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People's Liberation Army Air Force

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"Chinese Air Force" redirects here. For Republic of China's (Taiwan) air force, see Republic of China Air Force. For other air forces associated with that name, see Chinese Air Force (disambiguation).
People's Liberation Army Air Force
中国人民解放军空军
People's Liberation Army Air Force emblem
FoundedNovember 11, 1949
Country People's Republic of China
AllegianceCommunist Party of China[1]
BranchPeople's Liberation Army
TypeAir force
RoleAerial warfare
Size398,000 active personnel[2]
Approx. 2,755[3] to 3,010+ aircraft[2]
EngagementsKorean War, Vietnam War, Sino-Vietnamese War
Commanders
CommanderGeneral Ma Xiaotian
Political CommissarLt Gen Yu Zhongfu
Insignia
Flag
RoundelRoundel
Low Visibility RoundelRoundel (Low Visitbility)
Aircraft flown
AttackQ-5, JH-7
BomberJH-7, H-6
Electronic
warfare		KJ-200, KJ-500, KJ-2000, TU-154
FighterJ-7, J-8, J-10, J-11, J-16, J-20, Su-27, Su-30MKK, Su-35S
HelicopterZ-8, Z-9
InterceptorJ-8II
TrainerL-15, JL-8, JL-9
TransportY-20, Y-9, Y-8, Y-7, Il-76
TankerH-6U, Il-78
People's Liberation Army Air Force
Simplified Chinese中国人民解放军空军
Traditional Chinese中國人民解放軍空軍
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinZhōngguó Rénmín Jiěfàngjūn Kōngjūn

The People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the People's Liberation Army, the armed forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLAAF was officially established on 11 November 1949. As of 2014, the PLAAF has a strength of around 398,000 personnel[2][4] and is the largest air force in Asia. With ongoing modernisation, all older aircraft types in service are quickly being phased out and emphasis being placed on developing modern 4.5th generation fighters to replace them - along with 5th generation fighters in the near future.

History

Main articles: History of the People's Liberation Army and Military history of China before 1911

Korean War to the Sino-Soviet Split

The PLA's first organized air unit, was formed in July 1949 at Beijing Nanyuan Airport. It consisted of six P-51s, two Mosquitoes, and two PT-19s.[5] On 25 October 1949, Liu Yalou was appointed as the chief of air force in the People's Liberation Army. By 11 November, the air force command was officially formed[6] from the headquarters of Liu Yalou's 14th bingtuan (which Witson translates as "Army"). Much Soviet assistance was received to help the process along.[7]

The PLAAF fought the Korean War in Soviet-built Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s, known as the J-2 in Chinese service, with training from Soviet instructors. The war also brought Soviet assistance for the indigenous aircraft industry. The Shenyang Aircraft Corporation built the two-seat MiG-15UTI trainer as the JJ-2,[8] and during the war manufactured various components to maintain the Soviet-built fighters. By 1956 the Peopleùs Republic was assembling copies of MiG-15s and eight years later was producing both the Shenyang J-5 (MiG-17) and the J-6 (MiG-19) under license.[9]

The 1960s were a difficult time for the PLAAF. The withdrawal of Soviet aid due to the Sino-Soviet split, and the prioritization of the missile and nuclear weapon programs, crippled the industry, which markedly declined through 1963.[9] A recovery began around 1965 as J-2s, J-5s, and some J-6s were provided to North Vietnam during the Vietnam War. Development of the Shenyang J-8, China's first indigenous fighter, was also initiated during the 1960s.

The 1980s

The PLA Air Force underwent reorganization and streamlining as part of the reduction in force begun in 1985. Before the 1985 reorganization, the Air Force reportedly had four branches: air defense, ground attack, bombing, and independent air regiments.[10] In peacetime the Air Force Directorate, under the supervision of the PLA General Staff Department, controlled the Air Force through headquarters located with, or in communication with, each of the seven military region headquarters. In war, control of the Air Force probably reverted to the regional commanders. In 1987 it was not clear how the reorganization and the incorporation of air support elements into the group armies affected air force organization. The largest Air Force organizational unit was the division, which consisted of 17,000 personnel in three regiments. A typical air defense regiment had three squadrons of three flights; each flight had three or four aircraft. The Air Force also had 220,000 air defense personnel who controlled about 100 surface-to-air missile sites and over 16,000 AA guns. In addition, it had a large number of early-warning, ground-control-intercept, and air-base radars manned by specialized troops organized into at least twenty-two independent regiments.

