32nd United States Congress

32nd United States Congress
31st ← → 33rd
United States Capitol (1846)
March 4, 1851 – March 4, 1853
Members	62 senators 233 representatives 4 non-voting delegates
Senate majority	Democratic
Senate President	Vacant
House majority	Democratic
House Speaker	Linn Boyd
Sessions
Special: March 4, 1851 – March 13, 1851 1st: December 1, 1851 – August 31, 1852 2nd: December 6, 1852 – March 4, 1853

The Thirty-second United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1851 to March 4, 1853, during the third and fourth years of Millard Fillmore's presidency. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Sixth Census of the United States in 1840. Both chambers had a Democratic majority.

Major events

Uncle Tom's Cabin was published in 1852

Main articles: 1851 in the United States, 1852 in the United States, and 1853 in the United States

• March 20, 1852: Uncle Tom's Cabin published
• July 1, 1852: Henry Clay was the first to lie in state in the United States Capitol rotunda
• November 2, 1852: U.S. presidential election, 1852: Democrat Franklin Pierce defeated Whig Winfield Scott

Major legislation

Main article: Major legislation: 32nd United States Congress

• [data missing]

Territories organized

• March 2, 1853: Washington Territory was formed from Oregon Territory.

Party summary

Senate

	Party (shading shows control)			Total	Vacant
	Democratic (D)	Free Soil (FS)	Whig (W)
End of previous congress	36	2	24	62	0
Begin	34	2	21	57	5
End	35	3	23	61	1
Final voting share	57.4%	4.9%	37.7%
Beginning of next congress	36	3	22	61	2

House of Representatives

	Party (Shading indicates majority caucus)								Total	Vacant
	Democratic (D)	Independent Democratic (ID)	Free Soil (FS)	States' Rights (SR)	Constitutional Unionist (CU)	Whig (W)	Independent Whig (IW)	Other
End of previous Congress	113	0	9	0	0	107	0	2	231	2
Begin	130	3	3	3	10	85	1	0	235	0
End	128					86			234	1
Final voting share	54.7%	1.3%	1.3%	1.3%	4.3%	36.8%	0.4%	0.0%
Beginning of next Congress	158	1	3	0	0	71	0	1	234	0

Leadership

Senate Presidents pro Tempore

William R. King (D)
(until December 20, 1852)

David R. Atchison (D)
(from December 20, 1852)

Senate

• President: Vacant (since the ascension of Millard Fillmore to U.S. President on July 9, 1850)
• President pro tempore: William R. King (D), until December 20, 1852
  • David R. Atchison (D), from December 20, 1852

House of Representatives

• Speaker: Linn Boyd (D)

Members

This list is arranged by chamber, then by state. Senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district.

Senate

Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress. Preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. In this Congress, Class 1 meant their term began with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1856; Class 2 meant their term ended with this Congress, requiring reelection in 1852; and Class 3 meant their term began in the last Congress, requiring reelection in 1854.

See also: United States Senate elections, 1850

Alabama

• 3. William R. D. King (D), until December 20, 1852
  • Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D), from January 14, 1853
• 2. Jeremiah Clemens (D)

Arkansas

• 3. Solon Borland (D)
• 2. William K. Sebastian (D)

California

• 3. William M. Gwin (D)
• 1. John B. Weller (D), from January 30, 1852

Connecticut

• 3. Truman Smith (W)
• 1. Isaac Toucey (D), from May 12, 1852

Delaware

• 2. Presley Spruance (W)
• 1. James A. Bayard, Jr. (D)

Florida

• 3. Jackson Morton (W)
• 1. Stephen R. Mallory (D)

Georgia

• 2. John Macpherson Berrien (W), until May 28, 1852
  • Robert M. Charlton (D), from May 31, 1852
• 3. William C. Dawson (W)

Illinois

• 2. Stephen A. Douglas (D)
• 3. James Shields (D)

Indiana

• 1. Jesse D. Bright (D)
• 3. James Whitcomb (D), until October 4, 1852
  • Charles W. Cathcart (D), from December 6, 1852 until January 18, 1853
  • John Pettit (D), from January 18, 1853

