Spanish language: Difference between revisions
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| {{lang|la|{{smallcaps|dies martis}}}} ([[Classical Latin|Classical]]) <br />{{lang|la|{{smallcaps|feria tertia}}}} ([[Ecclesiastical Latin|Ecclesiastical]]) |
| {{lang|la|{{smallcaps|dies martis}}}} ([[Classical Latin|Classical]]) <br />{{lang|la|{{smallcaps|feria tertia}}}} ([[Ecclesiastical Latin|Ecclesiastical]]) |
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| {{lang|es|''martes''}} |
| {{lang|es|''martes''}} |
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| {{lang|gl|''martes''}} |
| {{lang|gl|''martes''/''terza feira''}} |
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| {{lang|pt|''terça-feira''}} |
| {{lang|pt|''terça-feira''}} |
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| {{lang|ast|''martes''}} |
| {{lang|ast|''martes''}} |
Revision as of 09:41, 31 July 2013
Spanish | |
---|---|
[español] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | |
[castellano] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | |
Pronunciation | [espaˈɲol], [kasteˈʎano] |
Region | Spain, Latin America, Equatorial Guinea, Western Sahara, Philippines, and Easter Island (see below) |
Native speakers | 406 million.[1] (2010)[2] 60 million as a second language.[1] 500 million total (L1, L2, FL)[3][4][5] |
Early form | |
Latin (Spanish alphabet) Spanish Braille | |
Official status | |
Official language in |
|
Regulated by | Association of Spanish Language Academies (Real Academia Española and 21 other national Spanish language academies) |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | es |
ISO 639-2 | spa |
ISO 639-3 | spa |
Linguasphere | 51-AAA-b |
![]() Countries where Spanish has official status.
Countries and U.S. states where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 25% or more of the population.
Countries and U.S. states where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 10–20% of the population.
Countries and U.S. states where Spanish has no official status but is spoken by 5–9.9% of the population. | |
Spanish ([español] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), also called Castilian ([castellano] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ), is a Romance language that originated in Castile, a region in Spain. Approximately 406 million people speak Spanish as a native language, making it second only to Mandarin in terms of its number of native speakers.[1][2] It also has 60 million speakers as a second language,[1] and 20 million students as a foreign language.[6] Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations, and is used as an official language by the European Union and Mercosur.
Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of common Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century. It was first documented in central-northern Iberia in the ninth century and gradually spread with the expansion of the Kingdom of Castile into central and southern Iberia.[7] From its beginnings, Spanish vocabulary was influenced by its contact with Basque and by other related Ibero-Romance languages and later absorbed many Arabic words during the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula.[8] It also adopted many words from non Iberian languages, particularly the Romance languages Occitan, French and Italian and increasingly from English in modern times, as well as adding its own new words. Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire in the sixteenth century, most notably to the Americas as well as territories in Africa, Oceania and the Philippines.[9][dead link]
Spanish is the most popular second language learned by native speakers of American English.[10] From the last decades of the 20th century, the study of Spanish as a foreign language has grown significantly, in part because of the growing populations and economies of many Spanish-speaking countries, and the growing international tourism in these countries.[citation needed]
Spanish is the most widely understood language in the Western Hemisphere, with significant populations of native Spanish speakers ranging from the tip of Patagonia to as far north as New York City and Chicago. Additionally, there are over 10 million fluent second language speakers in both Brazil and the United States. Since the early 21st century, it has arguably superseded French in becoming the second-most-studied language and the second language in international communication, after English.[11][12][13][14]
Names of the language
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Castellano-Espa%C3%B1ol-en.png/280px-Castellano-Espa%C3%B1ol-en.png)
In Spain and in some other parts of the Spanish-speaking world, Spanish is called castellano (Castilian) as well as español (Spanish), that is, the language of the region of Castile, contrasting it with other languages spoken in Spain such as Galician, Basque, and Catalan. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term [castellano] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) to define the official language of the whole Spanish State, in contrast to [las demás lenguas españolas] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (lit. the rest of the Spanish languages). Article III reads as follows:
[El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado. (...) Las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas...] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State. (...) The rest of the Spanish languages shall also be official in their respective Autonomous Communities...
The Spanish Royal Academy, on the other hand, currently uses the term español in its publications but from 1713 to 1923 called the language castellano.
The Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (a language guide published by the Spanish Royal Academy) states that, although the Spanish Royal Academy prefers to use the term español in its publications when referring to the Spanish language, both terms, español and castellano, are regarded as synonymous and equally valid.[15]
Two etymologies for español have been suggested. The Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, 'from—or pertaining to—Hispania'.[16] Other authorities[17][18] attribute it to a supposed medieval Latin *hispaniōne, with the same meaning.
History
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Page_of_Lay_of_the_Cid.jpg/170px-Page_of_Lay_of_the_Cid.jpg)
The Spanish language evolved from Vulgar Latin (colloquial Latin), which was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by the Romans during the Second Punic War, beginning in 210 B.C. Prior to that time, several pre-Roman languages (also called Paleohispanic languages)—unrelated to Latin, and some of them unrelated even to Indo-European—were spoken in the Iberian Peninsula. These languages included Basque (still spoken today), Iberian, and Celtiberian. Traces of these languages, especially Basque, can be found in the Spanish vocabulary today, mainly among place names.
The first documents to record what is today regarded as the precursor of modern Spanish are from the ninth century (see Glosas Emilianenses). Throughout the Middle Ages and into the modern era, by far the most important influence on Spanish (Castilian) lexicon came from neighboring Romance languages—Navarro-Aragonese, Leonese, Aragonese, Catalan, Portuguese, Galician, Mirandese, Occitan, Gascon, and later, French and Italian—but also from Basque, Arabic and to a lesser extent, the Germanic languages. Many words were borrowed from Latin through the influence of written language and the liturgical language of the Church.
