Socialist International
![]() Socialist International logo | |
![]() Countries of members of Socialist International | |
Abbreviation | SI |
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Predecessor | Labour and Socialist International |
Formation | 3 June 1951 |
Type | INGO |
Purpose | Strengthen relations between the affiliated parties and to coordinate their political attitudes and activities.[1] |
Headquarters | Maritime House, Old Town, Clapham |
Location | |
Region served | Worldwide |
Membership | 160[2] |
President | George Papandreou[3] |
Secretary General | Luis Ayala[3] |
Main organ | Congress of the Socialist International |
Budget | GBP 1.4 million (2014)[4] |
Website | www |
The Socialist International (SI) is a worldwide association of political parties, most of which seek to establish democratic socialism.[1] It consists mostly of democratic socialist, social-democratic and labour political parties and other organisations.
Although formed in 1951 as a successor to the Labour and Socialist International, it has antecedents to the late nineteenth century. Initially dominated by parties from Western Europe, it has grown to include more than 160 member parties from over 100 countries. Its members have governed in many countries including most of Europe. The Party of European Socialists (PES), a major European political party, is an associated organisation of the SI.
The current premier of the SI is Luis Ayala (Chile), who has held the post since 1989.[3] The current president of the SI is the former Prime Minister of Greece George Papandreou.[3]
History
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The International Workingmen's Association (the First International) was the first international body to bring together organisations representing the working class.[5] It was formed in London on 28 September 1864 by socialist, communist and anarchist political groups and trade unions.[6] Tensions between moderates and revolutionaries led to its dissolution in 1876 in Philadelphia.[7] The Second International was formed in Paris on 14 July 1889 as an association of the socialist parties.[8] Differences over World War I led to the Second International being dissolved in 1916.
International Socialist Commission (ISC, also known as Berne International) was formed in February 1919 at a meeting in Berne by parties that wanted to resurrect the Second International.[9] In March 1919 communist parties formed Comintern (the Third International) at a meeting in Moscow.[10] Parties which did not want to be a part of the resurrected Second International (ISC) or Comintern formed the International Working Union of Socialist Parties (IWUSP, also known as Vienna International/Vienna Union/Two-and-a-Half International) on 27 February 1921 at a conference in Vienna.[11] The ISC and the IWUSP joined to form the Labour and Socialist International (LSI) in May 1923 at a meeting in Hamburg.[12] The rise of Nazism and the start of World War II led to the dissolution of the LSI in 1940. The Socialist International was formed in Frankfurt in July 1951 as a successor to the LSI.[13]
During the post-World War II period, the SI aided social democratic parties in re-establishing themselves when dictatorship gave way to democracy in Portugal (1974) and Spain (1975). Until its 1976 Geneva Congress, the SI had few members outside Europe and no formal involvement with Latin America.[14] In the 1980s, most SI parties gave their backing to the Nicaraguan Sandinistas (FSLN), whose left-wing government had incited enmity from the United States.
In the late 1970s and in the 1980s the SI had extensive contacts and discussion with the two leading powers of the Cold War period, the United States and the Soviet Union, on issues concerning East-West relations and arms control. The SI supported détente and disarmament agreements, such as SALTII, START and INF. They had several meetings and discussion in Washington, D.C. with President Jimmy Carter and Vice-President George Bush and in Moscow with Secretaries General Leonid Brezhnev and Mikhail Gorbachev. The SI's delegations to these discussions were led by the Finnish Prime Minister Kalevi Sorsa.[15]
Since then, the SI has admitted as member parties not only the FSLN but also the left-wing Puerto Rican Independence Party, as well as former Communist parties such as the Democratic Party of the Left of Italy and the Front for the Liberation of Mozambique (FRELIMO).
