Pančevo

Pančevo Панчево
City
City of Pančevo
From top: National Museum, Roman catholic church, Serbian orthodox church Assumption of Holy Virgin, Museum of brewing, Building of Maxi Center, House with sunny clock, High School ,,Nikola Tesla"
Flag Coat of arms
Pančevo Location of city of Pančevo within Serbia
Coordinates: 44°52′14″N 20°38′25″E
Country	Serbia
Province	Vojvodina
District	South Banat
Government
• Mayor	Saša Pavlov (SNS)
Area
• Rank	29th in Serbia
• Urban	161.09 km2 (62.20 sq mi)
• Administrative	755.66 km2 (291.76 sq mi)
Elevation	77 m (253 ft)
Population  (2011 census)
• Rank	9th in Serbia
• Urban	76,203
• Urban density	470/km2 (1,200/sq mi)
• Administrative	123,414
• Administrative density	160/km2 (420/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	26000
Area code	+381(0)13
ISO 3166 code	SRB
Car plates	PA
Website	www.pancevo.rs

Pančevo (Serbian Cyrillic: Панчево, pronounced [pâːntʃeʋo], Hungarian: Pancsova, Romanian: Panciova, Slovak: Pánčevo) is a city and the administrative center of the South Banat District in autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia.

Pančevo is the fourth largest city in Vojvodina by population. According to results of the 2011 census, a total of 76,203 inhabitants live in the urban area, while the city administrative area of Pančevo has 123,414 inhabitants.

Name

In Serbian and Macedonian, the town is known as Pančevo (Панчево), in Hungarian as Pancsova, in Slovak as Pánčevo, in Romanian as Panciova and in German as Pantschowa. The place name is probably derived from old Slavonic term pančina and meant swampy wetland.

Geography

Pančevo is located on flat plains at 44°52′14″N 20°38′25″E, approximately 17 km NE of Pančevo bridge to Belgrade and 43 km NW of Smederevo. The altitude above sea level is 77 meters. The southern city quarters are located to the bank of the Danube, the western quarters to the bank of Tamiš. The Danube river islands Forkontumac and Čakljanac are southernmost part of urban area.

Climate

Pančevo has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification: Cfa).

Climate data for Pančevo
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	3.8 (38.8)	6.5 (43.7)	12.3 (54.1)	18.0 (64.4)	23.1 (73.6)	25.8 (78.4)	28.3 (82.9)	28.4 (83.1)	24.1 (75.4)	18.3 (64.9)	10.6 (51.1)	5.2 (41.4)	17.0 (62.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	1.0 (33.8)	3.0 (37.4)	7.4 (45.3)	12.5 (54.5)	17.2 (63.0)	20.2 (68.4)	22.2 (72.0)	22.2 (72.0)	18.2 (64.8)	13.2 (55.8)	7.1 (44.8)	2.4 (36.3)	12.2 (54.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−1.7 (28.9)	−0.4 (31.3)	2.5 (36.5)	7.1 (44.8)	11.4 (52.5)	14.7 (58.5)	16.1 (61.0)	16.1 (61.0)	12.3 (54.1)	8.1 (46.6)	3.7 (38.7)	−0.3 (31.5)	7.5 (45.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	45 (1.8)	43 (1.7)	43 (1.7)	52 (2.0)	68 (2.7)	84 (3.3)	67 (2.6)	46 (1.8)	47 (1.9)	39 (1.5)	53 (2.1)	60 (2.4)	647 (25.5)
Source: Climate-Data.org

History

In the late 19th and early 20th century many archaeological artifacts of the Stone Age period were found, remains of settlements and places of burial from the times of Bronze Age (Urnfield culture) and Ancient Rome on the urban area. Most of the objects are exhibited at the National Museum of the town.