Local sociolects of Vulgar Latin evolved into Spanish in the north of Iberia, in an area defined by Álava, Cantabria, Burgos, Soria and La Rioja. The dialect was later brought to the city of Toledo, where the written standard of Spanish was first developed, in the 13th century.[19] In this formative stage, Spanish (Castilian) developed a strongly differing variant from its close cousin, Leonese, and, according to some authors, was distinguished by a heavy Basque influence (see Iberian Romance languages). This distinctive dialect progressively spread south with the advance of the [Reconquista] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), and so gathered a sizable lexical influence from the Arabic of Al-Andalus, much of it indirectly, through the Romance Mozarabic dialects.[20] The written standard for this new language began to be developed in the cities of Toledo, in the 13th to 16th centuries, and Madrid, from the 1570s.[19]
The development of the Spanish sound system from that of Vulgar Latin exhibits most of the changes that are typical of Western Romance languages, including lenition of intervocalic consonants (thus Latin vīta > Spanish [vida] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)). The diphthongization of Latin stressed short e and o—which occurred in open syllables in French and Italian, but not at all in Catalan or Portuguese—is found in both open and closed syllables in Spanish, as shown in the following table:
Latin | Spanish | Ladino | Aragonese | Asturian | Galician | Portuguese | Catalan | Occitan | French | Italian | Romanian | English |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
petra | piedra | piedra (or pyedra) | piedra | piedra | pedra | pedra | pedra | pedra/pèira | pierre | pietra | piatrǎ | 'stone' |
terra | tierra | tierra (or tyerra) | tierra | tierra | terra | terra | terra | tèrra | terre | terra | ţară | 'land' |
moritur | muere | muere | muere | muerre | morre | morre | mor | morís | meurt | muore | moare | 'dies (v.)' |
mortem | muerte | muerte | muerte | muerte | morte | morte | mort | mòrt | mort | morte | moarte | 'death' |
Spanish is marked by the palatalization of the Latin double consonants nn and ll (thus Latin annum > Spanish [año] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), and Latin anellum > Spanish [anillo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)).
The consonant written ⟨u⟩ or ⟨v⟩ in Latin and pronounced [w] in Classical Latin had probably "fortified" to a bilabial fricative /β/ in Vulgar Latin. In early Spanish (but not in Catalan or Portuguese) it merged with the consonant written ⟨b⟩ (a bilabial with plosive and fricative allophones). In modern Spanish, there is no difference between the pronunciation of orthographic ⟨b⟩ and ⟨v⟩.
Peculiar to Spanish (as well as to the neighboring Gascon dialect of Occitan, and sometimes attributed to a Basque substratum) was the mutation of Latin initial f- into h- whenever it was followed by a vowel that did not diphthongize. The h-, still preserved in spelling, is now silent in most varieties of the language, although in some Andalusian and Caribbean dialects it is still aspirated in some words. This is the reason why there are modern spelling variants Fernando and Hernando (both Spanish of "Ferdinand"), ferrero and herrero (both Spanish of "smith"), fierro and hierro (both Spanish of "iron"), and fondo and hondo (both Spanish of "deep", but fondo means "bottom" while hondo means "deep"); hacer (Spanish of "to make") is the root word of satisfacer (Spanish of "to satisfy"), and hecho ("made") is the root word of satisfecho (Spanish of "satisfied").
Compare the examples in the following table:
Latin | Spanish | Ladino | Aragonese | Asturian | Galician | Portuguese | Catalan | Occitan | French | Italian | Romanian | English |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
filium | hijo | fijo (or ijo) | fillo | fíu | fillo | filho | fill | filh/hilh | fils | figlio | fiu | 'son' |
facere | hacer | fazer | fer | facer | facer | fazer | fer | far/faire/har (or hèr) | faire | fare | facere | 'to do' |
febrem | fiebre | fiebre | fiebre | fiebre | febre | febre | febre | fèbre/frèbe/hrèbe (or herèbe) |
fièvre | febbre | febră | 'fever' |
focum | fuego | fuego | fuego | fueu | fogo | fogo | foc | fuòc/fòc/huèc | feu | fuoco | foc | 'fire' |
Some consonant clusters of Latin also produced characteristically different results in these languages, as shown in the examples in the following table:
Latin | Spanish | Ladino | Aragonese | Asturian | Galician | Portuguese | Catalan | Occitan | French | Italian | Romanian | English |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
clāvem | llave | clave | clau | llave | chave | chave/clave | clau | clau | clé | chiave | cheie | 'key' |
flamma | llama | flama | flama | llama | chama | chama/flama | flama | flama | flamme | fiamma | flamă | 'flame' |
plēnum | lleno | pleno | plen | llenu | cheo | cheio/pleno | ple | plen | plein | pieno | plin | 'plenty,full' |
octō | ocho | ocho | güeito | ocho/oito | oito | oito | vuit/huit | uèch/uòch/uèit | huit | otto | opt | 'eight' |
multum | mucho muy |
muncho muy |
muito mui |
munchu mui |
moito moi |
muito mui (arch.) |
molt | molt (arch.) | moult (arch.) | molto | mult | 'much, very, a lot of' |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_dibujo_con_orla.jpg/170px-Juan_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_dibujo_con_orla.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg/170px-Cervantes_J%C3%A1uregui.jpg)
In the 15th and 16th centuries, Spanish underwent a dramatic change in the pronunciation of its sibilant consonants, known in Spanish as the reajuste de las sibilantes, which resulted in the distinctive velar [x] pronunciation of the letter ⟨j⟩ and—in a large part of Spain—the characteristic interdental [θ] ("th-sound") for the letter ⟨z⟩ (and for ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩). See History of Spanish (Modern development of the Old Spanish sibilants) for details.
The [Gramática de la lengua castellana] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), written in Salamanca in 1492 by Elio Antonio de Nebrija, was the first grammar written for a modern European language.[22] According to a popular anecdote, when Nebrija presented it to Queen Isabella I, she asked him what was the use of such a work, and he answered that language is the instrument of empire.[23] In his introduction to the grammar, dated August 18, 1492, Nebrija wrote that "... language was always the companion of empire."[24]
From the sixteenth century onwards, the language was taken to America and the Spanish East Indies via Spanish colonization of America. Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra, author of Don Quixote, is such a well-known reference in the world that Spanish is often called la lengua de Cervantes ("the language of Cervantes").[25]
In the twentieth century, Spanish was introduced to Equatorial Guinea and the Western Sahara, and to areas of the United States that had not been part of the Spanish Empire, such as Spanish Harlem in New York City. For details on borrowed words and other external influences upon Spanish, see Influences on the Spanish language.
Grammar
Spanish is a relatively inflected language, with a two-gender noun system and about fifty conjugated forms per verb, but with inflection of nouns, adjectives, and determiners limited to number and gender. (For a detailed overview of verbs, see Spanish verbs and Spanish irregular verbs.) Spanish syntax is considered right-branching, meaning that subordinate or modifying constituents tend to be placed after their head words. The language uses prepositions (rather than postpositions or inflection of nouns for case), and usually—though not always—places adjectives after nouns, as do most other Romance languages.