Following the Tunisian revolution, the Constitutional Democratic Rally was expelled from the SI in January 2011.[16] Later that month, the Egyptian National Democratic Party was also expelled.[17] As a result of the 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis, the Ivorian Popular Front was expelled in March 2011.[18] However, according to section 5.1.3 of the statutes of the Socialist International, an expulsion requires a decision of Congress by a majority of two-thirds.[19]
On 22 May 2013, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) along with other current and former member parties of the SI founded a rival international network of social-democratic parties known as the Progressive Alliance, out of criticism of the perceived corrupt, undemocratic and outmoded nature of the SI.[20][21][22][23]
Presidents, honorary presidents and secretaries general
Presidents
- Morgan Phillips, Great Britain (1951–1957)
- Alsing Andersen, Denmark (1957–1962)
- Erich Ollenhauer, West Germany (1963)
- Bruno Pittermann, Austria (1964–1976)
- Willy Brandt, West Germany (1976–1992)
- Pierre Mauroy, France (1992–1999)
- António Guterres, Portugal (1999–2005)
- George Papandreou,[3] Greece (2006–present)
Honorary Presidents
- Pierre Mauroy, former president of the SI
- Aung San Suu Kyi, special honorary president
- Ruben Berrios, Puerto Rico
- Philippe Busquin, Belgium
- Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas, Mexico
- Mohamed El Yazghi, Morocco
- Alan García, Peru
- Anita Gradin, Sweden
- Elazar Granot, Israel
- Anker Jørgensen, Denmark
- Lionel Jospin, France
- Neil Kinnock, Great Britain
- Enrique Silva Cimma, Chile
- Mário Soares, Portugal
- Hans-Jochen Vogel, Germany
- Mustapha Ben Jaafar, Tunisia
Secretaries General
- Julius Braunthal, Austria (1951–1956)
- Bjarne Braatoy, Norway (1956–1957)
- Albert Carthy, Great Britain (1957–1969)
- Hans Janitschek, Austria (1969–1976)
- Bernt Carlsson, Sweden (1976–1983)
- Pentti Väänänen, Finland (1983–1989)
- Luis Ayala, Chile (1989–present)
Summits
Members
Full members
The following parties are full members:[25][26]
Country | Name | Abbr | Government | Notes |
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Socialist Party of Albania[27][28][29] | PS | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1999.[30][29] Promoted to full member in 2003.[31] |
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Socialist Forces Front[32][33][34] | FFS | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Promoted to full member in 1996.[36][34] |
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Social Democratic Party[37][38] | PS | in opposition | Promoted to full member in 2003.[31][38] |
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Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola[39] | MPLA | in government | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 2003.[31][39] |
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Radical Civic Union[40] | UCR | junior party in coalition | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 1999.[30][40] |
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Socialist Party[41][42] | PS | in opposition | Full member since 1951.[42] |
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Armenian Revolutionary Federation[43][44] | ARF | junior party in coalition | Admitted (as Armenian Socialist Party) as observer member in 1996.[36][44] Promoted (as ASP) to consultative member in 1999.[30] Promoted (as ASP) to full member in 2003.[31] |
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Social Democratic Party of Austria[45] | SPÖ | senior party in coalition | Full member since 1951.[45] |
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Social Democratic Party | ASDP | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[36] Promoted to consultative member in 2003.[31] Readmitted as consultative member in June/July 2014.[46] Admitted as full member in 2016.[47] |
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Belarusian Social Democratic Party | BSDP | — | Admitted as observer member in 1999.[30] Promoted to consultative member in 2003.[31] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[48] |
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Socialist Party[49] | PS | in opposition | |
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Socialist Party Different | SP.a | in opposition | |
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Social Democratic Party[50] | PSD | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1999.[30][50] Promoted to full member in 2003.[31][50] |
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Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina[51][38] | SDP BiH | in coalition cabinet | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 1999.[30][38] |
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Democratic Labour Party[52] | PDT | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1986.[53][52] Promoted to full member in 1989.[52][54] |
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Party of Bulgarian Social Democrats[55] | PBSD | in opposition | |
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Bulgarian Socialist Party[56] | BSP | in opposition | Admitted as full member in 2003.[31][56] |
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People's Movement for Progress | MPP | in government | Admitted as full member in 2016.[57] |
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Social Democratic Front[58] | SDF | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 1999.[30][58] |
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New Democratic Party[59] | NDP/NPD | in opposition | Forms government in the province of Alberta |
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African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde[60] | PAICV | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Promoted to full member in 1996.[36][60] |
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Party for Democracy[61] | PPD | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Promoted to full member in 1996.[36][61] |
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Radical Social Democratic Party[62] | PRSD | in government | |
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Socialist Party of Chile[63] | PS | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Promoted to full member in 1996.[36][63] |
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Colombian Liberal Party[64] | PLC | in coalition | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Promoted to full member in 1999.[30][64] |
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National Liberation Party[65] | PLN | in opposition | Full member since 1987.[65] |
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Social Democratic Party of Croatia[66][67] | SDP | in opposition | Admitted as full member in 1999.[30][67] |
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Partido MAN | MAN | in government | Promoted to full member in 1989.[54] |
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Movement for Social Democracy[68][69] | EDEK | in opposition | Full member since 1987.[69] Promoted to full member in 1992.[35] |
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Czech Social Democratic Party[70][71] | ČSSD | senior party in coalition | |
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Social Democrats | SD | in opposition | |
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Dominican Revolutionary Party[72] | PRD | in opposition | Full member since 1987.[72] |
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Democratic Left[73] | PID | in opposition | Member since 1987.[73] |
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Egyptian Social Democratic Party | ESDP | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2012.[74] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[48] |
