Barcelona: Difference between revisions

Barcelona
Barcelona
Municipality
	"22@" business district, Sagrada Família, Camp Nou stadium, The Castle of the Three Dragons, Palau Nacional, W Barcelona hotel and beach
	Flag Coat of arms
	Nickname(s): Ciutat Comtal (City of Counts), ; Barna, BCN
Country	Spain
Autonomous Community	Catalonia
Province	Barcelona
Comarca	Barcelonès
Districts	List Ciutat Vella; Eixample; Gràcia; Horta-Guinardó; Les Corts; Nou Barris; Sant Andreu; Sants–Montjuïc; Sarrià-Sant Gervasi; Sant Martí;
Government
• Type	Mayor-council
• Body	Ajuntament de Barcelona
• Mayor	Xavier Trias (CiU)
Area
• Municipality	101.9 km2 (39.3 sq mi)
• Urban	803 km2 (310 sq mi)
Elevation (AMSL)	12 m (39 ft)
Population (2009)
• Municipality	1,620,943 (city limits); 3,218,071 (Greater Barcelona)
• Density	15,991/km2 (41,420/sq mi)
• Urban	4,604,000
• Metro	5,375,774
Demonym(s)	Barcelonan or Barcelonian; barceloní, barcelonina (ca); barcelonés, barcelonesa (es)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	08001–08080
Area code	+34 (Spain) 93 (City)
Official language(s)	Catalan and Spanish
Website	www.barcelona.cat

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Barcelona (English: /bɑːs[invalid input: 'ɨ']ˈloʊnə/, Catalan: [barsəˈɫɔnə], Spanish: [barθeˈlona]) is the capital of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, after Madrid, with a population of 1,620,943^[1] within its administrative limits on a land area of 101.4 km² (39 sq mi). The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 4.5 million within an area of 803 km² (310 sq mi),^[2]^[3] being the sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, the Ruhr, Madrid and Milan. About five million^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] people live in the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is also the largest metropolis on the Mediterranean Sea. It is located on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge (512 metres (1,680 ft)).

Founded as a Roman city, Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon, Barcelona became the most important city of the Crown of Aragon. Besieged several times during its history, Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination. Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner, which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona. The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions and also many international sport tournaments.

Barcelona is today one of the world's leading tourist, economic, trade fair/exhibitions and cultural-sports centres, and its influence in commerce, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities.^[9]^[10] Indeed, it is a major cultural and economic centre in southwestern Europe (Iberian Peninsula), 24th in the world (after Zurich, before Frankfurt)^[11] and a growing financial centre (Diagonal Mar and Gran Via). It is the fourth economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union and 35th in the world with an output amounting to €177 billion.^[12] As of 2009 the city was ranked Europe's third and one of the world's most successful as a city brand.^[13] At the same time, the city was ranked Europe's fourth best city for business and fastest improving European city, with growth improved by 17% per year.^[14] Barcelona is the transport hub with one of Europe's principal ports, Barcelona international airport, which handles above 35 million passengers per year, extensive motorway network and also is a hub of high-speed rail, particularly that which is intended to link Spain with France and the rest of Europe as the second longest in the world.^[15]

Names

The name Barcelona comes from the ancient Iberian Phoenician Barkeno, attested in an ancient coin inscription in Iberian script as ,^[16] in Ancient Greek sources as Βαρκινών, Barkinṓn;^[17] and in Latin as Barcino^{[citation needed]}, Barcilonum^[18] and Barceno.^[19]^{[citation needed]}

During the Middle Ages, the city was variously known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelonaa, and Barchenona.

Some sources say that the city may have been named after the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca, who was supposed to have founded the city in the 3rd century BC.^[20]

Barcelona's name is sometimes abbreviated as 'Barna'. Nowadays, foreign people sometimes mistakenly refer to Barcelona as 'Barça', the popular name of the F.C. Barcelona sports club. Some people (mainly in Spanish/Catalan) also use 'BCN', often written 'Bcn', which actually corresponds to the IATA airport code of the Barcelona-El Prat Airport.

History

The founding of Barcelona is the subject of two different legends. The first attributes the founding of the city to the mythological Hercules. The second legend attributes the foundation of the city directly to the historical Carthaginian Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, who named the city Barcino after his family in the 3rd century BC.^[21]

In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum (Roman military camp) centred on the "Mons Taber", a little hill near the contemporary city hall (Plaça de Sant Jaume). Under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Faventia,^[22] or, in full, Colonia Faventia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino^[23] or Colonia Julia Augusta Faventia Paterna Barcino. Pomponius Mela^[24] mentions it among the small towns of the district, probably as it was eclipsed by its neighbour Tarraco (modern Tarragona), but it may be gathered from later writers that it gradually grew in wealth and consequence, favoured as it was with a beautiful situation and an excellent harbour.^[25] It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens.^[26] The city minted its own coins; some from the era of Galba survive.

Some important Roman ruins are exposed under the Plaça del Rei, its entrance located by the city museum (Museu d'Història de la Ciutat); the typically Roman grid plan is still visible today in the layout of the historical centre, the Barri Gòtic ("Gothic Quarter"). Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls have been incorporated into the cathedral.^[27] The cathedral, also known as the Basilica La Seu, is said to have been founded in 343. The city was conquered by the Visigoths in the early 5th century, becoming for a few years the capital of all Hispania. After being conquered by the Arabs in the early 8th century, it was conquered in 801 by Charlemagne's son Louis, who made Barcelona the seat of the Carolingian "Hispanic March" (Marca Hispanica), a buffer zone ruled by the Count of Barcelona.

The Counts of Barcelona became increasingly independent and expanded their territory to include all of Catalonia. In 1137, Aragon and the County of Barcelona merged in dynastic union^[28]^[29] by the marriage of Ramon Berenguer IV and Petronilla of Aragon, their titles finally borne by only one person when their son Alfonso II of Aragon ascended to the throne in 1162. His territories were later to be known as the Crown of Aragon, which conquered many overseas possessions and ruled the western Mediterranean Sea with outlying territories in Naples and Sicily and as far as Athens in the 13th century. The forging of a dynastic link between the Crowns of Aragon and Castile marked the beginning of Barcelona's decline. The Bank of Barcelona, probably the oldest public bank in Europe, was established by the city magistrates in 1401. It originated from necessities of the state, as did the Bank of Venice (1402) and the Bank of Genoa (1407).^[30]

The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1469 united the two royal lines. Madrid became the centre of political power whilst the colonisation of the Americas reduced the financial importance (at least in relative terms) of Mediterranean trade. Barcelona had always been the stronghold of Catalan separatism and was the center of the Catalan Revolt (1640–52) against Philip IV of Spain. The great plague of 1650–1654 halved the city's population.^[31]

In the 18th century, a fortress was built at Montjuïc that overlooked the harbour. In 1794, this fortress was used by the French astronomer Pierre François André Méchain for observations relating to a survey stretching to Dunkirk that provided the official basis of the measurement of a metre.^[32] The definitive metre bar, manufactured from platinum, was presented to the French legislative assembly on 22 June 1799. The Napoleonic wars left the province ravaged, but the postwar period saw the start of industrialization.

The city was a Republican stronghold during the Spanish Civil War, and the fall of the city on 26 January 1939 caused a mass exodus of civilians who fled to the French border. The resistance of Barcelona to Franco's coup d'état was to have lasting effects after the defeat of the Republican government. The autonomous institutions of Catalonia were abolished,^[33] and the use of the Catalan language in public life was suppressed. Barcelona remained the second largest city in Spain, at the heart of a region which was relatively industrialised and prosperous, despite the devastation of the civil war. The result was a large-scale immigration from poorer regions of Spain (particularly Andalusia, Murcia and Galicia), which in turn led to rapid urbanisation. Barcelona hosted the Olympic Games in 1992, which helped revitalise the city.^[34]

A panoramic view of Barcelona (click to enlarge)

Geography

Barcelona is located on the northeast coast of the Iberian Peninsula, facing the Mediterranean Sea, on a plain approximately 5 km (3 mi) wide limited by the mountain range of Collserola, the Llobregat river to the southwest and the Besòs river to the north.^[35] This plain covers an area of 170 km² (66 sq mi),^[35] of which 101 km² (38.9 sq mi)^[36] are occupied by the city itself. It is 120 km (75 mi) south of the Pyrenees and the Catalan border with France.