Its sentence structure is generally subject–verb–object, although variations are common. It is a "pro-drop", or "null-subject" language—that is, it allows the deletion of subject pronouns when they are pragmatically unnecessary. Spanish is described as a "verb-framed" language, meaning that the direction of motion is expressed in the verb while the mode of locomotion is expressed adverbially (e.g. subir corriendo or salir volando; the respective English equivalents of these examples—'to run up' and 'to fly out'—show that English is, by contrast, "satellite-framed", with mode of locomotion expressed in the verb and direction in an adverbial modifier).
Subject/verb inversion is not required in questions, and thus the recognition of declarative or interrogative may depend entirely on intonation.
Phonology
Segmental phonology
The Spanish phonemic inventory consists of five vowel phonemes (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/) and 17 to 19 consonant phonemes (the exact number depending on the dialect). The main allophonic variation among vowels is the reduction of the high vowels /i/ and /u/ to glides—[j] and [w] respectively—when unstressed and adjacent to another vowel. Some instances of the mid vowels /e/ and /o/, determined lexically, alternate with the diphthongs [je] and [we] respectively when stressed, in a process that is better described as morphophonemic rather than phonological, as it is not predictable from phonology alone.
The Spanish consonant system is characterized by (1) three nasal phonemes, and one or two (depending on the dialect) lateral phoneme(s), which in syllable-final position lose their contrast and are subject to assimilation to a following consonant; (2) three voiceless stops and the affricate /tʃ/; (3) three or four (depending on the dialect) voiceless fricatives; (4) a set of voiced obstruents—/b/, /d/, /ɡ/, and sometimes /ʝ/—which alternate between fricative and plosive allophones depending on the environment; and (5) a phonemic distinction between the "tapped" and "trilled" r-sounds (single ⟨r⟩ and double ⟨rr⟩ in orthography).
In the following table of consonant phonemes, /θ/ and /ʎ/ are marked with an asterisk (*) to indicate that they are preserved only in some dialects. In most dialects they have been merged, respectively, with /s/ and /ʝ/, in the mergers called, respectively, seseo and yeísmo. The phoneme /ʃ/ is in parentheses () to indicate that it appears only in loanwords. Each of the voiced obstruent phonemes /b/, /d/, /ʝ/, and /ɡ/ appears to the right of a pair of voiceless phonemes, to indicate that, while the voiceless phonemes maintain a phonemic contrast between plosive (or affricate) and fricative, the voiced ones alternate allophonically (i.e. without phonemic contrast) between plosive and fricative pronunciations.
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||||
Plosive | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | |||
Fricative | f | θ* | s | (ʃ) | ʝ | x | |||
Affricate | tʃ | ||||||||
Trill | r | ||||||||
Tap | ɾ | ||||||||
Lateral | l | ʎ* |
- V and B
The letters ⟨v⟩ and ⟨b⟩ normally represent the same phoneme, /b/, which is realized as [b] after a nasal consonant or a pause, and as [β] elsewhere, as in ambos [ˈambos] ('both') envío [emˈbi.o] ('I send'), acabar [akaˈβaɾ] ('to finish') and mover [moˈβeɾ] ('to move'). The Royal Spanish Academy considers the /v/ pronunciation for the letter ⟨v⟩ to be incorrect and affected. However, some Spanish speakers maintain the pronunciation of the /v/ sound as it is in other western European languages. The sound /v/ is used for the letter ⟨v⟩, in the Spanish language, by a few second-language speakers in Spain whose native language is Catalan, in the Balearic Islands, in the Valencian Community, and in southern Catalonia.[27] In the USA it is also common because of the proximity and influence of English phonology, and the /v/ is also occasionally used in Mexico. Some parts of Central America also use /v/, which the Royal Academy attributes to the interference of local indigenous languages.
Historically, the /v/ pronunciation was uncommon, but considered correct well into the twentieth century.
Prosody
Spanish is classified by its rhythm as a syllable-timed language, meaning that each syllable has approximately the same duration regardless of stress.[28][29]
Spanish intonation varies significantly according to dialect, but generally conforms to a pattern of falling tone for declarative sentences and wh-questions (who, what, why, etc.), and rising tone for yes/no questions.[30][31] There are no syntactic markers to distinguish between questions and statements, and thus the recognition of declarative or interrogative depends entirely on intonation.
Stress most often occurs on any of the last three syllables of a word, with some rare exceptions at the fourth-last or earlier syllables. The tendencies of stress assignment are as follows:[32]
- In words that end with a vowel, stress most often falls on the penultimate syllable.
- In words that end with a consonant, stress most often falls on the last syllable, with the following exceptions: The grammatical endings -n (for third-person-plural of verbs) and -s (whether for plural of nouns and adjectives or for second-person-singular of verbs) do not change the location of stress. Thus regular verbs ending with -n and the great majority of words ending with -s are stressed on the penult. Although a significant number of nouns and adjectives ending with -n are also stressed on the penult (e.g. joven, virgen, mitin), the great majority of nouns and adjectives ending with -n are stressed on their last syllable (e.g. capitán, almacén, jardín, corazón).
- Preantepenultimate stress (stress on the fourth-to-last syllable) occurs rarely, and only on verbs with clitic pronouns attached (e.g. guardándoselos 'saving them for him/her/them').
In addition to the many exceptions to these tendencies, there are numerous minimal pairs which contrast solely on stress such as sábana ('sheet') and sabana ('savannah'), as well as límite ('boundary'), limite ('[that] he/she limits') and limité ('I limited'), or also líquido ('liquid'), liquido ('I sell off') and liquidó ('he/she sold off').
The spelling system unambiguously reflects where the stress occurs: in the absence of an accent mark, the stress falls on the last syllable unless the last letter is ⟨n⟩, ⟨s⟩, or a vowel, in which cases the stress falls on the next-to-last syllable; if and only if the absence of an accent mark would give the wrong stress information, an acute accent mark appears over the stressed syllable.