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Convergence for Social Democracy[75] | CPDS | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 1999.[30][75] |
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Social Democratic Party of Finland | SDP | in opposition | |
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Socialist Party[76] | PS | in government | |
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Social Democratic Party of Germany | SPD | junior party in coalition | |
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National Democratic Congress | NDC | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] Promoted to full member in 2008.[77] |
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Panhellenic Socialist Movement[78] | PASOK | in opposition | Full member since 1990.[78] |
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National Unity of Hope | UNE | in opposition | Admitted as full member in 2008.[77] |
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Rally of the Guinean People[79][80] | RPG | in government | Admitted (as Guinean People's Assembly) as consultative member in 1999.[30] Promoted (as GPA) to full member in 2003.[31][80] |
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Fusion of Haitian Social Democrats[81] | PFSDH | in opposition | Full member since 1989.[81] |
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Hungarian Socialist Party[82][83] | MSzP | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 1992.[35][83] Promoted to full member in 1996.[36] |
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Social Democratic Party of Hungary | MSZDP | extra-parliamentary | Member since 1990.[84] Admitted as observer member in 1992.[35] Promoted to consultative member in 1999.[30] Promoted to full member in 2003.[31] |
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Indian National Congress | INC | in opposition | Originally joined in 1993.[85] Readmitted as full member December 2014.[86] |
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Social Democratic Alliance[87] | S | in opposition | Member since 1987.[87] |
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Kurdistan Democratic Party | KDP | — | Admitted as a full member in November 2015.[48] |
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Patriotic Union of Kurdistan | PUK | in government | Admitted as observer member in 2003.[31] Promoted to full member in 2008.[77] |
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Labour Party[88][89] | in opposition | ||
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Meretz[90][69] | in opposition | ||
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Israeli Labor Party[90] | in opposition | ||
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Italian Socialist Party | PSI | junior party in coalition | |
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People's National Party[91] | PNP | in opposition | Full member since 1952.[91] Temporarily emoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] |
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Social Democratic Party[92] | SDP | in opposition | Full member since 1951 as the Japan Socialist Party.[92] |
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Nationwide Social Democratic Party | OSDP | — | Admitted as consultative member in 2012.[74] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[48] |
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Progressive Socialist Party[93] | PSP | junior party in coalition | Full member since 1980.[93] |
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Social Democratic Party of Lithuania[94] | LSDP | senior party in coalition | Full member since the 1990s.[94] |
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Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party[95][96] | LSAP/POSL | junior party in coalition | Full member since 1951.[96] |
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Democratic Action Party[97][98] | DAP | in opposition | Full member since 1987.[98] |
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Alliance for Democracy in Mali[99] | ADEMA-PASJ | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 1999.[30][99] Promoted to full member in 2008.[77] |
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Rally for Mali | RPM | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] |
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Rally of Democratic Forces | RFD | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 2003.[31] Promoted to full member in 2008.[77] |
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Labour Party[100] | PT | in opposition | Full member since 1969.[100] |
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Mauritian Militant Movement[101] | MMM | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 2003.[31][101] Part of the Alliance of the Heart. |
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Institutional Revolutionary Party[102] | PRI | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 2003.[31][102] |
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Party of the Democratic Revolution[103] | PRD | in opposition | Admitted as full member in 1996.[36][103] |
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Democratic Party of Moldova[104] | PDM | junior party in coalition | Admitted as consultative member in 2008.[77] Promoted to full member in 2012.[74] Part of Alliance for European Integration. |
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Mongolian People's Party[105][106] | MPP | in government | Admitted (as Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) as observer member in 1999.[30][106] Promoted (as Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party) to full member in 2003.[31][106] |
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Mongolian Social Democratic Party[106] | MSDP | — | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35][106] Promoted to full member in 1996.[36] Merged with others in 2000 to form the Democratic Party |
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Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro[107] | DPS | senior party in coalition | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] Promoted to full member in 2008.[77] |
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Social Democratic Party of Montenegro[107][108][109] | SDP | junior party in coalition | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[36] Promoted to consultative member in 1999.[30] Promoted to full member in 2003.[31][109] |
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Socialist Union of Popular Forces[110][111][112] | USFP | in opposition | Promoted to full member in 1992.[35] |
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Frelimo Party[113] | FRELIMO | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 1999.[30] |
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South West Africa People's Organisation | SWAPO | in government | Promoted to full member in 2008.[77] |
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Nepali Congress[114][115] | NC | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1989.[54] Promoted to full member in 1999.[30][115] |
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Sandinista National Liberation Front[116] | FSLN | in government | Admitted as observer member in 1992.[35] Promoted to full member in 1996.[36][116] |
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Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism[117] | PNDS | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 2003.[31][117] |
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Republican Turkish Party | CTP | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 2008 (pending consultation).[77] Promoted to full member in June/July 2014.[46] |