Tabula Rogeriana, map of 1154

National Archives of Austria, Map of Josephinian Land Survey (1769-1772), city without still existing fortification

In 1154, Arabic Muslim geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi described settlement in his Book of Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands as important mercantile place bansin, that is first historical mentioning, marked both south and north of Danube (nahr danu) on map Tabula Rogeriana. There is no deed or other evidence of founding the city. Today's urban area was administered by the Bulgarian Empire until the begin of the 11th century, then by the Kingdom of Hungary until the 16th century, when it became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1521. During the Ottoman rule, the city was part of the Temeşvar Eyalet and mostly populated by ethnic Serbs. In 1660, Evliya Çelebi described the town as a quadrangular fortification being diameter of one hundred Turkish feet. During the Austro-Turkish War, the fortification was conquered by Claude Florimond de Mercy and his troops in 1716. There is an impression of the old city and its fortification recorded on maps from 1717 and 1720 which are located at National Széchényi Library and Institute of Military History in Budapest.

After the Treaty of Požarevac, the city belonged to Habsburg's Banat. The town was a garrison place of temporarily stationed Regiments of Imperial Army. In December 1764, a military commission of Viennese Hofkriegsrat registered 564 Rascian people who lived in 203 more or less habitable houses. Since this time Habsburg's administration encouraged massive immigration of German settlers to develop the new district of Military Frontier, established in 1765. In January 1794, Francis II signed the charter of borough rights of Pančevo. Approximately, in the middle of the 19th century, the fortification has been slighted for urban expanding. In 1873, the military frontier was abolished and Pančevo included into Torontál county of Austria-Hungary. In 1902, cadastral maps of the town were recorded which are located at the National Archives of Hungary.

Historical Synagogue, building and land lot confiscated by Danube Swabians of Autonomous Banat

Svilara, City Headquarter of Banater Staatswache (Stockhaus) since April 1941 and OZNA since October 1944.

tailoring dependence of SS Volksdeutsche (Riblja pijaca), guarded by Deutsche Mannschaft

After World War I, the city was part of provisional Torontalsko-tamiške županja (Treaty of Trianon), in 1922 of Belgrade oblast and since 1929 of the Danube Banovina in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In April 1941, Pančevo was occupied during the invasion of Yugoslavia by Germany. Soldiers of Division Grossdeutschland committed a war crime in the city when 36 Serbian civilians were executed by hanging and shooting as a reprisal for the deaths of 9 Danube Swabian members of the paramilitary formation Deutsche Mannschaft, a member of SS Division Das Reich and a wounded member of that division, shot by unknown soldiers of Royal Yugoslav Army after Yugoslav surrender. Propaganda photos and film of the executions were used decades after the event to help chronicle the Wehrmacht's complicity in German atrocities during the war. Joseph Nedwetzky from Jabuka was voluntary hangman of 18 innocent victims at Roman-Catholic cemetery.

During World War II in Yugoslavia, Pančevo was part of Autonomous Banat within German-occupied Serbia. Political prisoners of National Socialism and Communism has been killed on location named Stratište. Selected Danube Swabian men were recruited and conscripted in the Waffen-SS, majority of them either in SS-Division Das Reich, in German Police or SS Freiwilligen Gebirgsjäger Division Prinz Eugen. More than 99 percent of local German women and youth were organized in formations Deutsche Frauenschaft and Deutsche Jugend and dedicated to National Socialism. In 1944, after defeat of German Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS during Belgrade Offensive by Allied Armies, one part of the German people left the city, together with defeated German army. On 10 September 1944, Josef Jerger, supreme leader of regional Deutsche Mannschaft Hermann Göring rescued himself including his family into Grossdeutsches Reich. The other part of German people remained in the country. These people were sent into local imprisonments which existed until 1948. After dissolution, many people of German population left Yugoslavia because of economic reasons. Since 1945, the city belonged to the Srez Pančevo of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The city was the administrative center of the region from all these centuries to the present.