Tibidabo, 512 m (1,680 ft) high, offers striking views over the city^[37] and is topped by the 288.4 m (946.2 ft) Torre de Collserola, a telecommunications tower that is visible from most of the city. Barcelona is peppered with small hills, most of them urbanised, that gave their name to the neighbourhoods built upon them, such as Carmel (267 m), Putxet (181 m) and Rovira (261 m). The escarpment of Montjuïc (173 m), situated to the southeast, overlooks the harbour and is topped by Montjuïc castle, a fortress built in the 17–18th centuries to control the city as a replacement for the Ciutadella. Today, the fortress is a museum and Montjuïc is home to several sporting and cultural venues, as well as Barcelona's biggest park and gardens.

The city borders on the municipalities of Santa Coloma de Gramenet and Sant Adrià de Besòs to the north; the Mediterranean Sea to the east; El Prat de Llobregat and L'Hospitalet de Llobregat to the south; and Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Sant Just Desvern, Esplugues de Llobregat, Sant Cugat del Vallès, and Montcada i Reixac to the west.

Climate

Barcelona has a Mediterranean climate^[38] (Köppen climate classification: Csa),^[39] with mild, humid winters and warm, dry summers.

Its average annual temperature is 20 °C (68 °F) during the day and 11 °C (52 °F) at night. The average annual temperature of the sea is about 18 °C (64 °F). In the coldest month – January, the temperature typically ranges from 8 to 17 °C (46 to 63 °F) during the day, 2 to 10 °C (36 to 50 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 13 °C (55 °F).^[40] In the warmest month – August, the typical temperature ranges from 25 to 31 °C (77 to 88 °F) during the day, about 20 °C (68 °F) at night and the average sea temperature is 25 °C (77 °F).^[40] Generally – the summer / "holiday" season lasts about six months, from May to October. Two months – April and November – are transitional; sometimes the temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an average temperature of 17–18 °C (63–64 °F) during the day and 8–9 °C (46–48 °F) at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with average temperatures around 14 °C (57 °F) during the day and 5 °C (41 °F) at night. Large fluctuations in temperature are rare, particularly in the summer months.

Barcelona has average several rainy days per month (≥ 1 mm) and annual average relative humidity is 72%, ranging from 69% in July to 75% in October. Sunshine duration is 2,524 hours per year, from 138 (average 4.5 hours of sunshine a day) in December to 310 (average 10 hours of sunshine a day) in July.^[41]

Climate data for Barcelona
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	13.4 (56.1)	14.6 (58.3)	15.9 (60.6)	17.6 (63.7)	20.5 (68.9)	24.2 (75.6)	27.5 (81.5)	28.0 (82.4)	25.5 (77.9)	21.5 (70.7)	17.0 (62.6)	14.3 (57.7)	20.0 (68.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)	8.9 (48.0)	10.0 (50.0)	11.3 (52.3)	13.1 (55.6)	16.3 (61.3)	20.0 (68.0)	23.1 (73.6)	23.7 (74.7)	21.1 (70.0)	17.1 (62.8)	12.6 (54.7)	10.0 (50.0)	15.6 (60.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	4.4 (39.9)	5.3 (41.5)	6.7 (44.1)	8.5 (47.3)	12.0 (53.6)	15.7 (60.3)	18.6 (65.5)	19.3 (66.7)	16.7 (62.1)	12.6 (54.7)	8.1 (46.6)	5.7 (42.3)	11.1 (52.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	41 (1.6)	39 (1.5)	42 (1.7)	49 (1.9)	59 (2.3)	42 (1.7)	20 (0.8)	61 (2.4)	85 (3.3)	91 (3.6)	58 (2.3)	51 (2.0)	640 (25.2)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm)	5	4	5	5	5	4	2	4	5	6	5	5	55
Mean monthly sunshine hours	149	163	200	220	244	262	310	282	219	180	146	138	2,524
Source: World Meteorological Organization (UN),^[42] Agencia Estatal de Meteorología^[41]

Main sights

The Barri Gòtic (Catalan for "Gothic Quarter") is the centre of the old city of Barcelona. Many of the buildings date from medieval times, some from as far back as the Roman settlement of Barcelona. Catalan modernista architecture (related to the movement known as Art Nouveau in the rest of Europe), developed between 1885 and 1950 and left an important legacy in Barcelona. Several of these buildings are World Heritage Sites. Especially remarkable is the work of architect Antoni Gaudí, which can be seen throughout the city. His best-known work is the immense but still unfinished church of the Sagrada Família, which has been under construction since 1882, and is still financed by private donations. As of 2007, completion is planned for 2026.

Barcelona was also home to Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona Pavilion. Designed in 1929 for the International Exposition for Germany, it is an iconic building that came to symbolize modern architecture as the embodiment of van der Rohe's aphorisms "less is more" and "God is in the details." The Barcelona pavilion was intended as a temporary structure, and was torn down in 1930 less than a year after it was constructed. A modern re-creation by Spanish architects now stands in Barcelona, however, constructed in 1986.

Barcelona won the 1999 RIBA Royal Gold Medal for its architecture,^[43] the first (and as of 2012, only) time that the winner has been a city, and not an individual architect.

World Heritage Sites

Barcelona is the home of many points of interest declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO:^[44]

Code	Name	Year	Coordinates
320-001	Park Güell	1984	41°24′59.6″N 2°09′07.9″E / 41.416556°N 2.152194°E / 41.416556; 2.152194 (Parque Güell)
320-002	Palau Güell	1984	41°22′45″N 2°10′28″E / 41.379183°N 2.174445°E / 41.379183; 2.174445 (Palacio Güell)
320-003	Casa Milà	1984	41°23′51.3″N 2°09′46.9″E / 41.397583°N 2.163028°E / 41.397583; 2.163028 (Casa Milà)
320-004	Casa Vicens	2005	41°22′50.5″N 2°10′30.6″E / 41.380694°N 2.175167°E / 41.380694; 2.175167 (Casa Vicens)
320-005	Façade of the Nativity and crypt of the Sagrada Familia	2005	41°24′19.8″N 2°10′30.2″E / 41.405500°N 2.175056°E / 41.405500; 2.175056
320-006	Casa Batlló	2005	41°22′00.3″N 2°09′59.0″E / 41.366750°N 2.166389°E / 41.366750; 2.166389 (Casa Batlló)
804-001	Palau de la Música Catalana	1997	41°23′16″N 2°10′30″E / 41.38778°N 2.17500°E / 41.38778; 2.17500
804-002	Hospital de Sant Pau	1997	41°24′50″N 2°10′30″E / 41.41389°N 2.17500°E / 41.41389; 2.17500

Historic buildings and monuments

Sagrada Família, the international symbol of Barcelona
Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, designed by Lluís Domènech i Montaner, included in the UNESCO Heritage List list in 1997.
Works by Antoni Gaudí, including Park Güell, Palau Güell, Casa Milà (La Pedrera), Casa Vicens, Sagrada Família (Nativity façade and crypt), Casa Batlló, Crypt in Colonia Güell. The first three works were inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1984. The other four were added as extensions to the site in 2005.
The Cathedral of St. Eulalia
Church of Santa Maria del Mar (Gothic)
Gothic church of Santa Maria del Pi
Church of Sant Pau del Camp
Palau Reial Major, medieval residence of the counts of Barcelona and the Kings of Aragon
The Columbus Monument
The Arc de Triomf, a triumphal arch built in 1888

Antoni Gaudi

Museums

Barcelona has a great number of museums, which cover different areas and eras. The National Museum of Art of Catalonia possesses a well-known collection of Romanesque art while the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art focuses on post-1945 Catalan and Spanish art. The Fundació Joan Miró, Picasso Museum and Fundació Antoni Tàpies hold important collections of these world-renowned artists.

Several museums cover the fields of history and archeology, like the City History Museum, the Museum of the History of Catalonia, the Archeology Museum of Catalonia, the Barcelona Maritime Museum and the private-owned Egyptian Museum. The Erotic museum of Barcelona is among the most peculiar ones, while Cosmocaixa is a science museum that received the European Museum of the Year Award in 2006.