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Pakistan Peoples Party[118] | PPP | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1989.[54] Promoted to full member in 2003.[31][118] |
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Fatah[119][120] | in government | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[36] Promoted to consultative member in 1999.[30] Promoted to full member in 2012.[74] | |
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Democratic Revolutionary Party[121] | PRD | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 1986.[53][121] Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 2003.[31] |
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Democratic Progressive Party | PDP | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2008.[77] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[48] |
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American Popular Revolutionary Alliance[122] | APRA | in opposition | Promoted to full member in 1999.[30] |
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Democratic Left Alliance[123][124] | SLD | extra-parliamentary | Full member since 1996.[124] |
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Socialist Party[125] | PS | in government | |
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Puerto Rican Independence Party[126] | PIP | in opposition | Consultative member in 1987, full member in 1994.[126] Promoted to full member in 1992.[35] |
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Social Democratic Party[127][128] | PSD | senior party in coalition | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 1999.[30] Consultative member in 1992, full member in 2001.[128] Admitted as full member in 2003.[31] |
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A Just Russia[129][130] | SR | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 2008.[77] Promoted to consultative member in 2010. Promoted to full member in 2012.[74][131] |
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Party of Socialists and Democrats[117] | PSD | in opposition | Consultative member in 1961, full member in 1980.[117] |
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Socialist Party of Senegal[132][133] | PS | — | Full member since the 1970s.[133] Boycotted last election. |
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Democratic Party[134] | DS | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] Promoted to full member in 2008.[77] |
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Direction – Social Democracy[135] | SMER-SD | senior party in coalition | Full member since 1994.[135] |
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African National Congress[136] | ANC | in government | Admitted as full member in 1999.[30][136] |
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Spanish Socialist Workers' Party[137] | PSOE | in opposition | Full member since 1951.[137] |
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Swedish Social Democratic Party[138] | SAP | senior party in coalition | |
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Social Democratic Party of Switzerland[139] | SP/PS | in coalition cabinet | |
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Chama Cha Mapinduzi | CCM | in government | Admitted as full member in 2013.[140] |
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Democratic Forum for Labour and Liberties | FDTL | junior party in coalition | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Promoted to full member in 2012.[74] |
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Republican People's Party[141][142][143] | CHP | in opposition | Took Social Democratic Populist Party's place in 1995.[143] |
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Social Democratic and Labour Party[144][145] | SDLP | in opposition | Full member since 1974.[145] |
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Democratic Socialists of America[146][147] | DSA | — | Not an electoral party. |
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New Space[148][149] | PNE | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 1999.[30] Promoted to full member in 2003.[31][149] |
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Socialist Party of Uruguay[150] | PSUA | in government | Admitted as full member in 1999.[30][150] |
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A New Era | UNT | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2013.[140] Promoted to full member in November 2015.[48] |
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Democratic Action[151][98] | AD | in opposition | Observer member in 1966, consultative member in 1981, full member mid 1980s.[98] |
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Movement for Socialism | MAS | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] |
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Popular Will | VP | in opposition | Admitted as full member in December 2014.[86] |
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Yemeni Socialist Party | YSP | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 2003.[31] Promoted to consultative member in 2008.[77] Promoted to full member in 2012.[74] |
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Movement for Democratic Change | MDC | in opposition | Admitted as full member in 2008.[77] |
Consultative parties
The following parties are consultative parties:[25][26]
Country | Name | Abbr | Government | Notes |
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National Liberation Front | FLN | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 2013.[140] |
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People's United Party | PUP | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in June/July 2014.[46] |
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Botswana Democratic Party | BDP | in government | Admitted as consultative member in June/July 2014.[46] |
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National Union for Democracy and Renewal | UNDR | Admitted as observer member in June/July 2014.[46] | |
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Gabonese Progress Party | PGP | — | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] |
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United Democratic Party | UDP | — | Admitted as consultative member in 2012.[74] Boycotted last election. |
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Social Democrats for the Development of Georgia | SDD | — | Admitted as consultative member in 2013.[140] |
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African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde | PAIGC | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 2008.[77] |
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Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan | PDKI | — | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[36] Promoted to consultative member in 2008.[77] |
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Social Democratic Party "Harmony" | SDPS | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in June/July 2014.[46] |
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All Progressives Congress[120] | APC | in government | Admitted as consultative member in December 2014.[86] |
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Communal Democracy Party | TDP | Admitted as consultative member in November 2015.[48] | |
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Palestinian National Initiative[120] | PNI | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 2008.[77] Promoted to consultative member in 2012.[74] |
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Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe/Social Democratic Party | MLSTP/PSD | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 2013.[140] |