Iowa

• 3. Augustus C. Dodge (D)
• 2. George W. Jones (D)

Kentucky

• 2. Joseph R. Underwood (W)
• 3. Henry Clay (W), until June 29, 1852
  • David Meriwether (D), from July 6, 1852 until August 31, 1852
  • Archibald Dixon (W), from September 1, 1852

Louisiana

• 2. Solomon W. Downs (D)
• 3. Pierre Soulé (D)

Maine

• 2. James W. Bradbury (D)
• 1. Hannibal Hamlin (D)

Maryland

• 3. James A. Pearce (W)
• 1. Thomas G. Pratt (W)

Massachusetts

• 2. John Davis (W)
• 1. Charles Sumner (FS), from April 24, 1851

Michigan

• 1. Lewis Cass (D)
• 2. Alpheus Felch (D)

Mississippi

• 2. Henry S. Foote (D), until January 8, 1852
  • Walker Brooke (W), from February 18, 1852
• 1. Jefferson Davis (D), until September 23, 1851
  • John J. McRae (D), from December 1, 1851 until March 17, 1852
  • Stephen Adams (D), from March 17, 1852

Missouri

• 3. David R. Atchison (D)
• 1. Henry S. Geyer (W)

New Hampshire

• 2. John P. Hale (FS)
• 3. Moses Norris, Jr. (D)

New Jersey

• 2. Jacob W. Miller (W)
• 1. Robert F. Stockton (D), until January 1, 1853

New York

• 3. William H. Seward (W)
• 1. Hamilton Fish (W), from March 19, 1851

North Carolina

• 2. Willie P. Mangum (W)
• 3. George E. Badger (W)

Ohio

• 3. Salmon P. Chase (FS)
• 1. Benjamin F. Wade (W), from March 15, 1851

Pennsylvania

• 3. James Cooper (W)
• 1. Richard Brodhead (D)

Rhode Island

• 2. John H. Clarke (W)
• 1. Charles T. James (D)

South Carolina

• 3. Andrew P. Butler (D)
• 2. R. Barnwell Rhett (D), until May 7, 1852
  • William F. De Saussure (D), from May 10, 1852

Tennessee

• 2. John Bell (W)
• 1. James C. Jones (W)

Texas

• 2. Samuel Houston (D)
• 1. Thomas J. Rusk (D)

Vermont

• 3. William Upham (W), until January 14, 1853
  • Samuel S. Phelps (W), from January 17, 1853
• 1. Solomon Foot (W)

Virginia

• 1. James M. Mason (D)
• 2. Robert M. T. Hunter (D)

Wisconsin

• 1. Henry Dodge (D)
• 3. Isaac P. Walker (D)

House of Representatives

Speaker of the House
Linn Boyd

The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers.

See also: United States House of Representatives elections, 1850

Alabama

• 1. John Bragg (D)
• 2. James Abercrombie (W)
• 3. Sampson W. Harris (D)
• 4. William R. Smith (CU)
• 5. George S. Houston (D)
• 6. Williamson R. W. Cobb (D)
• 7. Alexander White (W)

Arkansas

• At-large. Robert W. Johnson (D)

California

Both representatives were elected statewide on a general ticket.

• At-large. Edward C. Marshall (D)
• At-large. Joseph W. McCorkle (D)

Connecticut

• 1. Charles Chapman (W)
• 2. Colin M. Ingersoll (D)
• 3. Chauncey F. Cleveland (D)
• 4. Origen S. Seymour (D)

Delaware

• At-large. George Read Riddle (D)

Florida

• At-large. Edward C. Cabell (W)

Georgia

• 1. Joseph W. Jackson (SR)
• 2. James Johnson (CU)
• 3. David J. Bailey (SR)
• 4. Charles Murphey (CU)
• 5. Elijah W. Chastain (CU)
• 6. Junius Hillyer (CU)
• 7. Alexander H. Stephens (CU)
• 8. Robert A. Toombs (CU)