In the 1980s the Air Force made serious efforts to raise the educational level and improve the training of its pilots.[10] Superannuated pilots were retired or assigned to other duties. All new pilots were at least middle-school graduates. The time it took to train a qualified pilot capable of performing combat missions reportedly was reduced from four or five years to two years. Training emphasized raising technical and tactical skills in individual pilots and participation in combined-arms operations. Flight safety also increased.

In 1987 the Air Force had serious technological deficiencies — especially when compared with its principal threat, the Soviet Armed Forces — and had many needs that it could not satisfy.[11] It needed more advanced aircraft, better avionics, electronic countermeasures equipment, more powerful aircraft weaponry, a low-altitude surface-to-air missile, and better controlled antiaircraft artillery guns. Some progress was made in aircraft design with the incorporation of Western avionics into the Chengdu J-7 and Shenyang J-8, the development of refueling capabilities for the B-6D bomber and the A-5 attack fighter, increased aircraft all-weather capabilities, and the production of the HQ-2J high-altitude surface-to-air missile and the C-601 air-to-ship missile.

Although the PLAAF received significant support from Western nations in the 1980s when China was seen as a counterweight to Soviet power, this support ended in 1989 as a result of the Chinese crackdown on the Tiananmen protests of 1989 and the later collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. After the fall of the USSR, the Russian Federation became China's principal arms supplier, to the extent that Chinese economic growth allowed Russia to sustain its aerospace industry.

Modernization program

PLAAF airmen on parade during a full honors arrival ceremony in 2000.

In the late 1980s, the primary mission of the PLAAF was the defense of the mainland, and most aircraft were assigned to this role. A smaller number of ground attack and bomber units were assigned to Air interdiction and possibly close air support, and some bomber units could be used for nuclear delivery. The force had only limited military airlift and aerial reconnaissance capabilities.

In the early 1990s, the PLAAF began a program of modernization, motivated by the collapse of the Soviet Union, as well as the possibility of military conflict with the Republic of China and perhaps also involving the United States. This process began with the acquisition of Su-27s in the early 1990s and the development of various fourth-generation aircraft, including the domestic J-10, and the FC-1 . The PLAAF also strove to improve its pilot training and continued to retire obsolete aircraft. This resulted in a reduction of the overall number of aircraft in the PLAAF with a concurrent increase in quality of its air fleet.

The 21st century has seen the continuation of the modernization program with China's huge economic growth. It acquired 76 Su-30MKK's from 2000 to 2003, and 24 upgraded Su-30MK2's in 2004. It also produced around 200 J-11s from 2002 onwards and bought 3 batches (at a total of 76) of the Su-27SK/UBK. Production of the J-10 fighter began in 2002 with an estimated 200 aircraft in service currently. The PLAAF also began developing its own tanker aircraft, which it previously lacked, by modifying old H-6 bomber (Tupolev Tu-16). In 2005 it announced plans to buy approximately 30 IL-76 transport planes and 8 Il-78 tanker planes, which would greatly increase its troop airlift capability and offer extended range to many aircraft, though as of 2009 this deal is still on hold.

Predictions of the PLAAF's future aircraft fleet indicate that it will consist of large quantities of Chengdu J-10 and Shenyang J-11 as its main force, with J-16 and JH-7A as the PLAAF backbone precision strike fighters. Future stealth fighter projects such as the Chengdu J-20 will be inducted into the air fleet in small numbers, assigned to elite PLAAF selected pilots. The transport fleet will comprise Y-9 medium range transport aircraft, along with the Soviet Ilyushin Il-76, and domestic Y-20 heavy transport aircraft. Its helicopter fleet will comprise Z-20, Z-15 and Mi-17 troop transporters, and the WZ-10 attack helicopter for its ground forces. AWACS/AEW will be refined variants of existing service fleet of KJ-2000 and KJ-200, with UAV/UCAV in early stages of service in the PLAAF.