Geographical distribution
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Study_of_spanish.svg/450px-Study_of_spanish.svg.png)
Spanish is the primary language of 20 countries worldwide. It is estimated that the combined total number of Spanish speakers is between 470 and 500 million, making it the second most widely spoken language in terms of native speakers.[34][35]
Spanish is the third most spoken language by total number of speakers (after Mandarin and English). Internet usage statistics for 2007 show Spanish as the third most commonly used language on the Internet, after English and Mandarin.[36]
Europe
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Knowledge_of_Spanish_in_European_Union.svg/220px-Knowledge_of_Spanish_in_European_Union.svg.png)
In Europe, Spanish is an official language of Spain, the country after which it is named and from which it originated. It is widely spoken in Gibraltar, although English is the official language.[37] It is also commonly spoken in Andorra, although Catalan is the official language.[38]
Spanish is also spoken by small communities in other European countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.[39] Spanish is an official language of the European Union. In Switzerland, Spanish is the native language of 1.7% of the population, representing the largest minority after the 4 official languages of the country.[40]
Spanish is the fourth most widely studied second language in Western Europe after English, French, and German.[citation needed] In France and the United Kingdom, Spanish is often the second most popular foreign language (after English and French respectively).[citation needed]
The Americas
Latin America
Most Spanish speakers are in Latin America; of all countries with a majority of Spanish speakers, only Spain and Equatorial Guinea are outside the Americas. Mexico has the most native speakers of any country. Nationally, Spanish is the official language—either de facto or de jure—of Argentina, Bolivia (co-official with Quechua, Aymara, Guarani and 34 other languages), Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Uruguay, Venezuela, Peru (in addition to Spanish; Quechua, Aymara and other indigenous languages are also official in areas where they predominate [citation needed]), Paraguay (co-official with Guaraní).[41] Spanish is also the de facto and official language in Puerto Rico.[42]
Spanish has no official recognition in the former British colony of Belize; however, per the 2000 census, it is spoken by 43% of the population.[43][44] Mainly, it is spoken by the descendants of Hispanics who have been in the region since the seventeenth century; however, English is the official language.[45]
Spain colonized Trinidad and Tobago first in 1498, introducing the Spanish language to the Carib people. Also the Cocoa Panyols, laborers from Venezuela, took their culture and language with them; they are accredited with the music of "Parang" ("Parranda") on the island. Because of Trinidad's location on the South American coast, the country is greatly influenced by its Spanish-speaking neighbors. A recent census shows that more than 1,500 inhabitants speak Spanish.[46] In 2004, the government launched the Spanish as a First Foreign Language (SAFFL) initiative in March 2005.[47] Government regulations require Spanish to be taught, beginning in primary school, while thirty percent of public employees are to be linguistically competent within five years.[46]
Spanish is important in Brazil because of its proximity to and increased trade with its Spanish-speaking neighbors, and because of its membership in the Mercosur trading bloc and the Union of South American Nations.[48] In 2005, the National Congress of Brazil approved a bill, signed into law by the President, making Spanish language teaching mandatory in both public and private secondary schools in Brazil.[49] In many border towns and villages (especially in the Uruguayan-Brazilian and Paraguayan-Brazilian border areas), a mixed language known as Portuñol is spoken.[50]
United States
According to 2006 census data, 44.3 million people of the U.S. population were Hispanic or Latin American by origin;[51] 34 million people, 12.2 percent, of the population more than five years old speak Spanish at home.[52] Spanish has a long history in the United States because many southwestern states were Spanish territories, and subsequently part of Mexico. In the southeast, Florida was a Spanish territory until 1821.
Spanish has been revitalized in the U.S. by an influx of Hispanic immigrants. Spanish is the most widely taught language in the country after English. Although the United States has no formally designated "official languages," Spanish is formally recognized at the state level in various states in addition to English. In the U.S. state of New Mexico, 40% of the population speaks the language.
It also has strong influence in metropolitan areas such as Los Angeles, Miami, San Antonio, New York City, Tampa, Las Vegas, San Francisco and Chicago, and in the twenty-first century the language has rapidly expanded in Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Charlotte, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Houston, Phoenix, Philadelphia, Richmond, and Washington, DC. With a total of 37 million Spanish speakers, according to US Census Bureau,[53] the U.S. has the world's second-largest Spanish-speaking population.[54] Spanish ranks second, behind English, as the language spoken most widely at home.[55]
Africa
In Africa, Spanish is official in Equatorial Guinea, as well as an official language of the African Union. In Equatorial Guinea, Spanish is the predominant language when native and non-native speakers (around 500,000 people) are counted, while Fang is the most spoken language by number of native speakers.[56][57]
Today, in Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony, an unknown number of Sahrawis are able to read and write in Spanish, and several thousands have received university education in foreign countries as part of aid packages (mainly in Cuba and Spain).[citation needed] Sahrawi Press Service, the official news service of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic of Western Sahara, has been available in Spanish since 2001,[58] and RASD TV, the official television channel of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, has a website available in Spanish.[59]
The Sahara Film Festival, Western Sahara's only film festival, mainly shows Spanish-language films. Spanish is used to document Sahrawi poetry and oral traditions and has also be used in Sahrawi literature.[60] Despite Spanish having been used by the Sahrawi people for over a century because of Western Sahara's history as a former Spanish colony, the Cervantes Institute has denied support and Spanish-language education to Sahrawis in Western Sahara and the Sahrawi refugee camps in Algeria.[61] A group of Sahrawi poets known as Generación de la Amistad saharaui produces Sahrawi literature in Spanish.[62]
Spanish is also spoken in the Spanish autonomous cities of Ceuta (75,241) and Melilla (73,460) in continental North Africa, and in the autonomous community of the Canary Islands (2,117,519), a Spanish archipelago located just off the northwest coast of mainland Africa. Within Northern Morocco, a former Spanish protectorate that is also geographically close to Spain, approximately 20,000 people speak Spanish as a second language.[63] A small number of Moroccan Jews speak the Sephardic Spanish dialect Haketia (related to the Ladino dialect spoken in Israel). Spanish is spoken by some communities in Angola because of the Cuban influence from the Cold War and in South Sudan among South Sudanese natives that relocated to Cuba during the Sudanese wars and returned in time for their country's independence.[64]
Asia-Pacific
Spanish is an official language in Easter Island, a territorial possession of Chile in Oceania. Spanish was used by the colonial governments and the educated classes in the former Spanish East Indies, namely the Philippines, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands. From 1565 to 1973 it was an official language of the Philippines. Up to 1899 it was the language of government, trade and education, and spoken as a first language by Spaniards and educated Filipinos. In the mid-nineteenth century the colonial government set up a free public school system with Spanish as the medium of instruction. This increased the use of Spanish throughout the islands and led to a class of Spanish-speaking intellectuals called the Ilustrados. Although Spanish never became the language of a majority of the population,[65]
Philippine literature and press primarily used Spanish up to the 1940s. It continued as an official language until the change of Constitution in 1973. Following the U.S. occupation and administration of the islands in 1899, the American government increasingly imposed English, especially after the 1920s plus persecuted Spanish speakers and killed thousands in Intramuros, Manila during World War II. The US authorities conducted a campaign of introducing English as the medium of instruction in schools, universities and public spaces, and prohibited the use of Spanish in media and educational institutions.[citation needed]
After the Philippines became independent in 1946, Spanish remained an official language along with English and Tagalog-based Filipino. However, the language lost its official status in 1973 during the regime of Ferdinand Marcos. In 2007, the Arroyo administration announced that it would pass legislation to reintroduce Spanish in the Philippine education system. In 2010, a Memorandum was signed between Spanish and Philippine authorities to cooperate in implementing this decree. Despite government promotions of Spanish, less than 0.5% of the population speak Spanish. Worthy of mention however, is Chavacano, a Spanish-Based Creole Language or Creole Spanish Language and also known as Philippine Creole Spanish, spoken by 600,000 people as of the year 2000 both in the Philippines and Sabah.