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People's United Democratic Movement | PUDEMO | — | Admitted as consultative member in 2013.[140] Political parties are banned in Swaziland. |
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Democratic Union Party | PYD | in government | Admitted as consultative member in November 2015.[48] |
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Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor | FReTiLIn | senior party in coalition | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] |
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Peoples' Democratic Party | HDP | in opposition | Admitted as consultative member in 2015. |
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Social Democratic Party of Ukraine[152] | SDPU | — | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] |
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Patriotic Front | PF | in government | Admitted as consultative member in 2013.[140] |
Observer parties
The following parties are observer parties:[25][26]
Country | Name | Abbr | Government | Notes |
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Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People | MLPC | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 2008.[77] |
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Union for Democracy and Social Progress | UDPS | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in 2003.[31] |
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Unified Lumumbist Party | PALU | in opposition | Admitted as observer member in December 2014.[86] |
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Social Democratic Party[153][154] | SDE | in government | Member since 1990.[154] |
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Struggling People's Organization | OPL | Admitted (as Lavalas Political Organisation) as observer member in 1996.[36] | |
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Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan | KPIK | Admitted as observer member in December 2014.[86] | |
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Komala Party of Kurdistan | KPK | Admitted as observer member in December 2014.[86] | |
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Labour Party of Kenya | Admitted as observer member in 2012.[74] | ||
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Lesotho Congress for Democracy | LCD | Admitted as observer member in June/July 2014.[46] | |
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Labour Party[155][156] | DNA | in opposition | Member since 1951.[156] |
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Polisario Front | POLISARIO | in government | Admitted as observer member in 2008.[77] |
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Swaziland Democratic Party | SWADEPA | Admitted as observer member in June/July 2014.[46] | |
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Labour Party[157] | in opposition | Member since 1951.[157] In government in Wales. Downgraded to observer status in February 2013 "in view of ethical concerns, and to develop international co-operation through new networks."[158] |
Former members
Country | Name | Abbr | Notes |
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Social Democratic Party of Albania[159] | PSD | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Promoted to full member in 1996.[36][159] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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New Democracy | ND | Admitted as consultative member in 1999.[30] |
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Antigua Labour Party | ALP | Admitted as consultative member in 2008.[77] |
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Popular Socialist Party | PSP | Admitted as full member in 1992.[35] Merged with the Democratic Socialist Party to form the Socialist Party. |
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People's Electoral Movement[39] | MEP | Promoted to full member in 1992.[35] Full member since 1994.[39] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Australian Labor Party[160] | ALP | Admitted as full member in 1966.[160] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Barbados Labour Party[161] | BLP | Admitted as full member in 1987.[161] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Democratic Union of Progressive Forces | UDFP | Admitted as observer member in 1992.[35] |
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Alliance of Independent Social Democrats | SNSD | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] Promoted to full member in 2008[77] Expelled in August 2012.[74] |
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Botswana National Front | BNF | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[36] |
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Revolutionary Left Movement[162] | MIR | Admitted as consultative member in 1986.[53] Consultative member in c1987.[162] Promoted to full member in 1992.[35][162] |
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European Left | BEL[163] | Admitted as observer member in 1999.[30] |
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Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party[61] | PDP/PS | Admitted as full member circa 1995.[61] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Front for Democracy in Burundi | FRODEBU | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Co-operative Commonwealth Federation | CCF | Became the New Democratic Party in 1961. |
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Movement for Democracy and Social Progress | MDPS | Admitted as observer member in 1992.[35] |
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Ivorian Popular Front[164] | FPI | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Promoted to full member in 1996.[36][164] Expelled in March 2011.[18] |
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Alternative Democratic Pole | PDA | Former observer member. Delisted in December 2014. |
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M-19 Democratic Alliance | Admitted as observer member in 1992.[35] | |
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Dominica Labour Party | DLP | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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National Democratic Party[65] | NDP | Admitted as full member in 1989.[54] Full member since 1992.[65] Expelled in January 2011.[17][165][166] |
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Democratic Party | PD | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[36] |
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Fiji Labour Party | FLP | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Expelled in 2008.[77] |
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Union of Citizens of Georgia | CUG | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[36] |
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Forward | Admitted as consultative member in 1986.[53] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. | |
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Social Democratic Convergence[167] | CSD | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31][167] |
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Party of the National Congress of Democratic Movements | KONAKOM | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Promoted to full member in 1996.[36] |
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Revolutionary Progressive Nationalist Party | PANPRA | Admitted as consultative member in 1989.[54] Promoted to full member in 1992.[35] |
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Democratic Party of the Left | PDS | Admitted as full member in 1992.[35] Merged with others to form Democrats of the Left in 1998. |