Administration

Main municipal building

The administration of the municipality of Pančevo is structured in 9 local communities (Mesna zajednica, singular; abbreviation MZ) of seven villages, two towns and the city of Pančevo, structured in eight local communities of eight city districts with several quarters.

Administrative area structure

Community (MZ)	Banatski Brestovac	Banatsko Novo Selo	Dolovo	Glogonj	Ivanovo	Jabuka	Kačarevo	Omoljica	Starčevo	Pančevo City
Area (km2)	61,905	98,955	117,176	42,775	42,567	51,786	39,706	77,262	62,066	161,373

The administrative area differs to the historical administrative area. From 1946 to 1959, the historical municipality (Srez) was structured in 23 communities, including today's communities and the villages and cities of Baranda, Borča, Crepaja, Debeljača, Idvor, Kovačica, Opovo, Ovča, Padina, Sakule, Sefkerin, Uzdin and Vojlovica. The city district Vojlovica was added to the town in 1978.

City administrative structure

City districts of Pančevo

MZ Centar:

• Donji grad
• Zelengora
• Mali London (Mali Rit)
• Sodara
• Topola
• Utvina kolonija

MZ Gornji grad:

• Karaula
• Skrobara

MZ Kotež:

• Kotež 1
• Kotež 2

MZ Mladost:

• Kudeljarski nasip
• Stara Misa
• Misa vinogradi (Nova Misa)

MZ Stari Tamiš

MZ Strelište

MZ Tesla

MZ Vojlovica

Demographics

Municipality of Pančevo

Municipal area population

Year	1961	1971	1981	1991	2002	2011
Total	93,744	110,780	123,791	125,261	127,162	123,414

Demography of city population

Year	1869	1890	1910	1931	1948	1961	1981	2002
Total	16,888	17,948	20,808	22,089	30,516	46,679	71,009	78,938

Austrian-Hungarian census of 1881 was not based on nationalities or ethnicities, but on significant language of each inhabitant only; of the total 17,127 inhabitants of town, 1,132 spoke Hungarian, 6,356 German, 285 Slovakian, 397 Vlach, 2 Ruthenian, 8,224 Croatian or Serbian, 3 other domestic languages (egyéb hazai nyelvü), 168 in foreign language (külföldi nyelvü), and 560 did not pronounce any language priority during census questioning (beszélni nem tudó: not talking).

Historical city populations

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1881	17,127	—
1891	17,948	+4.8%
1910	20,808	+15.9%
1931	22,089	+6.2%
1948	30,516	+38.2%
1971	61,588	+101.8%
1991	72,793	+18.2%
2002	78,938	+8.4%
2011	76,203	−3.5%

Total number of supposedly German people from 1931 was published by publication office Vienna (Publikationsstelle) of Southeastern German Research Community (Südosteuropäische Forschungsgemeinschaft). Information data of total inhabitants of all ethnicities are according to data of official Yugoslav publication. However, the term native language is irrationally and emotionally implied (Muttersprache means mother tongue) by ethnicity in addition to religious beliefs. 7,872 German inhabitants were 5,147 Roman Catholics, 2 Greek Catholics, 2349 Protestants, 304 Jewish, 12 without indication and 58 Orthodox, which were Romanian (Vlach) people. Publication title includes suggesting insinuation: according to the unpublished data of census from 1931, and it was thus assumed that Yugoslav authorities interpreted total population by ethnicity to the detriment of German population, title also states that this result has been edited by publication office and is intended for official use only, this meant total war of Nazi Germany and consistent selection and destruction of inferior people. It is obvious that National Socialist movement of Danube Swabians had been involved in providing these numbers at that time. 304 Human beings of Jewish faith were abused by German minority in the city for forced labor, humiliated, sadistically treated, murdered, those who survived until October 1944 were driven to Baja with the euphemistically designated Death March from Bor. Finally, a cynical approach to statistics should be noted: during Austro-Hungarian reign, the Serbian Orthodox Church was called the Greek-Oriental Church, here two Greek Catholics are mentioned. A pejorative pun (Catholic means etymologically over the whole) as opposed to Orthodox (etymological meaning having right faith), which is the hostile majority in the city. It simply included officials from the Nedić government.

