List of religions and spiritual traditions
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RELIGIONES.png/220px-RELIGIONES.png)
Religion is a collection of cultural systems, beliefs and world views that establishes symbols relating humanity to spirituality and, often, to moral values. While religion is hard to define, one standard model of religion, used in religious studies courses, was proposed by Clifford Geertz, who simply called it a "cultural system."[1] A critique of Geertz's model by Talal Asad categorized religion as "an anthropological category."[2] Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions in the world.[3]
The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a god or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, music, art, dance, public service or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal and supernatural experiences.[4][5]
Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[6] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[7] and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.
Abrahamic religions
A group of monotheistic traditions sometimes grouped with one another for comparative purposes, because all refer to a patriarch named Abraham.
Bábism
Bahá'í Faith
Black Hebrew Israelites
Christianity
Eastern Christianity
- Church of the East (incorrectly called "Nestorian")
- Eastern Catholic Churches (autonomous churches within the Catholic Church that includes different types of Rites like Byzantine Rite or West Syriac Rite)
- Albanian Greek Catholic Church
- Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
- Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church
- Byzantine Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia
- Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
- Hungarian Byzantine Catholic Church
- Italo-Albanian Catholic Church, a.k.a. Italo-Greek Catholic Church
- Macedonian Catholic Church
- Melkite Greek Catholic Church
- Romanian Catholic Church
- Russian Greek Catholic Church
- Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church, usually called the "Byzantine Catholic Church" in the United States
- Slovak Greek Catholic Church
- Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
- Chaldean Catholic Church
- Syriac Catholic Church
- Maronite Church
- Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
- Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
- Oriental Orthodox Churches (called Non-Chalcedonian or "Miaphysite"/"Monophysite")
- Armenian Apostolic Church
- Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria
- Syriac Orthodox Church
- Ethiopian Orthodox Church and
- Eritrean Orthodox Church, as well as a portion of the St. Thomas Christians in India.
- Orthodox Church (called "Eastern Orthodox")
- Greek Orthodox Church
- Serbian Orthodox Church
- Russian Orthodox Church
- Romanian Orthodox Church
- Bulgarian Orthodox Church
- Georgian Orthodox Church
- Greek Old Calendarists (called "Genuine Orthodox" or "True Orthodox")
- Russian Old Believers (or "Old Ritualists")
- Spiritual Christianity
Western Christianity
- Protestantism
- Anabaptists (Radical Protestants)
- Anglicanism
- Baptists
- Black church
- Christian deism and Christian atheism
- Confessing Movement
- Evangelicalism
- Hussites (Historical)
- Moravians (Historical)
- Jesuism
- Lollardy (Historical)
- Lutheranism
- Methodism
- Pentecostalism
- Reformed churches
- Amyraldism (called "four-point Calvinism")
- Arminianism
- Calvinism
- Christian Reconstructionism
- Congregational churches
- Continental Reformed churches: such as the Swiss Reformed, Dutch Reformed, and French Huguenot churches
- Neo-Calvinism
- Presbyterianism
- Quakers ("Friends")
- Zwinglianism
- Restoration movement
- Waldensians (Historical)
- Roman Catholic Church (called Roman Catholicism or "Catholicism"; subsisting predominantly in the Latin Church)
- Unitarianism
- Western esotericism
- Behmenism
- Christian Kabbalah
- Martinism
- Rosicrucianism
- Swedenborgianism (or "The New Church")
Other
Certain Christian groups are difficult to classify as "Eastern" or "Western."