Senior Colonel Wu Guohui has said that the PLAAF is working on a stealth bomber, which some people have called the H-18.[12]

According to a 2015 Pentagon report, PLAAF has around 600 modern aircraft.[13]

Ranks and insignia

Main article: Ranks of the People's Liberation Army Air Force

The ranks in the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force are similar to those of the Chinese Army, formally known as the People's Liberation Army Ground Force, except that those of the PLA Air Force are prefixed by 空军 (Kong Jun) meaning Air Force. See Ranks of the People's Liberation Army or the article on an individual rank for details on the evolution of rank and insignia in the PLAAF. This article primarily covers the existing ranks and insignia.

The markings of the PLAAF are a red star in front of a red band, it is very similar to the insignia of the Russian Air Force. The Red star contains the Chinese characters for eight and one,[14][15] representing August 1, 1927, the date of the formation of the PLA. PLAAF aircraft carry these markings on the fins as well.

Aerobatic display team

The August 1st (aerobatic team) is the first PLAAF aerobatics team. It was formed in 1962. Aircraft inventory of PLAAF August 1st Aerobatic Team includes the J-10 and it has previously flown the JJ-5 and J-7. The Sky Wing and Red Falcon air demonstration teams, which operate Nanchang CJ-6 and Hongdu JL-8 respectively, were established in 2011.

Organization

See also: List of divisions of the People's Liberation Army
A PLAAF KJ-2000 AEW&C aircraft
A PLAAF Xian H-6 strategic bomber
A PLAAF J-11 multi-role fighter
File:J-10a zhas.png
A PLAAF J-10 multi-role fighter
A PLAAF Xian JH-7 fighter-bomber

The Air Force headquarters consists of four departments: Command, Political, Logistic, and Equipment, which mirrors the four general departments of the PLA. Below the headquarters, Military region air forces (MRAF) direct divisions (Fighter, Attack, Bomber), which in turn direct regiments and squadrons.[16] The PLAAF typically used the system of threes in its organization at Division level and below, i.e. 3 Regiments per Division, 3 Squadrons per Regiment, and so on. The situation is now more fluid, with several divisions (the 5th, 15th, 24th for example) only having two regiments.[17] There are also Independent Regiments within the MRAFs. The 15th Airborne Corps) is under direct control of PLAAF Headquarters.

Fifty operational air divisions were created from 1950 to 1971.[18] This situation did not change until 1986, when the PLAAF began converting one air division in each of the seven military regions to a division-level transition training base (改装训练基地). Data from other sources seems to indicate that the 16th Air Division became the Shenyang MR Training Base (MRTB), the 17th the Nanjing MRTB (actually Beijing?), the 46th the Lanzhou MRTB,[19] and the 32nd the Nanjing MRTB (at Rugao).[20] Since then, the PLAAF has gradually reduced the remaining 43 operational air divisions to 29.

Scramble.nl, accessed mid 2015, indicates there are at least six regiments of H-6 bombers. All three regiments of the 8th Bomber Division fly the aircraft - the 22nd, 23rd (former 143rd Regt/48th Div), and 24th. Also flying is the 28th Regiment of the 10th Bomber Division (People's Republic of China) and the 107th and 108th Regiments of the 36th Bomber Division.

Order of battle

26th Ftr Div with one regiment previously at Shanghai-Chongming Island; 31st Fighter Division previously with Jinan MR; 35th Ftr Div.[22]

Airbases

For a more comprehensive list, see List of People's Liberation Army Air Force airbases.

There is presently over 150 air bases utilized by the People's Liberation Army Air Force, these are divided into seven military regions as follows:

Equipment

For a more comprehensive list, see List of active People's Liberation Army aircraft.

The People's Liberation Army Air Force operates a large and varied fleet of some 3,010+ aircraft, of which around 2,100 are combat aircraft (fighter, attack and bombers).[2] According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies, PLAAF combat pilots acquire an average of 100-150 flying hours per year.[2] For a list of aircraft no-longer flown by the People's Liberation Army Air Force see; List of historic aircraft of the People's Liberation Army Air Force.

Aircraft inventory

Template:PLAAF aircraft inventory

Future of the People's Liberation Army Air Force

The People's Liberation Army Air Force is undergoing a period of extensive modernization. Listed below are some of the more high-profile aircraft under development.