Illinois

• 1. William H. Bissell (D)
• 2. Willis Allen (D)
• 3. Orlando B. Ficklin (D)
• 4. Richard S. Molony (D)
• 5. William A. Richardson (D)
• 6. Thompson Campbell (D)
• 7. Richard Yates (W)

Indiana

• 1. James Lockhart (D)
• 2. Cyrus L. Dunham (D)
• 3. John L. Robinson (D)
• 4. Samuel W. Parker (W)
• 5. Thomas A. Hendricks (D)
• 6. Willis A. Gorman (D)
• 7. John G. Davis (D)
• 8. Daniel Mace (D)
• 9. Graham N. Fitch (D)
• 10. Samuel Brenton (W)

Iowa

• 1. Bernhart Henn (D)
• 2. Lincoln Clark (D)

Kentucky

• 1. Linn Boyd (D)
• 2. Benjamin E. Grey (W)
• 3. Presley U. Ewing (W)
• 4. William T. Ward (W)
• 5. James W. Stone (D)
• 6. Addison White (W)
• 7. Humphrey Marshall (W), until August 4, 1852
  • William Preston (W), from December 6, 1852
• 8. John C. Breckinridge (D)
• 9. John C. Mason (D)
• 10. Richard H. Stanton (D)

Louisiana

• 1. Louis St. Martin (D)
• 2. J. Aristide Landry (W)
• 3. Alexander G. Penn (D)
• 4. John Moore (W)

Maine

• 1. Moses MacDonald (D)
• 2. John Appleton (D)
• 3. Robert Goodenow (W)
• 4. Charles Andrews (D), until April 30, 1852
  • Isaac Reed (W), from June 25, 1852
• 5. Ephraim K. Smart (D)
• 6. Israel Washburn, Jr. (W)
• 7. Thomas J. D. Fuller (D)

Maryland

• 1. Richard J. Bowie (W)
• 2. William T. Hamilton (D)
• 3. Edward Hammond (D)
• 4. Thomas Yates Walsh (W)
• 5. Alexander Evans (W)
• 6. Joseph S. Cottman (IW)

Massachusetts

• 1. William Appleton (W)
• 2. Robert J. Rantoul, Jr. (D), until August 7, 1852
  • Francis B. Fay (W), from December 13, 1852
• 3. James H. Duncan (W)
• 4. Benjamin Thompson (W), until September 24, 1852
  • Lorenzo Sabine (W), from December 13, 1852
• 5. Charles Allen (FS)
• 6. George T. Davis (W)
• 7. John Z. Goodrich (W)
• 8. Horace Mann (FS)
• 9. Orin Fowler (W), until September 3, 1852
  • Edward P. Little (D), from December 13, 1852
• 10. Zeno Scudder (W)

Michigan

• 1. Ebenezer J. Penniman (W)
• 2. Charles E. Stuart (D)
• 3. James L. Conger (W)

Mississippi

• 1. Benjamin D. Nabers (CU)
• 2. John A. Wilcox (CU)
• 3. John D. Freeman (CU)
• 4. Albert G. Brown (SR)

Missouri

• 1. John F. Darby (W)
• 2. Gilchrist Porter (W)
• 3. John G. Miller (W)
• 4. Willard P. Hall (D)
• 5. John S. Phelps (D)

New Hampshire

• 1. Amos Tuck (W)
• 2. Charles H. Peaslee (D)
• 3. Jared Perkins (W)
• 4. Harry Hibbard (D)

New Jersey

• 1. Nathan T. Stratton (D)
• 2. Charles Skelton (D)
• 3. Isaac Wildrick (D)
• 4. George H. Brown (W)
• 5. Rodman M. Price (D)