- Christian Gnosticism
- Christian Universalism
- Nontrinitarianism
- Messianic Judaism
- Rastafari
- Unification Church
- Eastern Lightning
- Arianism (Historical)
- Ebionites (Historical)
- Marcionism (Historical)
Gnostic
Many Gnostic groups were closely related to early Christianity, for example, Valentinism. Irenaeus wrote polemics against them from the standpoint of the then-unified Catholic Church.[8]
- Bagnolians (Historical)
- Bosnian Church (Historical)
- Cerdonians (Historical)
- Colarbasians (Historical)
- Simonians (Historical)
- Bogomilism (Historical)
- Catharism (Historical)
- Yazidis (a syncretic Kurdish religion with a Gnostic influence)
- Sethianism (Historical)
- Basilideans (Historical)
- Valentinianism (Historical)
- Bardesanite School (Historical)
Druze
Islam
- Ahmadiyya
- Black Muslims
- American Society of Muslims
- Five-Percent Nation
- Moorish Orthodox Church of America
- Moorish Science Temple of America
- Nation of Islam
- United Nation of Islam
- Islamism
- Khawarij
- Azraqi (Historical)
- Haruriyyah (Historical)
- Ibadi
- Sufri (Historical)
- Shia Islam
- Sufism
- Chishti Order
- Mevlevi Order
- Naqshbandi
- Qadiriyya
- Suhrawardiyya
- Tariqa
- Tijaniyyah
- Alevism
- Moorish Orthodox Church of America
Recent Sufi groups
- Sunni Islam
- Quranism
- Other
- Al-Fatiha Foundation
- Canadian Muslim Union
- European Islam
- Ittifaq al-Muslimin
- Jadid
- Jamaat al Muslimeen
- Liberal movements within Islam
- Mahdavia
- Muslim Canadian Congress
- Progressive British Muslims
- Progressive Muslim Union
- Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi
- Yarsanism
- Xidaotang
Judaism
Beta Israel
Karaite Judaism
Noahidism
Noahidism is a monotheistic ideology based on the Seven Laws of Noah, and on their traditional interpretations within Rabbinic Judaism. According to Jewish law, non-Jews are not obligated to convert to Judaism, but they are required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah.
Rabbinic Judaism
- Conservative (Masorti) Judaism
- Humanistic Judaism (not always identified as a religion)
- Jewish Renewal
- Orthodox Judaism
- Reconstructionist Judaism
- Reform Judaism
Samaritanism
Samaritans use a slightly different version of the Pentateuch as their Torah, worshiping at Mount Gerizim instead of Jerusalem, and are possibly the descendants of the lost Northern Kingdom. They are definitely of ancient Israelite origin, but their status as Jews is disputed.[9]
Second Temple Judaism
- Essenes (Historical)
- Pharisees (ancestor of Rabbinic Judaism) (Historical)
- Sadducees (possible ancestor of Karaite Judaism) (Historical)
- Zealots (Judea) (Historical)
- Sicarii (Historical)
- Messianic sects (Historical)
- Ebionites (Historical)
- Elcesaites (Historical)
- Nazarenes (Historical)
- Sabbateans (Historical)
- Frankism (Historical)
Mandaeism
Rastafari movement
Shabakism
Iranian religions
Mandaeism
Manichaeism
Mithraism
Bábism
Bahá'í Faith
Yazdânism
- Alevi (this is contested; most Alevi consider themselves to be Shia or Sufi Muslims, but a minority adhere to the Yazdani interpretation)
- Yarsani
- Yazidi
Zoroastrianism
- Behafaridians (Historical)
- Mazdakism (Historical)
- Zurvanism (Historical)
- Khurramites (syncretism with Shi'a Islam) (Historical)
Indian religions
Indian religions are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.
Bhakti movement
Buddhism
- Nikaya schools (which have historically been incorrectly called Hinayana in the West)
- Buddha-nature
- Daśabhūmikā (absorbed into Huayan)
- Huayan school (Avataṃsaka)
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Madhyamaka
- East Asian Mādhyamaka (Three Treatise school)
- Jonang
- Prasaṅgika
- Svatantrika
- Nichiren Buddhism
- Pure Land Buddhism
- Theravada
- Bangladeshi Sangharaj Nikaya
- Bangladeshi Mahasthabir Nikaya
- Burmese Dwara Nikaya
- Burmese Shwegyin Nikaya
- Burmese Thudhamma Nikaya
- Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples
- Sri Lankan Amarapura Nikaya
- Sri Lankan Ramañña Nikaya
- Sri Lankan Siam Nikaya
- Thai Dhammayuttika Nikaya
- Thai Forest Tradition
- Tradition of Ajahn Chah
- Thai Forest Tradition
- Thai Maha Nikaya
- Vipassana movement
- Buddha-nature
- Mahayana
- Vajrayana
- Navayana
- New Buddhist movements
- Global variants of Buddhism
Din-I Ilahi
Hinduism
- Ayyavazhi (sometimes classified as an independent religion)
- Shaivism
- Shaktism
- Shrauta
- Smartism
- Swaminarayan
- Tantrism
- Vaishnavism
- Hindu reform movements
- The Osho or Rajneesh movement
- Major schools and movements of Hindu philosophy
- Nyaya
- Purva mimamsa
- Samkhya
- Vaisheshika
- Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa)
- Yoga
Jainism
Meivazhi
Sikhism
- Akhand Kirtani Jatha (AKJ)
- Amritdhari Sikh
- Brahm Bunga Trust (Dodra)
- Bhaniara Bhavsagar (splinter)
- Bhindrawale Jatha (fundamentalism)
- Brindaban Matt
- Damdami Taksal (DDT) (hierarchical leadership)
- Dera Sacha Sauda (splinter)
- Haripagni
- Kahna Dhesian (splinter cult)
- Kutta Marg
- Mahant Sikh
- Minas (Mirharvan) (excommunicated from Panth)
- Namdhari Sikh (Kuka) (sect)
- Nanakpanthi
- Neeldhari Panth
- Nihang (Akali)
- Nikalsaini
- Niranjaniye
- Nirankari (sect)
- Nirmala Panth
- Nirvair Khalsa Daal
- Non-Denominational Kesdhari
- Parsadhi Sikh
- Sewapanthi
- Prof. Darshan Singh Khalsa (SGGS Academy)
- Radhaswami Sikh (splinter)
- Ramraiyya (Ram Rai) (excommunicated from Panth)
- Ravidassia Dharam
- [Samparda Bindra]]
- Sanatan Sikh Sabha (supported through RSS)
- Sant Mat Movement
- Sant Nirankari Mission (splinter)
- Sanwal Shahi
- Sehejdhari Daal
- Sikh Dharma International (SDI)
- Sindhi Sikhi
- Suthra Shahi
- Tapoban Tat-Gurmat
- Udasi Sikh
Other
- Ajivika (historical)
East Asian religions
Confucianism
Shinto
Shinto-inspired religions
Taoism
- Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
- Way of the Celestial Masters
- Zhengyi Dao ("Way of the Right Oneness")
- Way of the Celestial Masters
- Taipingjing-based movements
- Shangqing School ("School of the Highest Clarity")
- Lingbao School ("School of the Numinous Treasure")
- Quanzhen School ("Way of the Fulfilled Virtue")
- Wuliupai ("School of Wu-Liu")
- Yao Taoism (Meishanism)
- Faism (Redhead Taoism)
- Xuanxue (Neo-Taoism)
Taoism-inspired religions
- Yiguandao
- Dudeism (The Church of the Latter-Day Dude)
- Zenarchy (Kerry Wendell Thornley)
Other
Chinese
- Chan Buddhism
- Chinese folk religion
- Falun Gong
- Yiguandao (I Kuan-Tao)
- Mohism
- Xiantiandao
Korean
- Cheondoism
- Daejongism
- Daesun Jinrihoe
- Gasin faith
- Jeung San Do
- Korean shamanism
- Won Buddhism
- Suwunism
Manchu
Vietnamese
Traditional, indigenous, and folk religions
Note: Some adherents do not consider their ways to be "religion," preferring other cultural terms.
African
- Northern Africa
- West Africa
- Akan religion
- Ashanti mythology (Ghana)
- Dahomey (Fon) religion
- Bori (Hausa people)
- Efik mythology (Nigeria, Cameroon)
- Serer religion
- Odinani (Nigeria, Cameroon)
- Isoko mythology (Nigeria)
- Yoruba religion (Nigeria, Benin)
- Ifa Afa Fa
- Central Africa
- Bushongo mythology (Congo)
- Bambuti (Pygmy) mythology (Congo)
- Lugbara religion (Congo)
- East Africa
- Akamba mythology (East Kenya)
- Dinka religion (Sudan)
- Lotuko mythology (Sudan)
- Masai mythology (Kenya, Tanzania)
- Malagasy mythology
- Oromo religion (Ethiopia)
- Southern Africa
- Badimo (Botswana)
- Khoisan religion
- Lozi mythology (Zambia)
- Tumbuka mythology (Malawi)
- Zulu religion (South Africa)
African diasporic religions
African diasporic religions are a number of related religions that developed in the Americas among African slaves and their descendants in various countries of the Caribbean Islands and Latin America, as well as parts of the southern United States. They derive from African traditional religions, especially of West and Central Africa, showing similarities to the Yoruba religion in particular.