Parks

Barcelona contains sixty-eight municipal parks, of which twelve are historic parks, five are thematic (botanical) parks, forty-five are urban parks and six are forest parks.^[45] They range from vest-pocket parks to large recreation areas. The urban parks alone cover 10% of the city (549.7 ha or 1,358.3 acres).^[36] The total park surface grows about 10 ha (25 acres) per year,^[46] with a proportion of 18.1 square metres (195 sq ft) of park area per inhabitant.^[47]

Of Barcelona's parks, Montjuïc is the largest, with 203 ha located on the mountain of the same name.^[36] It is followed by Parc de la Ciutadella (which occupies the site of the old military citadel and which houses the Parliament building, the Barcelona Zoo and several museums); 31 ha or 76.6 acres including the zoo), the Guinardó Park (19 ha or 47.0 acres), Park Güell (designed by Antoni Gaudí; 17.2 ha or 42.5 acres), Oreneta Castle Park (also 17.2 ha or 42.5 acres), Diagonal Mar Park (13.3 ha or 32.9 acres, inaugurated in 2002), Nou Barris Central Park (13.2 ha or 32.6 acres), Can Dragó Sports Park and Poblenou Park (both 11.9 ha or 29.4 acres), the Labyrinth Park (9.10 ha or 22.5 acres), named after the garden maze it contains.^[36] There are also several smaller parks, for example, the Parc de les Aigües (2 ha or 4.9 acres). A part of the Collserolla Park is also within the city limits. PortAventura, one of the largest amusement parks in Europe with 3,000,000 visitors per year, is located one hour's drive from Barcelona.^[48]

Beaches

Barcelona beach was listed as number one in a list of the top ten city beaches in the world according to National Geographic^[49] and Discovery Channel.^[50] Barcelona contains seven beaches, totalling 4.5 km (2.8 mi) of coastline. Sant Sebastià, Barceloneta and Somorrostro beaches, both 1,100 m (3,610 ft) in length,^[36] are the largest, oldest and the most-frequented beaches in Barcelona. The Olympic Harbour separates them from the other city beaches: Nova Icària, Bogatell, Mar Bella, Nova Mar Bella and Llevant. These beaches (ranging from 400 to 640 m/1,300 to 2,100 ft) were opened as a result of the city restructuring to host the 1992 Summer Olympics, when a great number of industrial buildings were demolished. At present, the beach sand is artificially replenished given that storms regularly remove large quantities of material. The 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures left the city a large concrete bathing zone on the eastmost part of the city's coastline.

Demographics

According to Barcelona's City Council, Barcelona's population as of 1 June 2006 was 1,673,075 people,^[51] It is the main component of an administrative area of Greater Barcelona, with a population of 3,218,071 in an area of 636 km² (density 5,060 hab/km²). The population of the urban area was 4,223,000. It is the central nucleus of the Barcelona metropolitan area, which relies on a population of 5,083,000.^[52]

The population density of Barcelona was 15,779 inhabitants per square kilometre (40,870/sq mi),^[53] with Eixample being the most populated district. 62% of the inhabitants were born in Catalonia, with a 23.5% coming from the rest of Spain. Of the 13.9% from other countries, a proportion which has more than tripled since 2001 when it was 3.9%,^[36] the majority come from (in order) Ecuador, Peru, Morocco, Colombia, Argentina, Pakistan and China.^[54] The city also has the largest Jewish community in Spain, with an estimated 3,500 Jews living in the city.^[55]

As an official language, Spanish is understood almost universally in Barcelona. In addition, 95% of the population understand Catalonia's own native Catalan language, while 74.6% can speak it, 75% can read it, and 47.1% can write it,^[56] thanks to the language immersion educational system. While most of the population state they are Roman Catholic (208 churches), there are also a number of other groups, including Evangelical (71 locations, mostly professed by Roma), Jehovah's Witnesses (21 Kingdom Halls) and Buddhists (13 locations),^[57] and a number of Muslims due to immigration.

In 1900, Barcelona had a population of 533,000 people,^[35] which grew steadily but slowly until 1950, when it started absorbing a high number of people from other less-industrialized parts of Spain. Barcelona's population peaked in 1979 with 1,906,998 people, and fell throughout the 1980s and 1990s as more people sought a higher quality of life in outlying cities in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. After bottoming out in 2000 with 1,496,266 people, the city's population began to rise again as younger people started to return, causing a great increase in housing prices.^[58]

Population density

Note: This text is entirely based on the municipal statistical database provided by the city council.

Barcelona is one of the most densely populated cities in Europe. For the year 2008 the city council calculated the population to 1,628,090 living in the 102.2 km² sized municipality, giving the city an average population density of 15,926 inhabitants per square kilometre.

In the case of Barcelona though, the land distribution is extremely uneven. Half of the municipality or 50.2 km², all of it located on the municipal edge is made up of the ten least densely populated neighbourhoods containing less than 10% of the city's population, the uninhabited Zona Franca industrial area and Montjuïc forest park. Leaving the remaining 90% or slightly below 1.5 million inhabitants living on the remaining 52 square kilometres at an average density close to 28,500 inhabitants per square kilometre.

Of the 73 neighbourhoods in the city, 45 had a population density above 20,000 inhabitants per square kilometre with a combined population of 1,313,424 inhabitants living on 38.6 km² at an average density of 33,987 inhabitants per square km. The 30 most densely populated neighbourhoods accounted for 57.5% of the city population occupying only 22,7% of the municipality, or in other words, 936,406 people living at an average density of 40,322 inhabitants per square kilometre. The city's highest density is found at and around the neighbourhood of la Sagrada Família where four of the city's most densely populated neighbourhoods are located side by side, all with a population density above 50,000 inhabitants per square kilometre.

Economy

General information

The Barcelona metropolitan area comprises over 66% of the people in one of the richest regions in Europe – Catalonia, with a GDP per capita amounting to €30,300 (21% more than the EU average). The Barcelona metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $177 billion, equivalent to $34,821 in per capita terms (44% more than the EU average) making it the 4th economically powerful city by GDP in the European Union and 35th in the world in 2009.^[12] Barcelona city had a very high GDP of €80,894 per head in 2004, according to Eurostat.^[59] Furthermore, Barcelona was Europe's fourth best business city and fastest improving European city, with growth improved by 17% per year as of 2009.^[14]

Barcelona is the 14th most "livable city" in the world according to lifestyle magazine Monocle.^[60] Similarly, according to Innovation Analysts 2thinknow, Barcelona occupies 13th place in the world on Innovation Cities™ Global Index.^[61]

Barcelona has a long-standing mercantile tradition. Less well known is that the region was one of the earliest to begin industrialization in continental Europe, beginning with textile-related works from the mid-1780s but really gathering momentum in the mid-19th century, when it became a major centre for the production of textiles and machinery. ^{[citation needed]} Since then, manufacturing has played a large role in its history.

Borsa de Barcelona (Barcelona Stock Exchange) is the main stock exchange in the northeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula.

Trade fair and exhibitions

Drawing upon its tradition of creative art and craftsmanship, Barcelona is known for its award-winning industrial design. It also has several congress halls, notably Fira de Barcelona – second largest trade fair and exhibition centres in Europe,^[62] that host a quickly growing number of national and international events each year (at present above 50). Fira de Barcelona venues total is 405,000 m² (41 ha), not counting Gran Via center on the Plaza de Europa. However, the economic crisis and deep cuts in business travel are affecting the Council's positioning of the city as a convention centre.^[63]

An important business centre, the World Trade Center Barcelona, is located in Barcelona's Port Vell harbour.

The city is known for hosting well as world-class conferences and expositions, including the 1888 Exposición Universal de Barcelona, the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition (Expo 1929), the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures and the 2004 World Urban Forum.

Tourism

Barcelona is the 16th-most-visited city in the world and the fourth most visited in Europe after Paris, London, and Rome, with several million tourists every year.^[64]

Barcelona as internationally renowned a tourist destination, with numerous recreational areas, one of the best beaches in the world,^[49]^[50] mild and warm climate, historical monuments, including eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites, many good-quality hotels, and developed tourist infrastructure.

