Sound correspondences between English accents: Difference between revisions

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This concise chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.

See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.

AuE = Australian English^[1]
CaE = Canadian English^{[citation needed]}
GA = General American^[2]^[3]
IrE = Irish English^{[citation needed]}
NZE = New Zealand English^{[citation needed]}
RP = Received Pronunciation (England)^[4]
ScE = Scottish English^{[citation needed]}
SAE = South African English^{[citation needed]}
WaE = Welsh English^{[citation needed]}

Note: An image of the chart is also available.

Pan- Eng.^[5]	Phones	Examples
IPA: English Consonants
p	pʰ, p	pen, spin, tip
b	b	but, web
t	tʰ, t, ɾ, ʔ^[6]	two, sting, bet
d	d, ɾ^[7]	do, odd
tʃ	tʃʰ, tʃ	chair, nature, teach
dʒ	dʒ	gin, joy, edge
k	kʰ, k	cat, kill, skin, queen, unique, thick
ɡ	ɡ	go, get, beg
f	f	fool, enough, leaf, off, photo
v	v	voice, have, of
θ	θ^[8]	thing, teeth
ð	ð^[9]	this, breathe, father
s	s	see, city, pass
z	z	zoo, rose
ʃ	ʃ	she, sure, emotion, leash
ʒ	ʒ	pleasure, beige, seizure
x (k)	x	loch (Scottish)^[10]
h	h, ɦ	ham
m	m^[11]	man, ham
n	n	no, tin
ŋ	ŋ	ringer, sing,^[12] finger, drink
l	l, ɫ^[13]	left, bell
r	ɹʷ, ɹ, ɾ^[14]	run, very
w	w	we, queen
j	j	yes
hw (w)	hw^[15]	what

IPA: Marginal Sounds
ʔ	ʔ	uh-(ʔ)oh

IPA										Lexical set	Examples
^[5]Pan- English	AuE	CaE	GA	IrE	NZE	RP	ScE	SAE	WaE	Lexical set	Examples
IPA: English Vowels
æ	æ, æː^[16]	æ	æ	ɑ/æ	ɛ	æ	a	æ	a	TRAP	lad, bad, cat^[17]
ɑː	aː	ɑ/ɒ	ɑ	ɑː	ɐː	ɑː	a		aː	PALM	father
ɒ	ɔ		ɑ	ɑ	ɒ	ɒ	ɔ	ɔ	ɒ	LOT	not, wasp
ɔː	oː		ɔ	ɔː	oː	ɔː	ɔ	oː	ɒː	THOUGHT	law, caught^[18], all, halt, talk
ə	ə	ə	ə		ɘ	ə	ə	ə	ə	COMMA	about
ɨ	ə	ɨ	ɨ			ɪ	ɨ	ə	ɨ	COMMA	English
ɪ	ɪ	ɪ	ɪ	ɪ		ɪ	ɪ	ɪ^[19]	ɪ	KIT	sit
i	i	i	i		i	i	i	iˑ	iː	HAPPY	city
iː	iː			iː	iː	iː		iː		FLEECE	see
iː	iː			eː	iː	iː		iː		FLEECE	meat
eɪ	æɪ	eɪ/e	eɪ		æe	eɪ	e	eɪ	eː	FACE	date
eɪ	æɪ	eɪ/e	eɪ		æe	eɪ	e	eɪ	ei	FACE	day, pain, whey, rein
ɛ	e	ɛ	ɛ	ɛ	e	ɛ	ɛ	e	ɛ	DRESS	bed^[20]
ɜr	ɜː(ɹ)	ɝ/ɹ̩	ɝ/ɹ̩	ʌɾ^[21]	ɵː(ɹ)	ɜː(ɹ)	ʌɾ^[21]	øː(ɹ)	ɜː(ɾ)	NURSE	burn
				ɛɾ^[21]			ɛɾ^[21]				herd, earth
				ɪɾ^[21]			ɪɾ^[21]				bird
ər	ə(ɹ)	ɚ/ɹ̩	ɚ/ɹ̩		ɘ(ɹ)	ə(ɹ)	əɾ	ə(ɹ)	ə(ɾ)	LETTER	winner^[22]
ʌ	a	ʌ	ʌ	ɔ, ʊ	ɐ	ʌ	ʌ	ɐ	ɜ	STRUT	run, won, flood
ʊ	ʊ	ʊ	ʊ	ɔ, ʊ	ʊ	ʊ	ʉ	ʊ	ʊ	FOOT	put
ʊ	ʊ	ʊ	ʊ	uː	ʊ	ʊ		ʊ	ʊ	FOOT	hood
uː	ʉː	u	u	uː	ʉː	uː		ʉː	uː	GOOSE	soon, through
aɪ	ɑe	aɪ	aɪ, ʌi^[23]	ɔɪ	ɑe	aɪ	aɪ	aː	ai	PRICE	my, wise, high
ɔɪ	oɪ	ɔɪ	ɔɪ		oe	ɔɪ	oi	ɔɪ	ɒi	CHOICE	boy, hoist
oʊ	əʉ	oʊ/o	oʊ	oː	ɐʉ	əʊ	o	œʉ	oː	GOAT	no, toe, soap
oʊ	əʉ	oʊ/o	oʊ	oː	ɐʉ	əʊ	o	œʉ	ou	GOAT	tow, soul, roll, cold, folk
aʊ	æɔ	aʊ, ʌu^[23]	aʊ		æo	aʊ	aʊ	ɑː	au	MOUTH	now, trout
juː	jʉː	(j)u	(j)u	juː	jʉː	juː	jʉ		ɪu	-	cute, few, dew
ɑr	aː(ɹ)	ɑɹ	ɑɹ		ɐː(ɹ)	ɑː(ɹ)	aɾ		aː(ɾ)	START	arm, car
ɪər	ɪə(ɹ)	ɪɹ	ɪɹ		iə(ɹ)	ɪə(ɹ)	iɾ	ɪə(ɹ)	ɪə(ɾ)	NEAR	deer, here
ɛər	eː(ɹ)	ɛɹ	ɛɹ		eə(ɹ)	eə(ɹ)^[24]	eɾ	ɛː(ɹ}	ɛː(ɾ)	SQUARE	mare, there, bear
ɔr	oː(ɹ)	ɔɹ	ɔɹ	ɑɾ	oː(ɹ)	ɔː(ɹ)	ɔɾ		ɒː(ɾ)	NORTH	sort, warm
ɔər	oː(ɹ)	ɔɹ	oɹ, ɔɹ	oːɾ	oː(ɹ)	ɔː(ɹ)	oɾ		oː(ɾ)	FORCE	tore, boar, port
ʊər	ʊə(ɹ), ʉːə(ɹ)	ʊɹ	ʊɹ		ʊɐ(ɹ), ʉːə(ɹ)	ʊə(ɹ)^[25]	uɾ		ʊə(ɾ)	CURE	tour, moor
jʊər	jʊə(ɹ), jʉːə(ɹ)	jʊɹ, jɝ	jʊɹ, jɝ		jʊɐ(ɹ), jʉːə(ɹ)	jʊə(ɹ), jɔ:(ɹ)	juɾ		ɪʊə(ɾ)	-	pure, Europe
^[5]Pan- English	AuE	CaE	GA	IrE	NZE	RP	ScE	SAE	WaE	Lexical set	Examples

