Kerala city populations. City Population. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
  2. ^ "Population of Trivandrum UA". City Population. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
  3. ^ "IT companies in Technopark". Kerala State IT Mission. Retrieved 2006-05-24.
  4. ^ "History of Thiruvananthapuram". Kerala PRD. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
  5. ^ "VSSC Trivandrum". Indian Space Research Organisation. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
  6. ^ "First IT Park in Kerala". Kerala State IT Mission. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  7. ^ "IT Companies in Kerala". Kerala State IT Mission. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  8. ^ "Trivandrum Climate". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  9. ^ "Trivandrum Climate". Kerala PRD. Retrieved 2006-05-23.
  10. ^ "Technopark ranked first". ciol. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  11. ^ "First IT Park in Kerala". Kerala State IT Mission. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  12. ^ "Technopark - Greenest Tech Park". Technopark. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  13. ^ "Statistical data". Kerala Government. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  14. ^ "Vizhinjam terminal will reduce movement cost - Boost the economy". The Hindu Business Line. 2005-08-29. Retrieved 2006-09-18.
  15. ^ "Features of Vizhinjam Port" (PDF). Kerala Government. Retrieved 2006-09-22.
  16. ^ "City Police of Thiruvananthapuram". General Information. Thiruvananthapuram City Police. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  17. ^ "Consulate / Embassy in Trivandrum". Embassies and Consulates in India . High Commission of the Republic of Maldives. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  18. ^ a b "Vizhinjam - Data Sheet". Dept of ports, Kerala Government. Retrieved 2006-09-22.
  19. ^ "Life of HH Swathi Thirunal". Swathi Thirunal's life. C-Dit. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  20. ^ "Swathi Thirunal; Musician and ruler" (PDF). Swathi Thirunal's reign. Kerala Government. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  21. ^ "Festivals". A look in to the Festivals in Thiruvananthapuram . Kerala Government. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  22. ^ "Trivandrum Public Library". State Central Library . Government of Kerala. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  23. ^ "British Library in Trivandrum city". Libraries in India under the British council. Kerala State IT Mission. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  24. ^ "Technical Education in Kerala - Department of Technical education". Professional Colleges in Thiruvananthapuram. Kerala Government. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  25. ^ "Education in Thiruvananthapuram". Schools in Thiruvananthapuram. Kerala Government. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  26. ^ "Literacy rate in Thiruvananthapuram". Education status in Kerala. Kerala Government. Retrieved 2006-09-26.
  27. ^ "IIT dream to take shape at Vithura". New Indian Express. 2006-08-21. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
  28. ^ "Football and Cricket - the Most Popular Games". Games in Kerala. Informations and Public relations office of Kerala. Retrieved 2006-06-12.
  29. ^ "KCA to establish international stadium in Thiruvananthapuram". The Hindu. 2006-07-31. Retrieved 2006-08-28.
  30. ^ "Literacy rate in Indian states and Union Territories". Number of Literates & Literacy Rates (Excluding J & K). Census Department. Retrieved 2006-09-16.
  31. ^ "Kerala: Human Development Fact Sheet" (PDF). "Kerala: Human Development Fact Sheet". United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Retrieved 2006-09-16.
  32. ^ "Kerala Model" (PDF). "EFA (Education for All) Global Monitoring Report",(2003). UNESCO. Retrieved 2006-09-16.
  33. ^ "Southern Air Command, Akkulam, Trivandrum". Air Commands in India . Indian Air Force. Retrieved 2006-08-29.
  34. ^ "SAC to be made aerospace command soon". The Hindu. 2005-10-09. Retrieved 2006-08-25.
  35. ^ "Tri-service command likely at Thiruvananthapuram". WebIndia. 2006-08-30. Retrieved 2006-09-15.
  36. ^ "Maldivian embassy - Independence day celebration". Embassy news. High Commission of the Republic of Maldives. 2006-07-26. Retrieved 2006-08-25.

External links

References

  • Manorama Yearbook 1995 (Malayalam Edition) ISSN 0970-9096
  • Manorama Yearbook 2003 (English Edition) ISBN 81-900461-8-7
  • Frank Modern Certificate Geography II ISBN 8-171-70007-1
  • Growing Populations, Changing Landscapes - Studies from India, China and United States 2001 (National Academy Press, Washington DC)

Template:India state and UT capitals

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