New York

• 1. John G. Floyd (D)
• 2. Obadiah Bowne (W)
• 3. Emanuel B. Hart (D)
• 4. J. H. Hobart Haws (W)
• 5. George Briggs (W)
• 6. James Brooks (W)
• 7. Abraham P. Stephens (D)
• 8. Gilbert Dean (D)
• 9. William Murray (D)
• 10. Marius Schoonmaker (W)
• 11. Josiah Sutherland (D)
• 12. David L. Seymour (D)
• 13. John L. Schoolcraft (W)
• 14. John H. Boyd (W)
• 15. Joseph Russell (D)
• 16. John Wells (W)
• 17. Alexander H. Buell (D), until January 29, 1853
• 18. Preston King (D)
• 19. Willard Ives (D)
• 20. Timothy Jenkins (D)
• 21. William W. Snow (D)
• 22. Henry Bennett (W)
• 23. Leander Babcock (D)
• 24. Daniel T. Jones (D)
• 25. Thomas Y. Howe, Jr. (D)
• 26. Henry S. Walbridge (W)
• 27. William A. Sackett (W)
• 28. Abraham M. Schermerhorn (W)
• 29. Jerediah Horsford (W)
• 30. Reuben Robie (D)
• 31. Frederick S. Martin (W)
• 32. Solomon G. Haven (W)
• 33. Augustus P. Hascall (W)
• 34. Lorenzo Burrows (W)

North Carolina

• 1. Thomas L. Clingman (W)
• 2. Joseph P. Caldwell (W)
• 3. Alfred Dockery (W)
• 4. James T. Morehead (W)
• 5. Abraham W. Venable (D)
• 6. John R. J. Daniel (D)
• 7. William S. Ashe (D)
• 8. Edward Stanly (W)
• 9. David Outlaw (W)

Ohio

• 1. David T. Disney (D)
• 2. Lewis D. Campbell (W)
• 3. Hiram Bell (W)
• 4. Benjamin Stanton (W)
• 5. Alfred P. Edgerton (D)
• 6. Frederick W. Green (D)
• 7. Nelson Barrere (W)
• 8. John L. Taylor (W)
• 9. Edson B. Olds (D)
• 10. Charles Sweetser (D)
• 11. George H. Busby (D)
• 12. John Welch (W)
• 13. James M. Gaylord (D)
• 14. Alexander Harper (W)
• 15. William F. Hunter (W)
• 16. John Johnson (ID)
• 17. Joseph Cable (D)
• 18. David K. Cartter (D)
• 19. Eben Newton (W)
• 20. Joshua R. Giddings (FS)
• 21. Norton S. Townshend (D)

Pennsylvania

• 1. Thomas B. Florence (D)
• 2. Joseph R. Chandler (W)
• 3. Henry D. Moore (W)
• 4. John Robbins, Jr. (D)
• 5. John McNair (D)
• 6. Thomas Ross (D)
• 7. John A. Morrison (D)
• 8. Thaddeus Stevens (W)
• 9. J. Glancey Jones (D)
• 10. Milo M. Dimmick (D)
• 11. Henry M. Fuller (W)
• 12. Galusha A. Grow (D)
• 13. James Gamble (D)
• 14. Thomas M. Bibighaus (W)
• 15. William H. Kurtz (D)
• 16. James X. McLanahan (D)
• 17. Andrew Parker (D)
• 18. John L. Dawson (D)
• 19. Joseph H. Kuhns (W)
• 20. John Allison (W)
• 21. Thomas M. Howe (W)
• 22. John W. Howe (W)
• 23. Carlton B. Curtis (D)
• 24. Alfred Gilmore (D)

Rhode Island

• 1. George G. King (W)
• 2. Benjamin B. Thurston (D)

South Carolina

• 1. Daniel Wallace (D)
• 2. James L. Orr (D)
• 3. Joseph A. Woodward (D)
• 4. John McQueen (D)
• 5. Armistead Burt (D)
• 6. William Aiken, Jr. (D)
• 7. William F. Colcock (D)

Tennessee

• 1. Andrew Johnson (D)
• 2. Albert G. Watkins (W)
• 3. William M. Churchwell (D)
• 4. John H. Savage (D)
• 5. George W.Jones (D)
• 6. William H. Polk (ID)
• 7. Meredith P. Gentry (W)
• 8. William Cullom (W)
• 9. Isham G. Harris (D)
• 10. Frederick P. Stanton (D)
• 11. Christopher H. Williams (W)