Manufacturing sector

In Catalonia, industry generate 20.5% of the total gross domestic product (GDP) of region,^[65] of which most (47,1%) is industries: energy, chemicals and metallurgy.^[66] Barcelona metropolitan area, in 1997 gathered 67% of total industrial establishments of Catalonia.^[67]

Past and present, Barcelona is an important European automobile manufacturing centre. Formerly there were automobile factories of AFA, Abadal, Actividades Industriales, Alvarez, America, Artés de Arcos, Balandrás, Baradat-Esteve, Biscúter, J. Castro, Clúa, David, Delfín, Díaz y Grilló, Ebro trucks, Edis, Elizalde, Automóviles España, Eucort, Fenix, Fábrica Hispano, Auto Academia Garriga, Fábrica Española de Automóviles Hebe, Hispano-Suiza, Huracán Motors, Talleres Hereter, Junior SL, Kapi, La Cuadra, M.A., Automóviles Matas, Motores y Motos, Nacional Custals, National Pescara, Nacional RG, Nacional Rubi, Nacional Sitjes, Automóviles Nike, Orix, Otro Ford, Partia, Pegaso, PTV, Ricart, Ricart-España, Industrias Salvador, Siata Española, Stevenson, Romagosa y Compañía, Garaje Storm, Talleres Hereter, Trimak, Automóviles Victoria, Manufacturas Mecánicas Aleu.^[68]^[69]

Today, the headquarters and a large factory of SEAT (the largest Spanish automobile manufacturer) are in one of its suburbs. There is also a Nissan factory lies in the logistics and industrial area of the city.^[70] Also, the factory of Derbi, large manufacturer of motorcycles, scooters and mopeds lies near the city.^[71]

As in other modern cities, the manufacturing sector has long since been overtaken by the services sector, though it remains very important. The region's leading industries today are textiles, chemical, pharmaceutical, motor, electronic, printing, logistics, publishing, telecommunications and information technology services. ^{[citation needed]}

Fashion

The traditional importance of textiles is reflected in Barcelona's drive to become a major fashion centre. Beginning in the summer of 2000, the city hosted the prestigious Bread & Butter urban fashion fair until 2009, when its organisers announced that it would be returning to Berlin.^[72]^[73] This was a hard blow for the city as the fair brought €100 m to the city in just three days.^[74] There have been many attempts to launch Barcelona as a fashion capital, notably Gaudi Home. The Brandery, an urban fashion show, is held in Barcelona twice a year. Barcelona is the third most important fashion capital in the world.^[75]

Government and administrative divisions

As the capital of the autonomous community of Catalonia, Barcelona is the seat of the Catalan government, known as the Generalitat de Catalunya; of particular note are the executive branch, the parliament, and the Supreme Court of Catalonia. The city is also the capital of the Province of Barcelona and the Barcelonès comarca (district).

Barcelona is governed by a city council formed by 41 city councillors, elected for a four-year term by universal suffrage. As one of the two biggest cities in Spain, Barcelona is subject to a special law articulated through the Carta Municipal (Municipal Law). A first version of this law was passed in 1960 and amended later, but the current version was approved in March 2006.^[76] According to this law, Barcelona's city council is organized in two levels: a political one, with elected city councillors, and one executive, which administrates the programs and executes the decisions taken on the political level.^[77] This law also gives the local government a special relationship with the central government and it also gives the mayor wider prerogatives by the means of municipal executive commissions.^[78] It expands the powers of the city council in areas like telecommunications, city traffic, road safety and public safety. It also gives a special economic regime to the city's treasury and it gives the council a veto in matters that will be decided by the central government, but that will need a favourable report from the council.^[76]

The Comissió de Govern (Government Commission) is the executive branch, formed by 24 councillors, led by the Mayor, with 5 lieutenant-mayors and 17 city council ors, each in charge of an area of government, and 5 non-elected councillors.^[79] The plenary, formed by the 41 city councillors, has advisory, planning, regulatory, and fiscal executive functions.^[80] The six Commissions del Consell Municipal (City council commissions) have executive and controlling functions in the field of their jurisdiction. They are composed by a number of councillors proportional to the number of councillors each political party has in the plenary.^[81] The city council has jurisdiction in the fields of city planning, transportation, municipal taxes, public highways security through the Guàrdia Urbana (the municipal police), city maintenance, gardens, parks and environment, facilities (like schools, nurseries, sports centres, libraries, and so on), culture, sports, youth and social welfare. Some of these competencies are not exclusive, but shared with the Generalitat de Catalunya or the central Spanish government.

The executive branch is led by a Chief Municipal Executive Officer which answers to the Mayor. It is made up of departments which are legally part of the city council and by separate legal entities of two tipes: autonomous public departments and public enterprises.^[82]

The seat of the city council is on the Plaça de Sant Jaume, opposite the seat of Generalitat de Catalunya. Since the coming of the Spanish democracy, Barcelona had been governed by the PSC, first with an absolute majority and later in coalition with ERC and ICV. After the May 2007 election, the ERC did not renew the coalition agreement and the PSC governed in a minority coalition with ICV as the junior partner.

After 32 years, on 22 May 2011, CiU gained a plurality of seats at the municipal election, gaining 15 seats to the PSC's 11. The PP hold 8 seats, ICV 5 and ERC 2.

Districts

Since 1987, the city has been divided into 10 administrative districts (districtes in Catalan, distritos in Spanish), each one with its own council led by a city councillor. The composition of each district council depends on the number of votes each political party had in that district, so a district can be led by a councillor from a different party than the executive council.

The districts are based mostly on historical divisions. Several of the city's districts are former towns annexed by the city of Barcelona in the 18th and 19th centuries that still maintain their own distinct character. The official names of these districts are in the Catalan language.

Education

Barcelona has a well-developed higher education system of public universities. Most prominent among these is the University of Barcelona (established in 1450), a world-renowned research and teaching institution with campuses around the city. Barcelona is also home to the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, and the newer Pompeu Fabra University, and, in the private sector the EADA Business School founded in 1957, became the first Barcelona institution to run manager training programmes for the business community. IESE Business School, as well as the largest private educational institution, the Ramon Llull University, which encompasses internationally prestigious schools and institutes such as the ESADE Business School. The Autonomous University of Barcelona, another public university, is located in Bellaterra, a town in the Metropolitan Area. The Open University of Catalonia, a private Internet-centered open university, is also based in Barcelona.

The city has a network of public schools, from nurseries to high schools, under the responsibility of a consortium led by city council (though the curriculum is the responsibility of the Generalitat de Catalunya). There are also many private schools, some of them Roman Catholic. Most such schools receive a public subsidy on a per-student basis, are subject to inspection by the public authorities, and are required to follow the same curricular guidelines as public schools, though they charge tuition. Known as escoles concertades, they are distinct from schools whose funding is entirely private (escoles privades).

The language of instruction at public schools and escoles concertades is Catalan, as stipulated by the 2009 Catalan Education Act. Spanish may be used as a language of instruction by teachers of Spanish literature or language, and foreign languages by teachers of those languages. An experimental partial immersion programme adopted by some schools allows for the teaching of a foreign language (English, generally) across the curriculum, though this is limited to a maximum of 30% of the school day. No public school or escola concertada in Barcelona may offer 50% or full immersion programmes in a foreign language, nor does any public school or escola concertada offer International Baccalaureate programmes.

Culture

Barcelona's cultural roots go back 2000 years. To a greater extent than the rest of Catalonia, where Catalonia's native Catalan is more dominant, Barcelona is a bilingual city: Catalan and Spanish are both official languages and widely spoken. The Catalan spoken in Barcelona, Central Catalan, is the one closest to standard Catalan. Since the arrival of democracy, the Catalan culture (very much repressed during the dictatorship of Franco) has been promoted, both by recovering works from the past and by stimulating the creation of new works. Barcelona is designated as a world-class city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network.^[83]

Entertainment and performing arts

Barcelona has many venues for live music and theatre, including the world-renowned Gran Teatre del Liceu opera house, the Teatre Nacional de Catalunya, the Teatre Lliure and the Palau de la Música Catalana concert hall. Barcelona also is home to the Barcelona and Catalonia National Symphonic Orchestra (Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona i Nacional de Catalunya, usually known as OBC), the largest symphonic orchestra in Catalonia. In 1999, the OBC inaugurated its new venue in the brand-new Auditorium (l'Auditori). It performs around 75 concerts per season and its current director is Eiji Oue.^[84] The major thoroughfare of Las Ramblas is home to mime artists and street performers. Yearly two major pop music festivals take place in the city, the Sónar Festival and the Primavera Sound Festival. The city also has a thriving alternative music scene, with groups such as The Pinker Tones receiving international attention.^[85]

Media

El Periódico de Catalunya and La Vanguardia are Barcelona's two major daily newspapers (both with Catalan and Spanish editions) while Sport and El Mundo Deportivo (both in Spanish) are the city's two major sports daily newspapers, published by the same companies. The city is also served by a number of smaller publications such as Ara and El Punt Avui (in Catalan), by nation-wide newspapers with special Barcelona editions like El Pais and El Mundo (both in Spanish), and by several free newspapers like 20 minutos and Què (all bilingual).