- Batuque
- Candomblé
- Dahomey mythology
- Haitian mythology
- Kumina
- Macumba
- Mami Wata
- Obeah
- Oyotunji
- Palo
- Ifa
- Lucumi
- Hudu
- Quimbanda
- Santería (Lukumi)
- Umbanda[15]
- Vodou
American
- North American
- Abenaki mythology
- Anishinaabe
- Blackfoot mythology
- Cherokee mythology
- Chickasaw mythology
- Choctaw mythology
- Creek mythology
- Crow mythology
- Haida mythology
- Ho-Chunk mythology (aka: Winnebago)
- Hopi mythology
- Inuit mythology
- Iroquois mythology
- Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
- Kuksu
- Kwakiutl mythology
- Lakota mythology
- Leni Lenape mythology
- Longhouse religion
- Midewiwin
- Miwok
- Navajo mythology
- Nootka mythology
- Ohlone mythology
- Pomo mythology
- Pawnee mythology
- Salish mythology
- Selk'nam religion
- Seneca mythology
- Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
- Sun Dance
- Tsimshian mythology
- Urarina
- Ute mythology
- Wyandot religion
- Zuni mythology
Mesoamerican religions
- Aztec religion
- Maya religion
- Mixtec religion
- Olmec religion
- Purepecha religion
- Totonac religion
- Zapotec religion
- South American
- Botocudo religion
- Guarani mythology
- Inca mythology
- Jivaroan religion
- Mapuche religion
- Muisca religion and Muisca mythology
Eurasian
Near Eastern
- Ancient Egyptian religion (Historical)
- Atenism (Historical)
- Ancient Semitic religion (Historical)
- Ancient Canaanite religion (Historical)
- Religion in Carthage (Historical)
- Palmyrene religion (Historical)
- Ancient Mesopotamian religion (Historical)
- Babylonian and Assyrian religion (Historical)
- Babylonian religion (Historical)
- Chaldean mythology (Historical)
- Sumerian religion (Historical)
- Babylonian and Assyrian religion (Historical)
- Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia (Historical)
- Nabataean religion (Historical)
- Kassite religion (Historical)
- Ancient Canaanite religion (Historical)
Indo-European
- Proto-Indo-Iranian religion (Historical)
- Historical Vedic religion (Historical)
- Iranian mythology (Historical)
- Armenian mythology (Historical)
- Baltic polytheism (Historical)
- Caucasus mythologies (Historical)
- Celtic polytheism (Historical)
- Germanic paganism (Historical)
- Anglo-Saxon paganism (Historical)
- Continental Germanic mythology (Historical)
- Norse religion (Historical)
- Greek polytheism (Historical)
- Hittite mythology (Historical)
- Persian mythology (Historical)
- Religion in ancient Rome (Historical)
- Slavic paganism (Historical)
- Georgian mythology (Historical)
Hellenistic
- Gallo-Roman religion (Historical)
- Glycon cult (Historical)
- Mystery religions (Historical)
- Eleusinian Mysteries (Historical)
- Mithraic mysteries (Historical)
- Orphism (Historical)
- Pythagoreanism (Historical)
Uralic
- Estonian mythology
- Shamanism among Eskimo peoples
- Finnish mythology and Finnish paganism
- Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore
- Sami shamanism
- Estonian polytheism (Historical)
- Finnish polytheism (Historical)
- Hungarian polytheism (Historical)
Asian
- Bathouism
- Benzhuism (indigenous religion of the Bai people)
- Bimoism (indigenous religion of the Yi people)
- Bon
- Chinese mythology
- Japanese mythology
- Korean shamanism
- Manchu shamanism
- Mun (Lepcha)
- Pemena (Karo people (Indonesia))
- Shamanism in Siberia
- Tengrism
- Ua Dab (indigenous religion of the Hmong people)
- Vietnamese folk religion
Oceania/Pacific/Maritime Southeast Asia
- Australian Aboriginal mythology (Dreamtime)
- Austronesian beliefs
- Indonesian mythology
- Aluk Todolo (indigenous religion of the Toraja people)
- Balinese mythology
- Traditional Batak religion
- Kaharingan (indigenous religion of the Dayak people)
- Javanese beliefs
- Marapu (indigenous religion of the Sumba people)
- Pemena (indigenous religion of the Karo people)
- Sunda Wiwitan (indigenous religion of the Sundanese people)
- Melanesian mythology
- Micronesian mythology
- Philippine indigenous religions
- Polynesian mythology
- Indonesian mythology
Esoteric and occult religions
Western esotercism
- Archeosophical Society
- Behmenism
- Builders of the Adytum
- Fraternitas Saturni
- Fraternity of the Inner Light
- Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