IPA: Reduced vowels^[26]
IPA	Explanation
ə	Reduced /ʌ, æ, ɑː, ɒ/
ɪ̈ (ə)	Reduced /ɪ, iː, ɛ, eɪ, aɪ/
ʊ̈ (ə)	Reduced /ʊ, uː/
ɵ (ə)	Reduced /oʊ/
ɚ (ə)	Reduced /ɝː/ (ɜr)

IPA: Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation
IPA	Explanation
ˈ	Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈɹæpɪŋ/
ˌ	Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /pɹɵˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/
.	Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈʌɪs.krim/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskrim/
̩	Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden /ˈɹɪdn̩/

Notes

^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
^ Kenyon, Knott & 1944/1953
^ Kenyon (1950)
^ Roach (2004:241-243). See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton for Oxford University Press dictionaries.
^ ^a ^b ^c This is the compromise IPA transcription used in the entries of Wikipedia articles. It covers most dialects of English.
^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.
^ Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English.
^ Pronounced [t̪] in some varieties of Irish English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.
^ Pronounced [d̪] in some varieties of Irish English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.
^ Marginal elsewhere.
^ Pronounced [ɱ] before f (e.g. symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni)
^ In some dialects (e.g. Brummie) "ringer", "sing" etc are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/ rather than /ˈɹɪŋə/
^ [ɫ] does not occur in Irish English, and [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP and some other English accents, along with South African English, however, have clear [l] before vowels and dark [ɫ] elsewhere.
^ The tap [ɾ] is found in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.
^ Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and much of the American South dialects; see whine and wine and voiceless labiovelar approximant
^ See bad-lad split for this distinction.
^ Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
^ See low back merger for more discussion of this vowel in American English.
^ Becomes more centralized (often [ə]) in contexts that are not velar or palatal.
^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f See Fern-fir-fur merger for this distinction.
^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
^ ^a ^b In Canadian English, the raised diphthongs [ʌi] and [ʌu] are found before voiceless consonants, as in right [ɹʷʌit] and out [ʌut]; in other environments, [aɪ] and [aʊ] are used. In much of US English, this happens with /ʌɪ/. See Canadian raising.
^ Alternative symbols used in British dictionaries are /ɛː/ (Oxford University Press) and /ɛə/.
^ >Roach, 2004 & 241-243, pp. 21-22, 25-26. Roach notes that many people in England use /ɔː/ for this vowel, but also that RP is supposed to distinguish between maw /mɔː/ and moor /mʊə/, tore /tɔː/ and tour /tʊə/, paw /pɔː/ and poor /pʊə/.
^ /ɔː, aʊ, ɔɪ/ are never reduced. In some dialects, such as Australian, all reduced vowels become [ə].