Several major FM stations include Catalunya Ràdio, RAC 1, RAC 105 and Cadena SER. Barcelona also has a local TV stations, BTV, owned by city council. The headquarters of Televisió de Catalunya, Catalonia's public network, are located in Sant Joan Despí, in Barcelona's metropolitan area.

Sports

Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc (Barcelona Olympic Stadium) built for the 1936 Summer Olympics named *People's Olympiad*.

The Camp Nou, the largest stadium in Europe.

Barcelona has a long sporting tradition and hosted the highly successful 1992 Summer Olympics as well as several matches during the 1982 FIFA World Cup (on the two stadiums). It has also hosted, among others, about 30 sports events of international significance. Also, the city aspires to organize the 2022 Winter Olympics. The opening, closing, medal ceremonies and indoor sports would be held in Barcelona, while outdoor sports would be held in ski resorts in the Pyrenees, mainly La Molina.^[86]

FC Barcelona is a sports club best known worldwide for its football team, one of the largest in the world and second richest football club in the world.^[87] It has 62 of national (likewise 41 runners-up) and 15 continental (likewise 10 runners-up) trophies, including four of the UEFA Champions League (likewise 3 runners-up and actually champion) and two of the FIFA Club World Cup (likewise 1 runners-up and actually champion). Also, it the only men's club in the world to accomplish a sextuple. FC Barcelona also has teams in FC Barcelona Regal (basketball), FC Barcelona Handbol (the handball), FC Barcelona Hoquei (roller hockey), FC Barcelona Ice Hockey (ice hockey), FC Barcelona Futsal (futsal) and FC Barcelona Rugby (rugby union), all of them winners of the highest country or/and European competitions. The club's museum is the second most visited in Catalonia. Twice a season, FC Barcelona and cross-town rivals RCD Espanyol contest in the local derby in La Liga, while its basketball section has its own local derby in Liga ACB with nearby Joventut Badalona. Barcelona also has other clubs in lower categories, like CE Europa and UE Sant Andreu.

Barcelona has two UEFA elite stadiums (): FC Barcelona's Camp Nou, the largest stadium in Europe with a capacity of 100,000 and the publicly owned Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys, with a capacity of 55,000; used for the 1992 Olympics. Also, the city has several smaller stadiums such as Mini Estadi, with a capacity of 15,000 and Camp Municipal Narcís Sala, Nou Sardenya with a capacity of 7,000. In the suburbs of Barcelona there is a third UEFA elite stadium () – Estadi Cornellà-El Prat, with a capacity of 40,000. Also, except Palau Sant Jordi (St. George's sporting arena), with a capacity of 12,000–24,000 (depending on use), city has two other larger sporting and concert arena: Palau Blaugrana, with a capacity of 7,500 and Palau dels Esports de Barcelona.

Several major road running competitions are organized year-round in Barcelona: the Barcelona Marathon every March with a participants of over 10,000 in 2010, the Cursa de Bombers in April, the Cursa de El Corte Inglés in May (with about 60,000 participants each year)^{[citation needed]}, the Cursa de la Mercè, the Cursa Jean Bouin, the Milla Sagrada Família and the San Silvestre. The Open Seat Godó, a 50-year-old ATP World Tour 500 Series tennis tournament, is held annually in the facilities of the Real Club de Tenis Barcelona (Barcelona Royal Tennis Club). Also, each Christmas, a swimming race across the port is organized. Near Barcelona, in Montmeló, the 107,000 capacity Circuit de Catalunya / Circuit de Barcelona racetrack hosts the Formula One World Championship, Formula One Spanish Grand Prix, Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix, Spanish GT Championship and GP2 Series. Skateboarding and bicycling are also very popular in Barcelona. In the city and the metropolitan area, there are tens of kilometers of bicycle paths.

Top sport clubs in Barcelona:

Club	Primary league	Sport	Venue	Established	Capacity
FC Barcelona	La Liga	Football	Camp Nou	1899	100,000
RCD Espanyol^[88]	La Liga	Football	Estadi Cornellà-El Prat	1900	40,500
FC Barcelona Bàsquet	ACB	Basketball	Palau Blaugrana	1926	7,585
FC Barcelona Handbol	Asobal	Handball	Palau Blaugrana	1942	7,585
FC Barcelona Ice Hockey	SEdHH	Ice hockey	Palau de Gel	1972	1,256
FC Barcelona Hoquei	OK Liga	Roller hockey	Palau Blaugrana	1942	7,585
FC Barcelona Futsal	Primera División de Futsal	Futsal	Palau Blaugrana	1986	7,585
FC Barcelona Rugby	División de Honor de Rugby	Rugby union	CDMVdHT	1924	no data
Barcelona Dragons	World League	American football	Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys	1991 (withheld)	56,000
Barcelona Búfals	LNFA	American football	Camp Municipal Narcís Sala	1987	15,000

Transport

Airports

File:Vista aèria aeroport del Prat.jpg

Aerial view of the Barcelona Airport.

Barcelona is served by Barcelona-El Prat Airport, about 17 km (11 mi) from the centre of Barcelona. It is the second-largest airport in Spain, and the largest on the Mediterranean coast, with handles above 35 million passengers per year and annual upward trend.^[89] It is a main hub for Vueling Airlines and Ryanair, and also a focus for Iberia and Air Europa. The airport mainly serves domestic and European destinations, but some airlines offer destinations in Latin America, Asia and the United States. The airport is connected to the city by highway, commuter train (Barcelona Airport railway station) and scheduled bus service. A new terminal (T1) has been built, and entered service on 17 June 2009.

Sabadell Airport is a smaller airport in the nearby town of Sabadell, devoted to pilot training, aerotaxi and private flights. Some low-cost airlines, such as Transavia.com and Ryanair, prefer to use Girona-Costa Brava Airport, situated about 90 km (56 mi) to the north of Barcelona, the Reus Airport, situated 77 km (48 mi) to the south, though they offer some flights from Barcelona-El Prat Airport and also Lleida-Alguaire Airport situated about 150 km (93 mi) to the west of the city. The city airport system, measured by passenger traffic, is one of busiest city airport systems in Europe, having nearly 40 million passengers per year.

Seaport

The Port of Barcelona has a 2000-year old history and a great contemporary commercial importance. It is Europe's ninth largest container port, with a trade volume of 2.57 million TEU's in 2008.^[90] The port is managed by the Port Authority of Barcelona. Its 7.86 km² (3 sq mi) are divided into three zones: Port Vell (the Old Port), the commercial port and the logistics port (Barcelona Free Port). The port is undergoing an enlargement that will double its size thanks to diverting the mouth of the Llobregat river 2 km (1¼ mi) to the south.^[91]

The Port Vell area also houses the Maremagnum (a commercial mall), a multiplex cinema, the IMAX Port Vell and Europe's largest aquarium – Aquarium Barcelona, containing 8,000 fish and 11 sharks contained in 22 basins filled with 6 million litres of sea water. The Maremagnum, due to being situated in a designated tourist zone, is the only commercial mall in the city that can open on Sundays and public holidays.

Public transport

Barcelona is served by a comprehensive local public transport network that includes a metro, a bus network, two separate modern tram networks, a separate historic tram line, and several funiculars and aerial cable cars. The Barcelona Metro network comprises eleven lines, identified by an "L" followed by the line number as well as by individual colours. Most of the network (nine lines) is operated by the Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), but three lines are FGC commuter lines that run through the city. When finished, the L9 will be the second longest underground metro line in Europe with 42.6 km; only shorter than London's 76 km Central Line.