The local languages of the Philippines retain much Spanish influence, with many words being derived from Spanish from Spain and Mexican Spanish, owing to the control of the islands by Spain through Mexico City until 1821, and directly from Madrid until 1898.[66]
Among the countries and territories in Oceania, Spanish is spoken in Easter Island, a territorial possession of Chile. The U.S. Territories of Guam and Northern Marianas, and the independent states of Palau, Marshall Islands and the Federated States of Micronesia all once had majority Spanish speakers, since the Marianas and the Caroline Islands were Spanish colonial possessions until the late nineteenth century (see Spanish-American War). Spanish is no longer used by the masses, but there are still native and second-language speakers. It also exists as an influence on the local native languages as many Spanish loan words still exist in that part of the world. In fact, over 9% of foreign loanwords in the Palaun language can be traced back to Spanish.[67] Additionally, it is also spoken by Hispanic American resident populations.
Spanish speakers by country
The following table shows the number of Spanish speakers in some 80 countries.
Country | Population[68] | Spanish as a native language speakers[69][70][71][72][73] | Native speakers or very good speakers as a second language[74] | Total number of Spanish speakers[74][75] | Spanish speakers as percentage of population[76] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
![]() |
118,395,054[77] | 109,752,215[78] | 116,619,128 | 98.5% [76] | |
![]() |
316,005,000[79] | 37,579,787[80] | 43,700,000[81] | 51,500,000[82][83][84][85][86][87][88] | 16.3% |
![]() |
47,133,000[89] | 46,624,624[90] | 46,755,936 | 99.2%[76] | |
![]() |
47,059,533[91] | 38,588,817[92] | 46,494,819 | 98.8%[76] | |
![]() |
41,660,417[93][94] | 39,500,000 [95] | 41,410,454 | 99.4% [76] | |
![]() |
30,341,000[68][96] | 29,242,756[97] | 29,976,908 | 98.8%[76] | |
![]() |
30,475,144[98] | 25,629,596[99] | 26,391,475 | 86.6%[76] | |
![]() |
17,556,815[100] | 17,275,215[101] | 17,433,917 | 99.3%[76] | |
![]() |
15,460,000[102] | 13,200,000[103] | 15,166,260 | 98.1%[76] | |
![]() |
15,438,384[68] | 9,263,030[104] | 13,338,764 | 86.4%[76] | |
![]() |
193,946,886 [105] | 483,547 [106] | 483,547 | 12,483,547 [107][108] | 6.4% |
![]() |
11,244,000[68] | 11,244,000[109] | 11,176,536 | 99.4%[76] | |
![]() |
10,309,000[68] | 9,300,000[110] | 10,267,764 | 99.6%[76] | |
![]() |
10,426,154[111] | 6,047,169[112] | 9,164,589 | 87.9%[76] | |
![]() |
8,215,313[113] | 8,007,563[114] | 8,133,160 | 99.0%[76] | |
![]() |
65,635,000[115] | 477,564[116] | 1,910,258[74] | 6,685,901[74] | 10.2% |
![]() |
6,183,002[117] | 6,168,902[118] | 6,164,453 | 99.7%[76] | |
![]() |
6,042,000[68] | 5,551,876[119] | 5,860,740 | 97.0%[76] | |
![]() |
60,820,696[120] | 467,015[121] | 1,037,248[74] | 5,704,863[74] | 9.4% |
![]() |
31,759,997[122] | 7,405 [123] | 7,405 | 5,500,000[124][125] | 17.3% |
![]() |
6,798,000[68] | 3,874,860[126] | 4,724,610 | 69.5%[76] | |
![]() |
4,301,712[127] | 4,216,294[128] | 4,267,298 | 99.2%[76] | |
![]() |
3,667,084[129] | 3,487,397[130] | 3,623,079 | 98.8%[76] | |
![]() |
3,678,000[131] | 3,176,957[132] | 3,424,218 | 93.1%[76] | |
![]() |
63,181,775 [133] | 194,487 [134] | 518,480[74] | 3,110,880[74] | 4.9% |
![]() |
3,286,314[135] | 3,136,114[136] | 3,250,165 | 98.9%[76] | |
![]() |
97,866,000[137] | 3,325 [123] | 438,882 [138] | 3,016,773[139][140][141][142][143][144][145] | 3.1% |
![]() |
80,327,900 [146] | 187,036 [147] | 644,091 [74] | 2,576,366 [74] | 3.1% |
![]() |
1,170,308[148] | 1,683[149] | 164,662 | 1,059,129 | 90.5%[76][150] |
![]() |
34,605,346[151] | 439,000 [152] | 839,000 [153] | 1,001,853[107][154] | 2.9% |
![]() |
21,355,849[155] | 182,467[74] | 912,337[156] | 4.3% | |
![]() |
10,636,888[157] | 10,635 [123] | 323,237[74] | 808,091[74] | 7.6% |
![]() |
16,665,900[158] | 61,666[159] | 133,719[74] | 668,599[74] | 4% |
![]() |
9,555,893[160] | 101,472[161] | 101,472 | 467,474[74] | 4.9% |
![]() |
21,507,717[162] | 111,400[163] | 111,400 | 447,175[164] | 2.1% |
![]() |
10,918,405[165] | 67,024 [166] | 89,395[74] | 446,977[74] | 4.1% |
![]() |
38,092,000 | 324,137[74] | 324,137[74] | 0.9% | |
![]() |
8,205,533 | 280,393[74] | 3.4% | ||
![]() |
20,179,602 | 235,806[75] | 1.2% | ||
![]() |
33,769,669 | 223,000[167] | 0.7% | ||
![]() |
333,200[168] | 173,597[169] | 173,597 | 209,250[169] | 62.8%[169] |
![]() |
5,484,723 | 45,613[74] | 182,450[74] | 3.3% | |
![]() |