Demography of municipal population by ethnicity

Year	Total	Serbs	Macedonians	Hungarians	Romanians	Roma	Slovaks	Croats	Other nationalities
2011	123,414	97,499	4,558	3,422	3,173	2,118	1,411	880	10,353

Culture

Cultural institutions and events

The City center at night

The oldest and most traditional cultural institution of the city is the Serbian Church Choral Society, founded in 1838 and the oldest still existing Choral Society of today's Serbia. Since its inception, probably the most famous of all honorable choirmasters is Davorin Jenko, who conducted the choir from 1863 to 1865. In the present, the choir is conducted for the fourth time in a continuous sequence by a woman. The most important Cultural Center of the city (Kulturni Centar Pančeva) is located in the former theater building of the city, founded in 1947 and named National Theater which realized play productions in cooperation with National Theater Novi Sad. In 1956, the political authorities of the town decided the creation of a cultural center which is representing variety of all Arts. The center has a gallery of Modern art, and it promotes continuous festivals like Biennial of Art (Bijenale umetnosti), the music festival Ethno.com and the Pančevački Jazz Festival with artists from all over the world. In addition, some theater productions are shown annually in cooperation with National Theater Belgrade and other famous institutions. In 2012, the center published all popular stories of Zigomar Comics in a collected edition. Since 1977, the House of Youth (Dom omladine) is venue of the event Rukopisi (Manuscripts) where young writers are presented each year. The facility also promotes many other events like FreeDOM Art Festival. There is also the continuous Film festival PAFF worth mentioning which has a good reputation beyond the region. In the past, the city has been filming location for many national and international movie productions, including well known movies such as La Tour, prends garde!, The Mongols, I Even Met Happy Gypsies, Balkan Express, Black Cat, White Cat and Coriolanus.

Since 2004, each year in June the Pančevački Carnival become the most important event of its kind in Serbia. The highlight of the event is the parade which goes through the center with more than over 3,000 international participants and up to 100,000 visitors annually. The city is a member of the Federation of European Carnival Cities.

National Museum

City Archive, originally Francis Joseph barracks

The National Museum was founded in 1923 and it is located in former neoclassical city hall since several decades. The institution has a valuable permanent exhibition and it is one of the most important museums of Vojvodina. The Vajfert Brewery is located in the town's center and it is the oldest one of today's Serbia, founded in 1722 by Abraham Kepiš from Bratislava. The brewery was run by the Vajfert family for several generations and its most famous represent was Đorđe Vajfert. After closing in 2008 and a conflagration in 2010, the building complex was a ruin in recent years. In 2015, the city began to realize a concept for revitalizing the industrial heritage and in the following year, the Đorđe Vajfert Brewery Museum was opened in the presence of the Austrian and German ambassadors. In the same year, a new summer festival called Vajfert Days was held for the first time. The intention of the organizer is to promote the tourist, cultural, artistic and economic potential of the city. And last but not least, there is an Archive of the City, founded in 1947 and it is located in former barracks of Austrian-Hungarian Army. The archive collects and preserves materials of town's history from all centuries.