FC-31 at the 2014 Zhuhai Air Show
Type Origin Class Role Planned No. Notes
Chengdu J-20 China Jet Multi-role 36-60 aircraft to be produced during 2018 and 50-75 during 2019 Fifth-generation jet fighter being developed by Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute.
Shaanxi Y-30 China Propeller Transport -cargo tbd Medium-sized and ranged military transport. Has maximum payload of 30,000 kg.
Shenyang FC-31 China Jet Multi-role tbd Fifth-generation jet fighter. Similar role and configuration to the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II.
Xian Y-20 China Jet Transport 100(300) Large and long range military transport. Has maximum payload of 66,000 kg.
Antonov An-225 Mriya Ukraine-China Jet Transport -cargo 2-5 starting from 2019 to 2024 Large and long range military transport. Has maximum payload of 250,000 kg.
Xian H-20 China Jet Bomber tbd A large, long range strategic bomber incorporating stealth technology. Currently under development.[23][24][25]

See also

References

  1. ^ "The PLA Oath" (PDF). February 2009. Retrieved October 30, 2015. I am a member of the People's Liberation Army. I promise that I will follow the leadership of the Communist Party of China...
  2. ^ a b c d e International Institute for Strategic Studies: The Military Balance 2014, p.236
  3. ^ Flightglobal - World Air Forces 2015 (PDF), Flightglobal.com
  4. ^ Hacket, IISS 2010, pg 403–404.
  5. ^ Ken Allen, Chapter 9, "PLA Air Force Organization", The PLA as Organization, ed. James C. Mulvenon and Andrew N.D. Yang (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2002), 349.
  6. ^ 《中国人民解放军军史》编写组 (2011). 中国人民解放军军史:第四卷. 军事科学出版社. p. 52. ISBN 978-7-80237-427-0. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  7. ^ Cliff, Roger; John Fei; Jeff Hagen; Elizabeth Hague; Eric Heginbotham; John Stillion (2011). "Shaking the Heavens and Splitting the Earth: Chinese Air Force Employment Concepts in the 21st Century" (PDF). RAND. p. 36. Retrieved 9 June 2012.
  8. ^ "J-2 (Jian-2 Fighter aircraft 2)". GlobalSecurity.org. 2011-05-03. Retrieved 2011-06-28.
  9. ^ a b "A Country Study: China" (Document). Library of Congress. p. 584. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |work= ignored (help)
  10. ^ a b "A Country Study: China" (Document). Library of Congress. p. 583. {{cite document}}: Unknown parameter |url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |work= ignored (help)
  11. ^ China: A Country Study, 585
  12. ^ "Is China's H-18 bomber a joke? asks Duowei". wantchinatimes.com. Want China Times. 13 November 2013. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  13. ^ http://www.defense.gov/pubs/2015_China_Military_Power_Report.pdf
  14. ^ "Military Aircraft Insignia of the World - D". Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  15. ^ "Roundels of China". Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  16. ^ IISS Military Balance 2012, 233, 237
  17. ^ IISS Military Balance 2012, 239–240.
  18. ^ Kenneth Allan (2012). "The Organizational Structure of the PLAAF". The Chinese Air Force: Evolving Concepts, Roles, and Capabilities (PDF). National Defense University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-16-091386-0.
  19. ^ https://forums.bharat-rakshak.com/viewtopic.php?t=4287&start=2360
  20. ^ http://www.oja.link/htmlfiles/mil/china/plaaf-orbat.htm
  21. ^ http://www.oja.link/htmlfiles/mil/china/plaaf-orbat.htm
  22. ^ http://www.oja.link/htmlfiles/mil/china/plaaf-orbat.htm
  23. ^ "PLA designing long-range stealth bomber". Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  24. ^ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-defence-idUSKCN11809E
  25. ^ http://www.janes.com/article/63448/china-developing-new-strategic-bomber

Further reading

  • Andreas Rupprecht and Tom Cooper: Modern Chinese Warplanes, Combat Aircraft and Units of the Chinese Air Force and Naval Aviation, Harpia Publishing (2012), ISBN 0985455403, ISBN 978-0985455408
  • Gordon, Yefim and Komissarov, Dmitry. Chinese Aircraft. Hikoki Publications. Manchester. 2008. ISBN 978-1-902109-04-6
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