7,112,359 | 95,000[170] | 95,000 | 175,231[171] | 2.5% |
![]() |
127,288,419 | 107,514[172] | 107,514 | 167,514[75] | 0.1% |
![]() |
4,581,269 [173] | 5,325 [123] | 35,220 [74] | 140,880 [74] | 3.1% |
![]() |
7,581,520 | 123,000[174] | 123,000 | 137,420 | 1.7%[175] |
![]() |
5,244,749 | 133200[74] | 2.5% | ||
![]() |
7,262,675 | 130,750[74] | 130,750[74] | 1.8% | |
![]() |
223,652 | 10,699[76] | 10,699 | 125,534[76] | 56.1% |
![]() |
12,853,259 | 101,455[75] | 0.8% | ||
![]() |
10,513,209[176] | 90,124[74] | 0.9% | ||
![]() |
21,599,100[177] | 1,377[178] | 1,377 | 87,077[179] | 0.4% |
![]() |
10,787,690[180] | 86,936[74] | 0.8% | ||
![]() |
9,957,731[181] | 83,206[74] | 0.8% | ||
![]() |
101,484[182] | 6,800 | 75,402 | 75,402[183] | 74.3% |
![]() |
4,491,543 | 73,656[74] | 1.6% | ||
![]() |
1,317,714[184] | 4,100[185] | 4,100 | 65,886 | 5%[186] |
![]() |
84,484 | 29,907[187] | 58,040 | 58,040 | 68.7%[188] |
![]() |
5,455,407 | 45,500[74] | 45,500[74] | 0.8% | |
![]() |
4,644,457 | 12,573[189] | 12,573 | 36,250[75] | 0.8% |
![]() |
1,339,724,852[190] | 5,209 [191][192] | 5,209 | 35,209 [193] | 0% |
![]() |
2,972,949[194] | 28,297[74] | 1% | ||
![]() |
524,853 | 4,049[74] | 20,245[74] | 24,294[74] | 4.6% |
![]() |
140,702,094 | 3,320 | 3,320 | 23,320[195] | 0% |
![]() |
4,173,460 | 21,645[196] | 21,645 | 21,645 | 0.5% |
![]() |
154,805 | 19,092[197] | 12.3% | ||
![]() |
108,612 | 16,788[198] | 16,788 | 16,788 | 15.5% |
![]() |
27,967 | 13,857 | 13,857 | 13,857 | 49.5% |
![]() |
2,209,000[199] | 13,943[74] | 0.6% | ||
![]() |
73,722,988[200] | 1,134[201] | 1,134 | 13,480[202] | 0% |
![]() |
838,897 | 13,208[74] | 1.6% | ||
![]() |
1,210,193,422[203] | 695 [204] | 695 | 10,445 [205] | 0% |
![]() |
1,294,455 | 9,457[74] | 0.7% | ||
![]() |
2,804,322 | 8,000[206] | 8,000 | 8,000[206] | 0.3% |
![]() |
2,104,900 | 3,870[207] | 3,870 | 3,969 | 0.2% |
![]() |
82,950,332 | 3,500[208] | 0% | ||
![]() |
417,617 | 3,354[74] | 0.8% | ||
![]() |
513,000[209] | n.a.[210] | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
Total | 7,085,276,964 (Total World Population)[211] | 434,139,933 [1][212] | 475,898,586 [1] | 523,518,179 [3][4][5] | 7.43% |
Dialectal variation
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Variedades_principales_del_espa%C3%B1ol.png/550px-Variedades_principales_del_espa%C3%B1ol.png)
There are important variations—phonological, grammatical, and lexical—in the spoken Spanish of the various regions of Spain and throughout the Spanish-speaking areas of the Americas.
The variety with the most speakers is Mexican Spanish. It is spoken by more than twenty percent of the world's Spanish speakers (more than 112 million of the total of more than 500 million, according to the table above). One of its main features is the reduction or loss of unstressed vowels, mainly when they are in contact with the sound /s/.[213][214]
In Spain, northern dialects are popularly thought of as closer to the standard, although positive attitudes toward southern dialects have increased significantly in the last 50 years. Even so, the speech of Madrid, which has typically southern features such as yeísmo and s-aspiration, is the standard variety for use on radio and television,[215][216][217][218] and is the variety that has most influenced the written standard for Spanish.[219]
Phonology
Three of the main phonological divisions are based respectively on (1) the phoneme /θ/ ("theta"), (2) the phoneme /ʎ/ ("turned y"),[220] and (3) the "debuccalization" (also frequently called "aspiration") of syllable-final /s/. The phoneme /θ/ (spelled ⟨z⟩, or ⟨c⟩ before ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩)—a voiceless dental fricative as in English thing—is maintained in northern and central Spain, but is merged with the sibilant /s/ in southern Spain, the Canary Islands, and all of Latin-American Spanish.[221]
This merger is called seseo in Spanish. The phoneme /ʎ/ (spelled ⟨ll⟩)—a palatal lateral consonant sometimes compared in sound to the lli of English million—tends to be maintained in less-urbanized areas of northern Spain and in highland areas of South America, but in the speech of most other Spanish-speakers it is merged with /ʝ/ ("curly-tail j")—a non-lateral, usually voiced, usually fricative, palatal consonant—sometimes compared to English /j/ (yod) as in yacht, and spelled y in Spanish. This merger is called yeísmo in Spanish. And the debuccalization (pronunciation as [h], or loss) of syllable-final /s/ is associated with southern Spain, the Caribbean, and coastal areas of South America.