Texas

• 1. Richardson A. Scurry (D)
• 2. Volney E. Howard (D)

Vermont

• 1. Ahiman L. Miner (W)
• 2. William Hebard (W)
• 3. James Meacham (W)
• 4. Thomas Bartlett, Jr. (D)

Virginia

• 1. John S. Millson (D)
• 2. Richard K. Meade (D)
• 3. Thomas H. Averett (D)
• 4. Thomas S. Bocock (D)
• 5. Paulus Powell (D)
• 6. John S. Caskie (D)
• 7. Thomas H. Bayly (D)
• 8. Alexander R. Holladay (D)
• 9. James F. Strother (W)
• 10. Charles J. Faulkner (W)
• 11. John Letcher (D)
• 12. Henry A. Edmundson (D)
• 13. LaFayette McMullen (D)
• 14. James M. H. Beale (D)
• 15. George W. Thompson (D), until July 30, 1852
  • Sherrard Clemens (D), from December 6, 1852

Wisconsin

• 1. Charles Durkee (FS)
• 2. Ben C. Eastman (D)
• 3. James D. Doty (ID)

Non-voting members

• Minnesota Territory. Henry H. Sibley
• New Mexico Territory. Richard H. Weightman (D)
• Oregon Territory. Joseph Lane (D)
• Utah Territory. John M. Bernhisel

Changes in membership

The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress.

Senate

• replacements: 8
  • Democrats (D): 1 seat net gain
  • Whigs (W): 1 seat net loss
• deaths: 3
• resignations: 6
• interim appointments: 3
• Total seats with changes: 13

See also: List of special elections to the United States Senate

|- | Ohio
(1) | Vacant | Failure to elect.
The winner was elected late on March 15, 1851 on the 37th ballot over the incumbent appointee.
Successor was elected March 15, 1851. | style="background-color:#F0C862" | Benjamin Wade (W) | Elected March 15, 1851

|- | New York
(1) | Vacant | Failure to elect.
Successor was elected March 19, 1851. | style="background-color:#F0C862" | Hamilton Fish (W) | Elected March 19, 1851

|- | Massachusetts
(1) | Vacant | Failure to elect.
Successor was elected April 24, 1851. | style="background:#CCCC66" | Charles Sumner (FS) | Elected April 24, 1851

|- | California
(1) | Vacant | Failure to elect.
Successor was elected January 30, 1852. | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | John B. Weller (D) | Elected January 30, 1852

|- | Connecticut
(1) | Vacant | Failure to elect.
Successor was elected May 12, 1852. | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Isaac Toucey (D) | Seated May 12, 1852

|- | Mississippi
(1) | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Jefferson Davis (D) | Resigned September 23, 1851 to run for Governor of Mississippi.
Successor appointed December 1, 1851. | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | John J. McRae (D) | Appointed December 1, 1851

|- | Mississippi
(2) | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Henry S. Foote (D) | Resigned January 8, 1852 to become Governor of Mississippi.
Successor elected February 18, 1852. | style="background-color:#F0C862" | Walker Brooke (W) | Elected February 18, 1852

|- | Mississippi
(1) | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | John J. McRae (D) | Appointee was replaced by an elected successor.
Successor elected March 17, 1852. | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Stephen Adams (D) | Elected March 17, 1852

|- | South Carolina
(2) | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Robert Rhett (D) | Resigned May 7, 1852.
Successor appointed May 10, 1852, and elected sometime thereafter to finish the term. | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | William F. De Saussure (D) | Appointed May 10, 1852

|- | Georgia
(2) | style="background-color:#F0C862" | John M. Berrien (W) | Resigned May 28, 1852.
Successor appointed May 31, 1852 to finish the term. | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Robert M. Charlton (D) | Appointed May 31, 1852