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Democrats of the Left[168] | DS | Full member since 1992 as Democratic Party of the Left.[168] Merged with other movements to form the Democratic Party in 2007. Listed as SI member until XXIV Congress in 2012. |
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Italian Socialist Party | PSI | Party dissolved in 1994 and succeeded by the Italian Socialists (who formed the Italian Democratic Socialists in 1998 and resumed as the Italian Socialist Party PSI in 2007). |
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Italian Democratic Socialist Party | PSDI | Party merged into the Italian Democratic Socialists in 1998 (renamed into Italian Socialist Party PSI in 2007). |
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Democratic Socialist Party | Minsha-tō | Admitted as SI member in 1961.[169] Merged with non-socialist movements to form the New Frontier Party in 1994. |
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Jordanian Democratic Party of the Left | JDPL | Admitted as observer member in 2003.[31] |
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Ata Meken Socialist Party[170] | Admitted as observer member in 2008.[77] | |
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Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party[171] | LSDSP | Full member since 1994.[171] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Social Democratic Union of Macedonia[172][173][174] | SDSM | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 2003.[31][174] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Party for National Unity | VITM | Admitted as consultative member in 1989.[54] |
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Labour Party[175] | PL | Full member since 1955.[175] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Social Democratic Party of Moldova | PSDM | Admitted as observer member in 1996.[36] |
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Congress of Democrats | CoD | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Labour Party[176] | PvdA | Decided to minimise involvement in SI in December 2012.[177] Delisted in December 2014. |
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New Zealand Labour Party[149] | NZLP | Member since 1952.[149] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Vietnamese Socialist Party[178] | Consultative member between 1955 and 1969.[178] | |
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Party for a Country of Solidarity[179] | PPS | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] Promoted to full member in 2008.[77] |
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Revolutionary Febrerista Party[180][181] | PRF | Admitted as full member in the 1970s.[181] |
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Philippines Democratic Socialist Party | PDSP | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Akbayan Citizens' Action Party | AKBAYAN | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] |
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Labour Union[182] | UP | Admitted as full member in 1996.[36][182] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Social Democracy of the Republic of Poland | SdRP | Admitted as full member in 1996.[36] Absorbed into the Democratic Left Alliance in 1999. |
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Democratic Party | PD | Admitted as consultative member in 1996.[36] Promoted to full member in 1999.[30] Merged with the Liberal Democratic Party to form the Democratic Liberal Party. |
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Social Democratic Party of Russia | SDPR | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] |
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Progressive Labour Party | Expelled in 1992.[35] | |
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Saint Kitts and Nevis Labour Party | SKNLP | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Saint Lucia Labour Party | SLP | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Saint Vincent Labour Party | SVGLP | Admitted as consultative member in 1989.[54] Merged with the Movement for National Unity in 1994 to form the Unity Labour Party. |
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Unity Labour Party | ULP | Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Social Democratic Party[134] | SDP | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] Promoted to full member in 2008.[77] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Ceased to exist in 2009[134] |
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People's Action Party | PAP | Resigned in 1976 due to Dutch concerns over suppression of free speech. |
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Party of the Democratic Left | SDĽ | Admitted as full member in 1996.[36] Merged with Direction – Social Democracy in 2005. |
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Social Democratic Party of Slovakia | SDSS | Admitted as full member in 1992.[35] Merged with Direction – Social Democracy in 2005. |
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Slovenian Democratic Party | SDS | Admitted (as the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia) as observer member in 1992.[35] |
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Social Democrats[183] | SD | Admitted (as United List of Social Democrats) as full member in 1996.[36][183] Demoted to observer member in 2012 due to non-payment of membership fees.[25] Delisted in December 2014. |
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Democratic Convention of African Peoples | CDPA | Admitted as consultative member in 1999.[30] |
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Constitutional Democratic Rally[52] | RCD | Admitted as full member in 1989.[54] Full member since 1993.[52] Expelled in January 2011.[16] |
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Popular Unity Movement | MUP | Admitted as consultative member in 1989.[54] |
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Democratic Left Party | DSP | Admitted as consultative member in 1986.[53] Expelled in 1992.[35] |
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Democratic People's Party | DEHAP | Admitted as observer member in 2003.[31] Merged with the Democratic Society Movement to form the Democratic Society Party which in turn was succeeded by the Peace and Democracy Party. |
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Social Democracy Party[143] | SODEP | Full member since 1990.[143] Merged with the Republican People's Party in 1995.[143] |
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Social Democratic Populist Party | SHP | Admitted as consultative member in 1986.[53] Promoted to full member in 1989.[54] Merged with the Republican People's Party in 1995. |
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Socialist Party of Ukraine | SPU | Admitted as consultative member in 2003.[31] Expelled in July 2011.[184] |
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Social Democrats, USA[183] | SDUSA | Member since 1972.[183] Exited SI in 2005. |
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Party for the Government of the People | PGP | Admitted as consultative member in 1992.[35] Merged with the Colorado Party in 1994. |
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For Social Democracy | PODEMOS | Admitted as consultative member in 2008.[77] |
Fraternal organisations
- International Falcon Movement – Socialist Educational International[185]
- International Union of Socialist Youth[186]
- Socialist International Women[187]
Associated organisations
Column-generating template families
The templates listed here are not interchangeable. For example, using {{col-float}} with {{col-end}} instead of {{col-float-end}} would leave a <div>...</div>
open, potentially harming any subsequent formatting.