The Estació del Nord (Northern Station), a former railway station which was renovated for the 1992 Olympic Games, now serves as the terminus for long-distance and regional bus services.

Another company, TRAMMET, operates the city's two modern tram networks, known as Trambaix and Trambesòs.^[92] The historic tram line, the Tramvia Blau,^[93] connects the metro to the Funicular del Tibidabo (both operated by TMB). The Funicular de Tibidabo climbs the Tibidabo hill, as does the Funicular de Vallvidrera (FGC). The Funicular de Montjuïc (TMB) climbs the Montjuïc hill. The city has two aerial cable cars: Montjuïc Aerial Tramway (to the Montjuïc castle) and Port Vell Aerial Tramway that runs via Torre Jaume I and Torre Sant Sebastià over the port.

Barcelona has a metered taxi fleet governed by the Institut Metropolità del Taxi (Metropolitan Taxi Institute), composed of more than 10,000 cars. Most of the licences are in the hands of self-employed drivers.^[94] With their black and yellow livery, Barcelona's taxis are easily spotted.

On 22 March 2007,^[95] Barcelona's City Council started the Bicing service, a bicycle service understood as a public transport. Once the user has their user card, they can take a bicycle from any of the 100 stations spread around the city and use it anywhere the urban area of the city, and then leave it at another station.^[96] The service has been a success, with 50,000 subscribed users in three months.^[97]

Railway

Barcelona is a major hub for RENFE, the Spanish state railway network, and its main Inter-city rail station is Barcelona-Sants station. The AVE high-speed rail system – designed for speeds of 310 km/h (194 mph) – was extended from Madrid to Barcelona (Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line) in 2008.^[98] Generally, Barcelona has high-speed rail links with major cities of Spain.

A high-speed rail connecting Barcelona and France – LGV Perpignan–Figueres was launched in January 2013. Rodalies de Catalunya and the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC) run Barcelona's widespread commuter train service.

Roads and highways

Barcelona lies on three international routes, including European route E15 (north-south), European route E90 (west-east) and European route E09; it also has a comprehensive network of motorways and highways throughout the metropolitan area, including A-2, A-7/AP-7, C-16, C-17, C-31, C-32, C-33, C-60. The city is circled by three half ring roads or bypasses, Ronda de Dalt (B-20) (on the mountain side), Ronda del Litoral (B-10) (along the coast) and Ronda del Mig (separated into two parts: Travessera de Dalt in the north and the Gran Via de Carles III), two partially covered^[99] fast highways with several exits that bypass the city.

The city's main arteries include Diagonal Avenue, which crosses it diagonally, Meridiana Avenue which leads to Glòries and connects with Diagonal Avenue and Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, which crosses the city from east to west, passing through its centre.

International relations

Twin towns and sister cities

Barcelona is twinned with the following cities:^{(in chronological order)}^[100]

Montpellier, France, 1963
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1972
Monterrey, Mexico, 1977
Boston, United States, 1983
Busan, South Korea, 1983^[101]
Cologne, Germany, 1984
Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
Manchester, England, United Kingdom
St. Petersburg, Russia, 1984
São Paulo, Brazil, 1985 ^[102]^[102]^[103]
Montevideo, Uruguay, 1985
Seville, Spain^[104]
Tel Aviv, Israel, 1998
San Francisco, United States, 2010^[105]

Gdańsk, Poland, 1990^[106] Havana, Cuba, 1993 Guayaquil, Ecuador Kobe, Japan, 1993^[107] Antwerp, Belgium, 1997 Istanbul, Turkey, 1997^[108]^[109] Gaza, Palestinian National Authority, 1998 Dublin, Ireland, 1998^[110]	Athens, Greece, 1999 Isfahan, Iran, 2000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2000^[111] Valparaíso, Chile, 2001 Shanghai, People's Republic of China, 2001 Nicosia, Cyprus, 2004 Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2006^[112]^[113] Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, 2008^[114] Cebu City, Philippines, 2009^[115] Thiruvananthapuram, India, 2010.^[116] Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 2009-05-29.^[117]

Other forms of cooperation and city friendship similar to the twin city programmes exist to many cities worldwide.^[118]

Other sights

Santa Maria del Mar church
Santa Maria del Pi church
Portal de l'Àngel
Casa Batlló
Casa Milà (La Pedrera)
The Arc de Triomf
Casa Vicens
Castell dels Tres Dragons
Hotel Arts (left) and Torre Mapfre (each 154 m (505 ft) in height) seen from Platja de la Barceloneta
Torre Agbar
The Torre de Collserola on the Tibidabo is the tallest structure in Barcelona (288.4m).
The view from Gaudi's Park Güell
Hospital de Sant Pau
Port Vell Aerial Tramway
Montjuïc Aerial Tramway
Statue of Christopher Columbus
Hotel Vela
La Monumental
Colón building
Palau de la Música Catalana
Palauet d'Albéniz
Aquarium Barcelona
Magic Fountain of Montjuïc
Sagrat Cor
The Venetian Towers in Plaça d'Espanya
Plaça de Catalunya
La Rambla, famous for its living statues
Gothic Quarter

References

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Notes

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^ Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Competitive Cities in the Global Economy, OECD Territorial Reviews, (OECD Publishing, 2006), Table 1.1
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^ Europe: metropolitan areas - World Gazetteer, 2012
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^ ^a ^b "Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025". Pricewaterhouse Coopers. Retrieved 16 December 2009.
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^ First commercial trips. Europa Press 10 December 2010
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^ Ptolemy, ii. 6. § 8
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^ Itin. Ant.
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
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^ "Bread & Butter Barcelona. Dates, Times, Location". Bread & Butter.^{[dead link]}
^ EFE (23 January 2009). "El presidente del Bread&Butter confirma oficialmente que la feria abandona Barcelona". El Periódico. Retrieved 22 July 2009. [Karl Heinz Muller, the entrepreneur behind B&B in announcing the move in a press conference held on January 23, 2009 said] No llores Barcelona, levántate y haz algo [don't cry Barcelona, get up and do something about it] Barcelona in Europe is a metropolis of fashion.^{[dead link]}
^ Leticia Blanco (20 January 2009). "La feria de moda urbana Bread and Butter deja Barcelona". El Mundo. Retrieved 22 July 2009.
^ The Top Global Fashion Capitals for 2012 – The Global Language Monitor, 2012
^ ^a ^b "BOE – LEY 1/2006, de 13 de marzo, por la que se regula el Régimen Especial del municipio de Barcelona". Boe.es. 14 March 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
^ "Ajuntament de Barcelona> Ajuntament> El Govern de la Ciutat". W3.bcn.es. Archived from the original on 28 July 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Ajuntament de Barcelona: Organització política". Bcn.cat. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
^ "Ajuntament de Barcelona> Council> The city government> Council Executive". W3.bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
^ "Ajuntament de Barcelona> Council> The city government> Plenary". W3.bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
^ "Ajuntament de Barcelona> Council> The city government> Committees of the Municipal Council". W3.bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
^ "Ajuntament de Barcelona> Council> The municipal administration". W3.bcn.es. Archived from the original on 22 June 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network – Inventory of World Cities". Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "L'Auditori: OBC". Auditori.org. Retrieved 26 June 2010.^{[dead link]}
^ Roberts, Nina (6 August 2006). "Catalan Musical Stew Keeps Barcelona Up All Night – New York Times". Barcelona (Spain): Travel.nytimes.com. Retrieved 5 May 2009.
^ "Barcelona optará a los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno 2022". Publico.es. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
^ Football Money League – Deloitte, 2011
^ To 2009, home stadium of club is Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys in Barcelona, today is Estadi Cornellà-El Prat lies in suburb of Barcelona, in El Prat de Llobregat.
^ Informes Anuales - 2012 - AENA
^ "AAPA World Port Rankings 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 24 August 2010.
^ "Port de Barcelona" (in Template:Es icon). Apb.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ "News related with the council plans for the tram network union". W3.bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
^ "Information of Tramvia Blau". Tmb.net. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
^ L'Administració i la gestió del Taxi de Barcelona
^ "Noticies: Data d'inici 22 de març a les 14:00 h. Pots realitzar l'alta al servei a partir del dia 16/03/07". Bicing. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
^ "Què és". Bicing. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ "Notícies: El Biking ja té més de 50.000 abonats". Biking. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
^ "Barcelona estrena TGV" (in Catalan). Avui. 9 February 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
^ "The covered Rondes (by-pass)". Bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
^ "Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades" (in Catalan). 2006–2009 Ajuntament de Barcelona. Retrieved 13 July 2009. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
^ List of Busan's sister cities, Busan Metropolitan City; Template:En icon [1], Template:Ko icon [2]
^ ^a ^b "São Paulo – Sister Cities Program". 2005–2008 Fiscolegis – Todos os direitos reservados Editora de publicações periodicas – LTDA / 2008 City of São Paulo. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "São Paulo" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
^ "International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities". Prefeitura.sp.gov.br. Retrieved 26 June 2010.
^ "Noticias – Sevilla Y Barcelona Colaborarán Estrechamente Para Difundir Los Valores Del Fórum". Noticias.info. Retrieved 10 April 2011.
^ "SF, Barcelona Sign Sister-City Pact". cbs5.com. 19 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)^{[dead link]} ^{[dead link]}
^ "Miasta partnerskie i zaprzyjaźnione – Twin cities and partnerships". Retrieved 20 August 2010.
^ "Sister City, Friendly City, Friendship & Cooperation City" (in Japanese). 2007–2009 City of Kobe. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2009. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
^ "Sister Cities of Istanbul". Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Erdem, Selim Efe (1 July 2009). "İstanbul'a 49 kardeş" (in Turkish). Radikal. Retrieved 22 July 2009. 49 sister cities in 2003
^ "Dublin City Council: Facts about Dublin City". 2006–2009 Dublin City Council. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
^ daenet d.o.o. "Sarajevo Official Web Site : Sister cities". Sarajevo.ba. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
^ Twinning Cities Agreements UAE Official Website
^ UAEinteract.com. "Twinning agreement brings a taste of Spain to Dubai UAE – The Official Web Site – News". Uaeinteract.com. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
^ "WWF España - Barcelona y Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia): ciudades hermanadas por los bosques" (in Template:Es icon). Wwf.es. Retrieved 27 August 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ "Province eyes investors from Spain – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". globalnation.inquirer.net. Retrieved 11 March 2010.
^ "Barcelona clears pact with capital city". The Hindu. India.
^ "CÁC ĐỊA PHƯƠNG NƯỚC NGOÀI ĐÃ THIẾT LẬP QUAN HỆ HỮU NGHỊ HỢP TÁC VỚI TPHCM". mofahcm.gov.vn. 9 October 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2011.
^ "Barcelona internacional – Cooperation agreements". Ajuntament de Barcelona. Retrieved 23 September 2009.