|- | Kentucky
(3) | style="background-color:#F0C862" | Henry Clay (W) | Died June 29, 1852.
Successor appointed July 6, 1852. | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | David Meriwether (D) | Appointed July 6, 1852

|- | Indiana
(3) | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | James Whitcomb (D) | Died October 4, 1852.
Successor appointed December 6, 1852. | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Charles W. Cathcart (D) | Appointed December 6, 1852

|- | Kentucky
(3) | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | David Meriwether (D) | Appointee was replaced by an elected successor.
Successor elected September 1, 1852. | style="background-color:#F0C862" | Archibald Dixon (W) | Elected September 1, 1852

|- | Alabama
(3) | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | William R. King (D) | Resigned December 20, 1852 due to ill health.
Successor appointed January 14, 1853, and elected December 12, 1853 thereafter to finish the term. | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Benjamin Fitzpatrick (D) | Appointed January 14, 1853

|- | New Jersey
(1) | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Robert F. Stockton (D) | Resigned January 1, 1853 to become president of the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company.
Successor was not elected until the next Congress. | Vacant | Not filled this term

|- | Vermont
(3) | style="background-color:#F0C862" | William Upham (W) | Died January 14, 1853.
Successor appointed January 17, 1853 to continue the term. | style="background-color:#F0C862" | Samuel S. Phelps (W) | Appointed January 17, 1853

|- | Indiana
(3) | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Charles W. Cathcart (D) | Appointee was replaced by an elected successor.
Successor elected January 18, 1853. | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | John Pettit (D) | Elected January 18, 1853 |}

House of Representatives

• replacements: 6
  • Democrats (D): 1 seat net loss
  • Whigs (W): 1 seat net gain
• deaths: 2
• resignations: 5
• Total seats with changes: 7

Main article: List of special elections to the United States House of Representatives

|- | Maine 4th | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Charles Andrews (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Died April 30, 1852 | style="background-color:#F0C862" | Isaac Reed (W) | Seated June 25, 1852 |- | Virginia 15th | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | George W. Thompson (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned July 30, 1852 after being appointed judge of the Circuit Court of Virginia | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Sherrard Clemens (D) | Seated December 6, 1852 |- | Kentucky 7th | style="background-color:#F0C862" | Humphrey Marshall (W) | style="font-size:80%" | Resigned August 4, 1852 after being appointed Minister to China | style="background-color:#F0C862" | William Preston (W) | Seated December 6, 1852 |- | Massachusetts 2nd | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Robert Rantoul, Jr. (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Died August 7, 1852 | style="background-color:#F0C862" | Francis B. Fay (W) | Seated December 13, 1852 |- | Massachusetts 9th | style="background-color:#F0C862" | Orin Fowler (W) | style="font-size:80%" | Died September 3, 1852 | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Edward P. Little (D) | Seated December 13, 1852 |- | Massachusetts 4th | style="background-color:#F0C862" | Benjamin Thompson (W) | style="font-size:80%" | Died September 24, 1852 | style="background-color:#F0C862" | Lorenzo Sabine (W) | Seated December 13, 1852 |- | New York 17th | style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF" | Alexander H. Buell (D) | style="font-size:80%" | Died January 29, 1853 | Vacant | Not filled this term |}

Employees

• Architect of the Capitol: Thomas U. Walter, appointed June 11, 1851

Senate

• Chaplain: Clement M. Butler (Episcopalian)
• Secretary: Asbury Dickens elected December 12, 1836
• Sergeant at Arms: Robert Beale, elected December 9, 1845

House of Representatives

• Chaplain: Littleton F. Morgan (Methodist), elected December 1, 1851
  • James Gallagher (Presbyterian), elected December 6, 1852
• Clerk: John W. Forney
• Doorkeeper: Zadock W. McKnew
• Sergeant at Arms: Adam J. Glossbrenner
• Postmaster: John M. Johnson

References

• Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

External links

• Statutes at Large, 1789-1875
• Senate Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• House Journal, First Forty-three Sessions of Congress
• Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress
• U.S. House of Representatives: House History
• U.S. Senate: Statistics and Lists