Grammar
The main grammatical variations between dialects of Spanish involve differing uses of pronouns: especially those of the second person and, to a lesser extent, the object pronouns of the third person.
Voseo
This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2012) |
Virtually all dialects of Spanish make the distinction between a formal and a familiar register in the second-person singular, and thus have two different pronouns meaning "you": usted in the formal, and either tú or vos in the familiar (and each of these three pronouns has its associated verb forms), with the choice of tú or vos varying from one dialect to another. The use of vos (and/or its verb forms) is called voseo. In a few dialects, all three pronouns are used—usted, tú, and vos—denoting respectively formality, familiarity, and intimacy.[222]
In voseo, [vos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is the subject form ([vos decís] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), "you say") and the form for the object of a preposition (voy con vos, "I'm going with you"), while the direct and indirect object forms, and the possessives, are the same as those associated with tú: Vos sabés que tus amigos te respetan ("You know your friends respect you"). Additional examples: ["Vos te acostaste con el tuerto" (Gené Ulf [Arg. 1988]); "Lugar que odio [...] como te odio a vos" (Rossi María [C. Rica 1985]); "No cerrés tus ojos" (Flores Siguamonta [Guat. 1993]).] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
The verb forms of general voseo are the same as those used with tú except in the present tense (indicative and imperative) verbs. The forms for vos generally can be derived from those of vosotros (the traditional second-person familiar plural) by deleting the glide /i̯/, or /d/, where it appears in the ending: vosotros pensáis > vos pensás; vosotros volvéis > vos volvés, pensad! (vosotros) > pensá! (vos), volved! (vosotros) > volvé! (vos) .
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Past | Conditional | Present | Past | |
pensás | pensabas | pensarías | pienses | pensaras | pensá |
volvés | volvías | volverías | vuelvas | volvieras | volvé |
dormís | dormías | dormirías | duermas | durmieras | dormí |
The forms in bold coincide with standard tú-conjugation. |
In Chilean voseo on the other hand, almost all verb forms are distinct from their standard tú-forms.
Indicative | Subjunctive | Imperative | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Present | Past | Conditional | Present | Past | |
pensái | pensabai | pensaríai | pensís | pensarai | piensa |
volvís | volvíai | volveríai | volvái | volvierai | vuelve |
dormís | dormíai | dormiríai | durmái | durmierai | duerme |
The forms in bold coincide with standard tú-conjugation. |
The use of the pronoun vos with the verb forms of tú (e.g. vos piensas) is called "pronominal voseo". And conversely, the use of the verb forms of vos with the pronoun tú (e.g. tú pensás or tú pensái) is called "verbal voseo".
In Chile, for example, verbal voseo is much more common than the actual use of the pronoun vos which is often reserved for deeply informal situations.
- Distribution in Spanish-Speaking Regions of America
Although [vos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is not used in Spain, it occurs in many Spanish-speaking regions of the Americas as the primary spoken form of the second-person singular familiar pronoun, although with wide differences in social consideration. Generally, it can be said that there are zones of exclusive use of [tuteo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in the following areas: almost all of Mexico, the West Indies, Panama, most of Peru and Venezuela, coastal Ecuador and the Caribbean coast of Colombia.
[Tuteo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (the use of tú) as a cultured form alternates with [voseo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) as a popular or rural form in Bolivia, in the north and south of Peru, in Andean Ecuador, in small zones of the Venezuelan Andes (and most notably in the Venezuelan state of Zulia), and in a large part of Colombia. Some researchers claim that voseo can be heard in some parts of eastern Cuba, while others assert that it is absent from the island.[223]
[Tuteo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) exists as the second-person usage with an intermediate degree of formality alongside the more familiar [voseo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in Chile, in the Venezuelan state of Zulia, on the Caribbean coast of Colombia(Monteria, Sincelejo, Cartagena, Barranquilla, Riohacha and Valledupar), in the Azuero Peninsula in Panama, in the Mexican state of Chiapas, and in parts of Guatemala.
Areas of generalized [voseo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) include Argentina, Costa Rica, eastern Bolivia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Uruguay and the Colombian departments of Antioquia (the second largest in population), Caldas, Risaralda, Quindio, and parts of The Valle del Cauca department.[222]
Ustedes
Ustedes functions as formal and informal second person plural in over 90% of the Spanish-speaking world, including all of Latin America, the Canary Islands, and some regions of Andalusia. In Seville, Cadiz, and other parts of western Andalusia, the familiar form is constructed as ustedes vais, using the traditional second-person plural form of the verb. Most of Spain maintains the formal/familiar distinction with ustedes and vosotros respectively.
Usted
Usted is the usual second-person singular pronoun in a formal context, used to convey respect toward someone who is a generation older or is of higher authority ("you, sir"/"you, ma'am"). It is also used in a familiar context by many speakers in Colombia and Costa Rica, and in parts of Ecuador and Panama, to the exclusion of tú or vos. This usage is sometimes called ustedeo in Spanish.
In Central America, especially in Honduras, usted is often used as a formal pronoun to convey respect between the members of a romantic couple. Usted is also used in this way, as well as between parents and children, in the Andean regions of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela.
Third-person object pronouns
Most speakers use (and the Real Academia Española prefers) the pronouns lo and la for direct objects (masculine and feminine respectively, regardless of animacy, meaning "him", "her", or "it"), and le for indirect objects (regardless of gender or animacy, meaning "to him", "to her", or "to it"). This usage is sometimes called "etymological", as these direct and indirect object pronouns are a continuation, respectively, of the accusative and dative pronouns of Latin, the ancestor language of Spanish.
Deviations from this norm (more common in Spain than in the Americas) are called "leísmo", "loísmo", or "laísmo", according to which respective pronoun—le, lo, or la—has expanded beyond the etymological usage (i.e. le as a direct object, or lo or la as an indirect object).
Vocabulary
Some words can be different, even significantly so, in different Hispanophone countries. Most Spanish speakers can recognize other Spanish forms, even in places where they are not commonly used, but Spaniards generally do not recognize specifically American usages. For example, Spanish mantequilla, aguacate and albaricoque (respectively, 'butter', 'avocado', 'apricot') correspond to manteca, palta, and damasco, respectively, in Argentina, Chile (except manteca), Paraguay, Peru (except manteca and damasco), and Uruguay.