External links

Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link GA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA

[1] INE (25 March 2013). "Population of Barcelona". Instituto Nacional de Estadistica.

[World_Urban_Areas-2] Demographia: World Urban Areas, March 2013

[3] Eurostat. "Population and living conditions in Urban Audit cities, larger urban zone (LUZ)".

[4] United Nations – Department of Economic and Social Affairs: World Urbanization Prospects (2007 revision), Table A.12

[5] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Competitive Cities in the Global Economy, OECD Territorial Reviews, (OECD Publishing, 2006), Table 1.1

[6] "Population by sex and age groups on 1 January" - Eurostat, 2012

[metropolit1-7] Àmbit Metropolità. Sèrie temporal (catalan)

[8] Europe: metropolitan areas - World Gazetteer, 2012

[GAWC-9] "The World According to GaWC 2010". Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, Loughborough University. Retrieved 2011. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)

[10] "Inventory of World Cities". Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network. Retrieved 1 December 2007.

[11] 2012 Global Cities Index

[pricewater-12] "Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025". Pricewaterhouse Coopers. Retrieved 16 December 2009.

[13] "Paris, London and Barcelona are Europe’s top city brands" – City Mayors.com

[BEBC-14] "Best European business cities". City Mayors. 28 October 2009. Retrieved 15 September 2011.

[15] First commercial trips. Europa Press 10 December 2010

[16] Emerita: Revista de Lingüística y Filología clasica 11 (1943), p.468

[17] Ptolemy, ii. 6. § 8

[18] Rufus Festus Avienus Ora Maritima « et Barcilonum amoena sedes ditium. » v514

[19] Itin. Ant.

[20] "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 14 June 2010.

[21] Oros. vii. 143; Miñano, Diccion. vol. i. p. 391; Auson. Epist. xxiv. 68, 69, Punica Barcino.

[22] Plin. iii. 3. s. 4

[23] Inscr. ap. Gruter, p. 426, nos. 5, 6.

[24] . 6

[25] Avien. Ora Maritima. 520: "Et Barcilonum amoena sedes ditium."

[26] Paul. Dig. 1. tit. 15, de Cens.

[27] "Roman walls, Barcelona". Bluffton.edu. Retrieved 5 May 2009.

[bisson_31-28] T.N. Bisson (1986). "II. The age of the Early Count-Kings (1137–1213) (The Principate of Ramon Berenguer IV 1137–1162)". In Clarendon Press – Oxford (ed.). The medieval Crown of Aragon. A short story. p. 31. ISBN 0-19-820236-9. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)

[29] Cateura Benàsser, Pau. Els impostos indirectes en el regne de Mallorca (PDF). ISBN 84-96019-28-4. Retrieved 24 April 2008. El Tall dels Temps, 14. (Palma de) Mallorca: El Tall, 1996.

[30] The Bankers magazine, volume 11, page 595, J. Smith Homans Jr., New York 1857.

[31] Chapter 15: A History of Spain and Portugal, Stanley G. Payne

[32] Adler, Ken (2002). The measure of all things – The seven year odyssey that transformed the world. Abacus. ISBN 0-349-11507-9.

[33] Decree of 5 April 1938.

[34] "Barcelona (Spain)". Encyclopædia Britannica.

[gec_3-35] "Barcelona". Gran Enciclopèdia Catalana. Vol. 3. Barcelona: Edicions 62. 1971. pp. 193–229. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[guies_estadistiques-36] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "11 Barcelona.indd" (PDF). Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[37] "Barcelona Spain Tibidabo Sagrat Cor Church. Full Screen QTVR panoramic image". Panoramas.dk. Archived from the original on 28 April 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[38] "Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya". Meteo.cat. Retrieved 22 May 2009.

[39] "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification".

[weather2travel-40] "Weather2Travel.com: Barcelona Climate Guide". Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Meteorología-41] "Valores Climatológicos Normales. Barcelona / Aeropuerto". Retrieved 16 June 2011.

[42] "Weather Information for Barcelona".

[43] RIBA Royal Gold Medallists^{[dead link]}

[44] The seventh element of Place World Heritage "Works of Antoni Gaudí" is the Crypt in Colònia Güell, which is located at Santa Coloma de Cervelló.

[45] Parcs i Jardins, Institut Municipal. "Parcs i Jardins> Els Parcs> Els Parcs de Barcelona". Bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.^{[dead link]}

[46] Parcs i Jardins, Institut Municipal. "Parcs i Jardins> Els Parcs> Història> La ciutat i el verd". Bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.^{[dead link]}

[47] Parcs i Jardins, Institut Municipal. "Parcs i Jardins> Els Parcs> Història> La democràcia". Bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.^{[dead link]}

[48] The Global Attractions Attendance Report – Themed Entertainment Association, 2009

[NationalGeographic-49] "Top 10 Beach Cities". Archived from the original on 21 July 2010. Retrieved 30 July 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[DiscoveryChannel-50] Movie "Worlds Best Beaches", Discovery Channel 2005 Video on YouTube Cite error: The named reference "DiscoveryChannel" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[51] "Ajuntament de Barcelona: Estadística: Indicadors demogràfics. 2005". Web.archive.org. 21 December 2007. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[52] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, World Urbanization Prospects (2009 revision), (United Nations, 2010), Table A.12. Data for 2007.