Type | Family | Handles wiki
table code?† |
Responsive/ mobile suited |
Start template | Column divider | End template |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Float | "col-float" | Yes | Yes | {{col-float}} | {{col-float-break}} | {{col-float-end}} |
"columns-start" | Yes | Yes | {{columns-start}} | {{column}} | {{columns-end}} | |
Columns | "div col" | Yes | Yes | {{div col}} | – | {{div col end}} |
"columns-list" | No | Yes | {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) | – | – | |
Flexbox | "flex columns" | No | Yes | {{flex columns}} | – | – |
Table | "col" | Yes | No | {{col-begin}}, {{col-begin-fixed}} or {{col-begin-small}} |
{{col-break}} or {{col-2}} .. {{col-5}} |
{{col-end}} |
† Can template handle the basic wiki markup {| | || |- |}
used to create tables? If not, special templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}}, {{!)}})—or HTML tags (<table>...</table>
, <tr>...</tr>
, etc.)—need to be used instead.
See also
- African Socialist International
- Latin American Parliament
- Reformism
- Section Française de l'Internationale Ouvrière (SFIO, the French section of the Second International)
Notes
- ^ a b "Statutes of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
- ^ "About Us". Socialist International.
- ^ a b c d e "Presidium". Socialist International.
- ^ "Finances of the International". Socialist International.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 176.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. xxiv.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. xxv.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 302.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 52.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 77.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 177.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 197.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 320.
- ^ The Dictionary of Contemporary Politics of South America, Routledge, 1989
- ^ Väänänen, Pentti (2012). Purppuraruusu ja samettinyrkki (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Kellastupa. pp. 192–194. ISBN 9789525787115.
- ^ a b "SI decision on Tunisia". Socialist International. 17 January 2011.
- ^ a b "Letter to the General Secretary of the National Democratic Party, NDP Egypt" (PDF). Socialist International. 31 January 2011.
- ^ a b "SI Presidium addresses situation in Côte d'Ivoire". Socialist International. 19 March 2011.
- ^ "SI Statutes". Socialist International. 5 February 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ Bruderzwist unter Sozialisten - Politik - Süddeutsche.de. Sueddeutsche.de. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
- ^ Progressive Alliance: Sozialdemokraten gründen weltweites Netzwerk - SPIEGEL ONLINE. Spiegel.de (22 May 2013). Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
- ^ Sozialdemokratie: „Progressive Alliance“ gegründet - Politik. FAZ. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
- ^ Template:De icon Sozialistische Internationale hat ausgedient: SPD gründet "Progressive Alliance". n-tv.de. Retrieved on 15 July 2013.
- ^ "Honorary Presidents of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w "Member Parties". Socialist International.
- ^ a b c "Social Democratic Parties". Broad Left. 1 June 2005.
- ^ "Key Political Parties in Albania". Balkan Insight.
- ^ "Albania". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 323.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "XXI Congress of the Socialist International, Paris - Decisions of the Congress Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq "XXII Congress of the Socialist International, São Paulo - Decisions of the Congress Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
- ^ "FFS (Socialist Forces Front)". European Institute for Research on Euro-Arab Co-operation.
- ^ "Algeria". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 319.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af "XIX Congress of the Socialist International, Berlin - Decisions on Membership of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao "XX Congress of the Socialist International, New York - Congress Decisions Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
- ^ "Benvinguts" (in Catalan). Social Democratic Party (Andorra).
- ^ a b c d Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 311.
- ^ a b c d Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 270.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 286.
- ^ "Historia del Partido Socialista" (in Spanish). Socialist Party (Argentina).
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 35.
- ^ "In the Socialist International". Armenian Revolutionary Federation.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 37.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 44.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "SI Council Meeting in Mexico City". Socialist International.
- ^ http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=2462
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Meeting of the SI Council in Luanda, Angola 27-28 November 2015". Socialist International.
- ^ "L'Action Internationale" (in French). Parti Socialiste (Belgium).
- ^ a b c Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 310.
- ^ "Bosnia Herzegovina". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ a b c d e Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 101.
- ^ a b c d e f "XVII Congress of the Socialist International, Lima - Decisions on Membership of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "XVIII Congress of the Socialist International, Stockholm - Decisions on Membership of the Socialist International". Socialist International.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 67.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 68.
- ^ http://www.socialistinternational.org/viewArticle.cfm?ArticleID=2462
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 307.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 251.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 25.
- ^ a b c d Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 265.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 314.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 325.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 211.
- ^ a b c d Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 245.
- ^ "Croatia". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 312.
- ^ "Movement for Social Democracy". Movement for Social Democracy.
- ^ a b c Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 308.
- ^ "Our Party". Czech Social Democratic Party.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 95.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 108.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 102.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "XXIV Congress of the Socialist International, Cape Town - Decisions on Membership". Socialist International.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 87.
- ^ "L'internationale socialiste" (in French). Socialist Party (France).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "XXIII Congress of the Socialist International, Athens - Decisions of the Congress Regarding Membership". Socialist International.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 262.
- ^ "Attack on President Condé an assault on democracy". Socialist International. 19 July 2011.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 148.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 351.
- ^ "A Magyar Szocialista Párt..." (in Hungarian). Hungarian Socialist Party.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 158.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 156.
- ^ Gabriel Sheffer (1993). Innovative Leaders in International Politics. SUNY Press. p. 202. ISBN 978-0-7914-1520-7. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f "Meeting of the SI Council at the United Nations in Geneva". Socialist International.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 160.