References

Gimson, A. C. (1980). An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English (3rd edn. ed.). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6287-2. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 17: 155–84. doi:10.1080/07268609708599550.
Kenyon, John Samuel (1950). American Pronunciation (10th ed.). Ann Arbor: George Wahr.
Kenyon, John S.; Knott, Thomas A. (1944/1953). A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-047-7. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
Schneider, Edgar W.; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
Roach, Peter (2004), "British English: Received Pronunciation", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 239–245, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768
Wells, J. C. (2000). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2nd edn. ed.). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 0-582-36468-X. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)

External links

Learning the IPA for English, (Standard American English)
Online keyboard with MP3 sound files for IPA symbols
IPA chart with AIFF sound files for IPA symbols
IPA chart with MP3 sound files for all IPA symbols on the chart (limited version is available to anyone)
The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.
lexconvert a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers
LONGMAN Dictionary of Contemporary English ONLINE uses IPA.
Online IPA editor for English
Online/Offline IPA editor for English
IPA transcription systems for English — discussion by John C. Wells of RP transcriptions

Template:Link FL

[1] Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)

[2] Kenyon, Knott & 1944/1953

[3] Kenyon (1950)

[4] Roach (2004:241-243). See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton for Oxford University Press dictionaries.

[PE-5] This is the compromise IPA transcription used in the entries of Wikipedia articles. It covers most dialects of English.

[6] Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.

[7] Pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English.

[8] Pronounced [t̪] in some varieties of Irish English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.

[9] Pronounced [d̪] in some varieties of Irish English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English.

[10] Marginal elsewhere.

[11] Pronounced [ɱ] before f (e.g. symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni)

[12] In some dialects (e.g. Brummie) "ringer", "sing" etc are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/ rather than /ˈɹɪŋə/

[13] [ɫ] does not occur in Irish English, and [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP and some other English accents, along with South African English, however, have clear [l] before vowels and dark [ɫ] elsewhere.

[r-14] The tap [ɾ] is found in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.

[15] Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and much of the American South dialects; see whine and wine and voiceless labiovelar approximant

[badlad-16] See bad-lad split for this distinction.

[oxforda-17] Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.

[cotcaught-18] See low back merger for more discussion of this vowel in American English.

[kit-19] Becomes more centralized (often [ə]) in contexts that are not velar or palatal.

[collinse-20] Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.

[FFFM-21] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f See Fern-fir-fur merger for this distinction.

[r-colored_schwa-22] Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].

[canadianraising-23] In Canadian English, the raised diphthongs [ʌi] and [ʌu] are found before voiceless consonants, as in right [ɹʷʌit] and out [ʌut]; in other environments, [aɪ] and [aʊ] are used. In much of US English, this happens with /ʌɪ/. See Canadian raising.

[airsymbol-24] Alternative symbols used in British dictionaries are /ɛː/ (Oxford University Press) and /ɛə/.

[25] >Roach, 2004 & 241-243, pp. 21-22, 25-26. Roach notes that many people in England use /ɔː/ for this vowel, but also that RP is supposed to distinguish between maw /mɔː/ and moor /mʊə/, tore /tɔː/ and tour /tʊə/, paw /pɔː/ and poor /pʊə/.

[26] /ɔː, aʊ, ɔɪ/ are never reduced. In some dialects, such as Australian, all reduced vowels become [ə].

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@@ Line 643: / Line 643: @@
 *[http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/course/chapter1/chapter1.html IPA chart] with [[AIFF]] sound files for IPA symbols
 *[http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/ipa-lab.htm IPA chart] with [[MP3]] sound files for all IPA symbols on the chart (limited version is available to anyone)
-*[http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/IPA/IPA_chart_(C)2005.pdf The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005)] Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.
+*[http://www.langsci.ucl.ac.uk/ipa/IPA_chart_(C)2005.pdf The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005)] Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.
 *[http://people.pwf.cam.ac.uk/ssb22/gradint/lexconvert.html lexconvert] a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers
 *[http://www.ldoceonline.com/index.html LONGMAN Dictionary of Contemporary English ''ONLINE''] uses IPA.

Revision as of 10:28, 25 May 2009

Notes

See also

References

External links