Cultural monuments

File:Curch of Archangels Michael and Gabriel, Vojlovica Monastery.png

Monastery Church of Archangels Michael and Gabriel

Pančevo's Vojlovica monastery is one of the oldest monasteries of Vojvodina, the oldest sacral building complex of the city and declared Cultural Monument of Exceptional Importance. In 1542, the monastery was first mentioned by hegumen Jeronomah Parfenije in a Serbian almanac of Božidar Vuković. The church of the monastery is dedicated to Archangels Michael and Gabriel and was transformed into neoclassical stile towards the end of 18th century. From 1942 to 1944, some Orthodox dignitaries such as Gavrilo V were temporarily imprisoned in the monastery and the entire building complex was observed by members of Deutsche Mannschaft including obligation to regularly report for Banater Staatswache. The oldest church in town is the Roman Catholic Church Saint Charles Borromeo, built from 1756 to 1757 and in 1768, the building was extended with a steeple which was equipped with a turret clock in 1868 to mark its centenary. Its column in the square in front of the building with statue of Abraham and Isaac was built in 1722. The building was previously used as a provisional church of a Minorite monastery. The religious order provided the military chaplains for the garrison of the Imperial Army. The Serbian Orthodox Church Assumption of Holy Virgin was built from 1807 to 1811. The iconostasis of the church was designed by the painter Konstantin Danil from 1828 to 1833. The urban Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments supports the maintenance and restoration of Pančevo's Cultural Heritage.

Media

The weekly newspaper Pančevac is oldest one of still existing print media in Serbia, founded in 1869, weekly newspaper Libertatea is most widely used print media of Romanians in Serbia, its first edition has been published in May 1945. The most used local mass media is RTV Pančevo. The TV station started broadcasting its programs in 1992.

Education

Uroš Predić Gymnasium, Austrian-Hungarian Postcard

Isidora Sekulić worked and lived for several years as mathematics and natural science teacher at high school for girls in the city and a primary school reminiscenting of her.

Uroš Predić Gymnasium was completed in 1888. The building is one-storey in classic style with two exterior side wings. On the left site of staircase, granite plate with inscription Final stone foundation on 19 November 1888 was attached, which located bust of painter in a niche. At that time it was one of the best equipped and most prestigious high schools in Austria-Hungary, and educational facility received praise and reward for its work at Paris Exposition Universelle in 1867. Uroš Predić finished all seven grades of this gymnasium with maturity diploma, from where he went to Viennese Academy of Fine Arts in 1876.

Pančevo City also has a wide educational offer at secondary schools such as Agricultural High School Josif Pančić, Nikola Tesla School of Electrical Engineering, Economic and Trade School Paja Marganović, Music School Jovan Bandur, Ballett School and School for Primary and Secondary Education Mara Mandić.

Economy and Environment

Bird's eye view of NIS oil refinery

Pančevo is the economic center of South Banat District. There are many industrial companies in processing of oil, steel, aluminum, glass, corn, grain, in metalworking, in producing petrochemicals, fertilizer, commercial packaging, PET molding machines, clothes, grain mill products, bacon and other food, in construction of aircraft, thermal power stations and buildings of steel beams.

The industrial site of NIS refinery is the largest one of all refineries in Serbia, consisting of HIP Petrohemija and HIP Azotara. In 1999, the industrial site was strategically bombed by NATO during Operation Allied Force. Precise targets included the refinery, the town's airport, the Utva aircraft industry and HIP factory. UNEP reported in studies about soil and groundwater contaminations caused by NATO bombardment, and contamination of ground is a long-term threat to natural environment and human health. Apart from that, these industries are an environmental challenge to nature conservation. There are two protected natural resources located in surroundings of the city, the natural monument Ivanov's island (Serbian Ivanovačka ada) and the Nature Park Ponjavica.

The following table gives a preview of total number of employed people per their core activity (as of 2017):

Activity	Total
Agriculture, forestry and fishing	825
Mining	203
Processing industry	7,003
Distribution of power, gas and water	427
Distribution of water and water waste management	716
Construction	1,319
Wholesale and retail, repair	5,539
Traffic, storage and communication	1,656
Hotels and restaurants	881
Media and telecommunications	500
Finance and insurance	466
Property stock and charter	60
Professional, scientific, innovative and technical activities	1,240
Administrative and other services	886
Administration and social assurance	1,625
Education	1,926
Healthcare and social work	2,803
Art, leisure and recreation	407
Other services	623
Total	29,107

Public Transportation

Railway station Pančevo Varoš

The most important road that runs through Pančevo is the European route E70 which forms a bypass around the city center, connecting the city with Belgrade. The IB-14 highway to Smederevo via Kovin starts here, and so does the IIA-130 highway to Ečka. As the most important regional mode of transport on road is made available a bus route network for public passenger traffic by Autotransport Pančevo since 1948.