- ^ "International Solidarity". Labour Party (Ireland).
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 180.
- ^ a b "Israel". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 271.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 186.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 283.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 214.
- ^ "LSAP aujourd'hui" (in French). Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 217.
- ^ "International Solidarity". Democratic Action Party.
- ^ a b c d Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 100.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 29.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 230.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 229.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 167.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 268.
- ^ "Moldova". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ "Party History". Mongolian People's Party.
- ^ a b c d e Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 238.
- ^ a b "Montenegro". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ "Socijalistička internacionala" (in Montenegrin). Social Democratic Party of Montenegro. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 313.
- ^ "Relations internationales" (in French). Socialist Union of Popular Forces.
- ^ "Morocco". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 328.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 132.
- ^ "Introduction". Nepali Congress.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 250.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 296.
- ^ a b c d Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 267.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 261.
- ^ "Fatah becomes member of Socialist International". Ma'an News Agency. 2 July 2011.
- ^ a b c "Palestinian Territories". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 290.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 273.
- ^ "English". Democratic Left Alliance.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 103.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 280.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 285.
- ^ "Afiliere internationala" (in Romanian). Social Democratic Party (Romania).
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 293.
- ^ "Russia". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ "Just Russia – member of Socialist International". Sergey Mironov.
- ^ "СПРÐÐ'ЕÐ"ЛИÐ'ÐЯ РОССИЯ Ñтала полноправным членом Социнтерна" (in Russian). A Just Russia.
{{cite web}}
: C1 control character in|title=
at position 8 (help) - ^ "Le Parti en bref" (in French). Socialist Party of Senegal.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 326.
- ^ a b c "Serbia". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 107.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 24.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 336.
- ^ "Other languages". Swedish Social Democratic Party.
- ^ "Internationale socialiste" (in French). Social Democratic Party of Switzerland.
- ^ a b c d e f g http://www.socialistinternational.org/images/dynamicImages/files/Council%20decisions-1.pdf
- ^ "European Union Representation". Republican People's Party (Turkey).
- ^ "Turkey". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ a b c d e Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 289.
- ^ "Our History". Social Democratic and Labour Party.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 305.
- ^ "the organization". Democratic Socialists of America.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 104.
- ^ "Nuevo Espacio" (in Spanish). New Space (Uruguay).
- ^ a b c d Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 253.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 327.
- ^ "Propuestas" (in Spanish). Democratic Action.
- ^ "Ukraine". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ "History". Social Democratic Party (Estonia).
- ^ a b Peter Lamb; James C. Docherty (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (Second ed.). The Scarecrow Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0-8108-5560-1.
- ^ "Information in English". Labour Party (Norway).
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 255.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 63.
- ^ Black, Ann. (6 February 2013) Report from Labour’s January executive. Left Futures. Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 27.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 41.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 46.
- ^ a b c Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 241.
- ^ Janusz Bugajski (2002). Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 790–. ISBN 978-1-56324-676-0. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 184.
- ^ Gültaşli, Selçuk (4 February 2011). "Socialist International cancels Mubarak's party membership". Today's Zaman.
- ^ Weigel, David (4 February 2011). "Socialist International Kicks Out Mubarak". Slate (magazine).
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 306.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 105.
- ^ James C. Docherty; Peter Lamb (2 October 2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism. Scarecrow Press. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-0-8108-6477-1. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
- ^ "Kyrgyzstan". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 203.
- ^ "International cooperation". Social Democratic Union of Macedonia.
- ^ "FYR Macedonia". European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 315.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 220.
- ^ "Partners". Labour Party (Netherlands).
- ^ PvdA steunt oprichting Progressive Alliance | PvdA. Pvda.nl (19 December 2012). Retrieved on 2013-07-15.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 355.
- ^ "Party for a Country of Solidarity" (in Spanish). Party for a Country of Solidarity.
- ^ "Socialist International met in Paraguay ahead of presidential elections". Socialist International.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 121.
- ^ a b Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 352.
- ^ a b c d Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 316.
- ^ Партію Мороза виключили з Соцінтерну, Ukrainian Pravda, 03, July 2011
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 170.
- ^ Lamb & Docherty 2006, p. 175.
- ^ "Socialist International Women". Socialist International Women.
References
- Lamb, Peter; Docherty, James C. (2006). Historical Dictionary of Socialism (Second ed.). The Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-5560-1.
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Further reading
- The Socialist International by Nikolai Sibilev, 1984.
- Social Democracy and Southern Africa by Vladimir Shubin (pseudonym of Vladimir Bushin), 1989.
- Julius Braunthal, "The Rebirth of Social Democracy," Foreign Affairs, vol. 27, no. 4 (July 1949), pp. 586–600. In JSTOR
- Pentti Vaananen, The Rose and the Fist, SYS Print, 2014, pp. 50–230. ISBN 978-952-93-3706-4