- Hermeticism
- Martinism
- Ordo Aurum Solis
- Rosicrucian
- Servants of the Light
- Luciferianism
- Satanism
- LaVeyan Satanism
- Theistic Satanism
- Our Lady of Endor Coven (or Ophite Cultus Satanas)
- Temple of Set
- Thelema
Occultism and magic
- Alchemy
- Ceremonial magic
- Chaos magic
- Hoodoo (folk magic) (Rootwork)
- Kulam – Filipino witchcraft
- Pow-wow (folk magic)
- Magick (Thelema)
- Contemporary witchcraft
Mysticism
- Anthroposophy
- Buddhist esoteric tradition
- Hindu mysticism
- Kabbalah
- Neoplatonism
- Pythagoreanism
- Sufism
- Theosophy
New religious movements
General
- The Circle of Reason
- Cult of Reason (Historical)
- Cult of the Supreme Being (Historical)
- Deism
- Eckankar
- Fourth Way
- God-Building
- Goddess movement
- Humanism
- Huna
- Omnism
- Open-source religion
- Raëlism
- Scientology
- Spiritism (Spiritualism)
- Subud
- Unitarian Universalism
- Universal Life Church
New Thought
- Christian Science
- Church of Divine Science
- Church Universal and Triumphant
- Religious Science
- Unity Church
- Jewish Science
- Seicho-no-Ie
Modern paganism
Syncretic paganism
- Adonism
- Church of All Worlds
- Church of Aphrodite
- Feraferia
- Koshintō
- Neo-Druidism
- Neoshamanism
- Neo-völkisch movements
- Technopaganism
- Wicca
Ethnic paganism
- Abkhaz neopaganism
- Armenian neopaganism
- Baltic neopaganism
- Celtic neopaganism
- Dievturība
- Estonian neopaganism
- Finnish neopaganism
- Germanic neopaganism
- Hellenism (religion)
- Italo-Roman neopaganism
- Kemetism
- Mari native religion
- Odinism
- Romuva (religion)
- Semitic neopaganism
- Slavic neopaganism
- Wotanism
- Zalmoxianism
Ethnic religions
Black
- Ausar Auset Society
- Black Hebrew Israelites
- Dini Ya Msambwa
- Mumboism
- Nation of Gods and Earths
- Nation of Islam
- Nuwaubian Nation
- Moorish Orthodox Church of America
- Moorish Science Temple of America
- Rastafari
White
- Ariosophy
- Black Order (Satanist group)
- Christian Identity
- Creativity
- Order of Nine Angles
- Thule Society
- Wotansvolk
Native American
Cargo cults
Shinshukyo
Post-theistic and naturalistic religions
- Dudeism
- Ethical movement
- Freethought
- Jediism
- Moorish Orthodox Church of America
- Naturalistic pantheism
- Religion of Humanity
- Syntheism
Parody religions
- Church of Euthanasia
- The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
- Church of the SubGenius
- Cult of Kek
- Dinkoism
- Discordianism
- Dudeism
- Iglesia Maradoniana
- Invisible Pink Unicorn
- Kibology
- Kopimism
- Landover Baptist Church
- Last Thursdayism
Other categorisations
By demographics
By area
- Religion in Africa
- Religion in Asia
- Religion in Australia
- Religion in Europe
- Religion in North America
- List of religions and spiritual traditions of Oceania/Pacific
- Religion in South America
- Religion by country
See also
- Civil religion
- List of Catholic rites and churches
- List of religious organizations
- Lists of people by belief
- Mythology
- Religious fundamentalism
- Shamanism
- Totemism
References
- ^ (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
- ^ (Talal Asad, The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category, 1982.)
- ^ "World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ http://www.parapsych.org/base/about.aspx
- ^ "Key Facts about Near-Death Experiences". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
- ^ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
- ^ "Irenaeus of Lyons". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ "Samaritans". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1112. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1001. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 997. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1004. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ a b "Welcome to Jainworld – Jain Sects – tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ Smith, Christian; Joshua Prokopy (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. New York: Routledge, pp. 279-280. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 841. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
External links
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