Having a relatively small population, Pančevo has no less than four passenger railway stations: Pančevo Glavna stanica, Pančevo Varoš, Pančevo Strelište and Pančevo Vojlovica. Apart from these, Serbian railways also serve some important industries, such as NIS oil refinery and HIP Azotara. In April 1894, the city was connected to the European railways net.

The municipality lays on left bank downriver of Danube which is one of the Europe's main waterways. The new harbor was built in 1947, Tamiš discharges into Danube just outside the town of Pančevo.

Sports

There are some popular sporting clubs in town, the football (soccer) team FK Dinamo Pančevo, the women's football club ŽFK, the basketball club KK Tamiš and the American football team Pančevo Panthers. Currently, the most successful athlete is Slobodan Bitević who lives in the city.

Gallery

• 
  Roman Catholic church Saint Charles Borromeo built 1756-57 and column with statue of Abraham and Isaac
• 
  Serbian orthodox church Assumption of Holy Virgin, built 1807-1811
• 
  Iconostasis of Serbian orthodox church
• 
  Street of old central quarter
• 
  Urban park Narodna bašta in the center
• 
  Tamiš lighthouse

Twin Towns, Sister Cities and Regions

• Mrkonjić Grad, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Prijedor, Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Byala Slatina, Bulgaria
• Boulogne-Billancourt, France
• Neapoli, Greece
• Stavroupoli, Greece
• Bonyhád, Hungary
• Province of Ravenna, Italy
• Kumanovo, North Macedonia
• Zaanstad, Netherlands
• Reşiţa, Romania
• Stupino, Russia
• Voskresensk, Russia
• Michalovce, Slovakia
• Tarragona, Spain

Notable People

• Vasa Živković (1819-1891), poet and priest
• Dragomir Krančević (1847-1929), violinist
• Đorđe Vajfert (1850-1937), industrialist and Governor of the National Bank of Serbia and later Yugoslavia
• Ljubica Luković (1858-1915), President of Circle of Serbian Sisters
• Ludwig von Graff (1851-1924), zoologist
• Heinrich Knirr (1862-1944), painter of official portrait of Adolf Hitler
• Jovan Erdeljanović (1874-1944), ethnologist
• Milan Ćurčin (1880-1960), poet and editor
• Milorad Bata Mihailović (1923-2011), painter
• Alexis Guedroitz (1923-1992), professor of Russian language and literature
• Olja Ivanjicki (1931-2009), artist
• Stevan Bena (1935-2012), football player
• Zlatoje Martinov (*1953), journalist and writer
• Zoran Gajić (*1958), volleyball trainer
• Milan Orlić (*1962), laureate of several literary awards
• Aleksandar Zograf (*1963), cartoonist
• Slobodan Beštić (*1964), actor
• Milenko Topić (*1969), basketball player, World and European champion
• Bobby Despotovski (*1971), Australian footballer
• Mirjana Pović (*1981), Astrophysicist
• Marina Munćan (*1982), athlete, Universiade champion
• Dušan Borković (*1984), auto racing driver, two time European champion.
• Nađa Higl (*1987), swimmer, World champion
• Anja Crevar (*2000), swimmer, Gold medalist at the European Junior Championships

Articles

• List of cities in Serbia

Weblinks

• City of Pančevo
• Turistička organizacija Pančeva
• k-013 Pancevo Online and its YouTubeChannel
• Pančevo City News Magazine
• Pančevo Moj Kraj
• News Portal Južni Banat
• Pančevo City, YouTube Video Clip by Rohan Katwe, Mumbai