[53] "Ajuntament de Barcelona: Estadística: Densitat de població. 2005". Web.archive.org. 21 December 2007. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[54] "Ajuntament de Barcelona: Estadística: Nacionalitat per sexe. 2005". Web.archive.org. 21 December 2007. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[55] "The Jewish Virtual History Tour: Barcelona". Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 27 August 2012.

[56] "Ajuntament de Barcelona: Estadística: Coneixement de la llengua catalana per grans grups d'edat. 2001". Web.archive.org. 21 December 2007. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[57] "Barcelona: Directory: Theme: Religion". W3.bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[58] "Ajuntament de Barcelona: Estadística: Evolució de la població. 1900–2005". Web.archive.org. Archived from the original on 21 December 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[urbanaudit.org-59] Urban Audit – CityProfiles: Barcelona – Eurostat, 2004

[60] "Monocle, Issue June 2009". Monocle.com. 11 June 2009. Archived from the original on 17 May 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[61] "Independent city analysis and rankings for innovation in 2009". 2thinknow. Retrieved 1 August 2009.

[62] Fira de Barcelona – roombarcelona.com

[63] La crisis pone en jaque los proyectos de nuevos hoteles en Barcelona y Madrid^{[dead link]}

[Bremner_2011-64] Bremner, Caroline (2011). "Euromonitor International's top city destinations ranking". Euromonitor International. Retrieved 2 June 2011.

[65] "Valor afegit brut a preus bàsics. Base 2000 Per sectors (%)" (en: "Gross value added at basic prices. Base by sector (%)) - Idescat, 2008

[66] "Valor afegit brut. Indústria per branques d'activitat (%)" (en: "Gross Value Added. Branches of industry (%)") - Idescat, 2008

[67] Els recursos econòmics i l'economia: La indústria i els sectors afins, GREC

[68] "Die große Automobil-Enzyklopädie" - Harald H. Linz, Halwart Schrader, BLV, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-405-12974-5

[69] "The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile" - Nick Georgano, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, Chicago 2001, ISBN 1-57958-293-1

[70] NISSAN |CORPORATE INFORMATION |Outline of Company |Facilities Overseas |Europe – http://www.nissan-global.com

[71] Derbi - Cómo llegar - www.derbi.com

[bread-72] "Bread & Butter Barcelona. Dates, Times, Location". Bread & Butter.^{[dead link]}

[73] EFE (23 January 2009). "El presidente del Bread&Butter confirma oficialmente que la feria abandona Barcelona". El Periódico. Retrieved 22 July 2009. [Karl Heinz Muller, the entrepreneur behind B&B in announcing the move in a press conference held on January 23, 2009 said] No llores Barcelona, levántate y haz algo [don't cry Barcelona, get up and do something about it] Barcelona in Europe is a metropolis of fashion.^{[dead link]}

[74] Leticia Blanco (20 January 2009). "La feria de moda urbana Bread and Butter deja Barcelona". El Mundo. Retrieved 22 July 2009.

[global-fashion-capital-75] The Top Global Fashion Capitals for 2012 – The Global Language Monitor, 2012

[ley_1/2006-76] "BOE – LEY 1/2006, de 13 de marzo, por la que se regula el Régimen Especial del municipio de Barcelona". Boe.es. 14 March 2006. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[77] "Ajuntament de Barcelona> Ajuntament> El Govern de la Ciutat". W3.bcn.es. Archived from the original on 28 July 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[78] "Ajuntament de Barcelona: Organització política". Bcn.cat. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[79] "Ajuntament de Barcelona> Council> The city government> Council Executive". W3.bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[80] "Ajuntament de Barcelona> Council> The city government> Plenary". W3.bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[81] "Ajuntament de Barcelona> Council> The city government> Committees of the Municipal Council". W3.bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[82] "Ajuntament de Barcelona> Council> The municipal administration". W3.bcn.es. Archived from the original on 22 June 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[83] "Globalization and World Cities Study Group & Network – Inventory of World Cities". Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 7 July 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[84] "L'Auditori: OBC". Auditori.org. Retrieved 26 June 2010.^{[dead link]}

[85] Roberts, Nina (6 August 2006). "Catalan Musical Stew Keeps Barcelona Up All Night – New York Times". Barcelona (Spain): Travel.nytimes.com. Retrieved 5 May 2009.

[86] "Barcelona optará a los Juegos Olímpicos de Invierno 2022". Publico.es. Retrieved 5 March 2011.

[87] Football Money League – Deloitte, 2011

[88] To 2009, home stadium of club is Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys in Barcelona, today is Estadi Cornellà-El Prat lies in suburb of Barcelona, in El Prat de Llobregat.

[89] Informes Anuales - 2012 - AENA

[90] "AAPA World Port Rankings 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 24 August 2010.

[91] "Port de Barcelona" (in Template:Es icon). Apb.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[92] "News related with the council plans for the tram network union". W3.bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[93] "Information of Tramvia Blau". Tmb.net. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[94] L'Administració i la gestió del Taxi de Barcelona

[95] "Noticies: Data d'inici 22 de març a les 14:00 h. Pots realitzar l'alta al servei a partir del dia 16/03/07". Bicing. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[96] "Què és". Bicing. Archived from the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 26 June 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[97] "Notícies: El Biking ja té més de 50.000 abonats". Biking. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[98] "Barcelona estrena TGV" (in Catalan). Avui. 9 February 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2011.

[99] "The covered Rondes (by-pass)". Bcn.es. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[Barcelona-100] "Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades" (in Catalan). 2006–2009 Ajuntament de Barcelona. Retrieved 13 July 2009. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)

[101] List of Busan's sister cities, Busan Metropolitan City; Template:En icon [1], Template:Ko icon [2]

[São_Paulo-102] "São Paulo – Sister Cities Program". 2005–2008 Fiscolegis – Todos os direitos reservados Editora de publicações periodicas – LTDA / 2008 City of São Paulo. Archived from the original on 10 December 2008. Retrieved 9 December 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) Cite error: The named reference "São Paulo" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

[São_Paulo2-103] "International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities". Prefeitura.sp.gov.br. Retrieved 26 June 2010.

[104] "Noticias – Sevilla Y Barcelona Colaborarán Estrechamente Para Difundir Los Valores Del Fórum". Noticias.info. Retrieved 10 April 2011.

[105] "SF, Barcelona Sign Sister-City Pact". cbs5.com. 19 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2010. Retrieved 24 August 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)^{[dead link]} ^{[dead link]}

[Gdansk-106] "Miasta partnerskie i zaprzyjaźnione – Twin cities and partnerships". Retrieved 20 August 2010.

[Kobe-107] "Sister City, Friendly City, Friendship & Cooperation City" (in Japanese). 2007–2009 City of Kobe. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2009. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)

[Istanbul1-108] "Sister Cities of Istanbul". Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 1 July 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[Istanbul2-109] Erdem, Selim Efe (1 July 2009). "İstanbul'a 49 kardeş" (in Turkish). Radikal. Retrieved 22 July 2009. 49 sister cities in 2003

[Dublin-110] "Dublin City Council: Facts about Dublin City". 2006–2009 Dublin City Council. Retrieved 14 July 2009.

[Sarajevo-111] t d.o.o. "Sarajevo Official Web Site : Sister cities". Sarajevo.ba. Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

[112] Twinning Cities Agreements UAE Official Website

[113] UAEinteract.com. "Twinning agreement brings a taste of Spain to Dubai UAE – The Official Web Site – News". Uaeinteract.com. Retrieved 14 July 2009.

[114] "WWF España - Barcelona y Santa Cruz de la Sierra (Bolivia): ciudades hermanadas por los bosques" (in Template:Es icon). Wwf.es. Retrieved 27 August 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[Cebu-115] "Province eyes investors from Spain – INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos". globalnation.inquirer.net. Retrieved 11 March 2010.

[116] "Barcelona clears pact with capital city". The Hindu. India.

[117] "CÁC ĐỊA PHƯƠNG NƯỚC NGOÀI ĐÃ THIẾT LẬP QUAN HỆ HỮU NGHỊ HỢP TÁC VỚI TPHCM". mofahcm.gov.vn. 9 October 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2011.

[Barcelona_City_Cooperation_Agreements-118] "Barcelona internacional – Cooperation agreements". Ajuntament de Barcelona. Retrieved 23 September 2009.

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