The everyday Spanish words coger ('to take'), pisar ('to step on') and concha ('seashell') are considered extremely rude in parts of Latin America, where the meaning of coger and pisar is also "to have sex" and concha means "vulva". The Puerto Rican word for "bobby pin" (pinche) is an obscenity in Mexico, but in Nicaragua it simply means "stingy", and in Spain refers to a chef's helper. Other examples include taco, which means "swearword" (among other meanings) in Spain, "traffic jam" in Chile and "heels" (shoe) in Argentina and Peru but is known to the rest of the world as a Mexican dish.
Pija in many countries of Latin America and Spain itself is an obscene slang word for "penis", while in Spain the word also signifies "posh girl" or "snobby". Coche, which means "car" in Spain, central Mexico and Argentina, for the vast majority of Spanish-speakers actually means "baby-stroller" or "pushchair", while carro means "car" in some Latin American countries and "cart" in others, as well as in Spain. Papaya is the slang term for "vagina" in parts of Cuba and Venezuela, where the fruit is instead called fruta bomba and lechosa, respectively.[224][225] Also, in Argentina, one would say "piña" when talking about 'punching' someone else, whereas in other countries, "piña" refers to a pineapple.
Relation to other languages
Spanish is closely related to the other Iberian Romance languages: Asturian, Aragonese, Catalan, Galician, Ladino, Leonese, Mirandese and Portuguese.
It should be noted that although Portuguese and Spanish are very closely related, particularly in vocabulary (89% lexically similar according to the Ethnologue of Languages), syntax and grammar, there are also some differences that don't exist between Catalan and Portuguese. Although Spanish and Portuguese are widely considered to be mutually intelligible, it has been noted that while most Portuguese speakers can understand spoken Spanish with little difficulty, Spanish speakers face more difficulty in understanding spoken Portuguese. The written forms are considered to be equally intelligible, however.
Vocabulary comparison
At present, the lexical similarity with Italian is estimated at 82%.[226] The lexical similarity with Portuguese is greater at 89%. Mutual intelligibility between Spanish and French or Romanian is lower (lexical similarity being respectively 75% and 71%):[226] comprehension of Spanish by French speakers who have not studied the language is low at an estimated 45%—the same as English. The common features of the writing systems of the Romance languages allow for a greater amount of interlingual reading comprehension than oral communication would.
Latin | Spanish | Galician | Portuguese | Astur-Leonese | Aragonese | Catalan | French | Italian | Romanian | English |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nos | [nosotros] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nós] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)1 | [nós] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)1 | [nós, nosotros] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nusatros] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nosaltres] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (arch. [nós] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[nous] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)2 | [noi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)3 | [noi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'we' |
frater germanum (lit. "true brother") |
[hermano] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [irmán] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [irmão] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [hermanu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [chirmán] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [germà] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (arch. [frare] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help))5 |
[frère] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fratello] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [frate] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'brother' |
dies martis (Classical) feria tertia (Ecclesiastical) |
[martes] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [martes/terza feira] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [terça-feira] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [martes] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [martes] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [dimarts] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mardi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [martedì] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [marţi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'Tuesday' |
cantiō(nem) canticum |
[canción] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [canción/cançom] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)4 | [canção] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [canción (or canciu)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
[canta] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cançó] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [chanson] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [canzone] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [cântec] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'song' |
magis plus |
[más] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (arch. [plus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[máis] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mais] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (arch. [chus or plus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[más] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [más (or més)] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) |
[més] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (arch. [pus or plus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[plus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [più] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mai/plus] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'more' |
manum sinistram | [mano izquierda] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (arch. [mano siniestra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[man esquerda] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mão esquerda] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (arch. [mão sẽestra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[manu izquierda] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (or [esquierda; also manzorga] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[man cucha] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mà esquerra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (arch. [mà sinistra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[main gauche] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mano sinistra] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mâna stângă] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'left hand' |
nihil nullam rem natam (lit. "no thing born") |
[nada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (also [ren] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[nada] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ([neca] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) and [nula rés] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in some expressions; arch. [rem] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[nada (also un res] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) |
[cosa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [res] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [rien/nul] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [niente/nulla] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [nimic/nul] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'nothing' |
cāseus formaticus | [queso] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [queixo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [queijo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [quesu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [queso] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [formatge] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fromage] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [formaggio] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [caș] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)6 | 'cheese' |
1. Also [nós outros] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in early modern Portuguese (e.g. The Lusiads).
2. Alternatively [nous autres] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in French.
3. Also [noialtri] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) in Southern Italian dialects and languages.
4. Depending on the written norm used (see Reintegracionism).
5. Medieval Catalan (e.g. Llibre dels fets).
6. Note that Romanian caș (from Latin cāsevs) means a type of cheese. The universal term for cheese in Romanian is brânză (from unknown etymology).[227]
Judaeo-Spanish
Judaeo-Spanish (also known as Ladino),[228] which is essentially medieval Spanish and closer to modern Spanish than any other language, is spoken by many descendants of the Sephardi Jews who were expelled from Spain in the fifteenth century.[228] Therefore, its relationship to Spanish is comparable with that of the Yiddish language to German. Ladino speakers are currently almost exclusively Sephardi Jews, with family roots in Turkey, Greece or the Balkans; current speakers mostly live in Israel and Turkey, and the United States, with a few pockets in Latin America.[228] It lacks the Native American vocabulary which was influential during the Spanish colonial period, and it retains many archaic features which have since been lost in standard Spanish. It contains, however, other vocabulary which is not found in standard Spanish, including vocabulary from Hebrew, French, Greek and Turkish, and other languages spoken where the Sephardim settled.
Judaeo-Spanish is in serious danger of extinction because many native speakers today are elderly as well as elderly olim (immigrants to Israel) who have not transmitted the language to their children or grandchildren. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardi communities, especially in music. In the case of the Latin American communities, the danger of extinction is also due to the risk of assimilation by modern Castilian.
A related dialect is Haketia, the Judaeo-Spanish of northern Morocco. This too tended to assimilate with modern Spanish, during the Spanish occupation of the region.
Writing system
Spanish is written in the Latin script, with the addition of the character ⟨ñ⟩ ([eñe] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), representing the phoneme /ɲ/, a letter distinct from ⟨n⟩, although typographically composed of an ⟨n⟩ with a tilde) and the digraphs ⟨ch⟩ ([che] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), representing the phoneme /t͡ʃ/) and ⟨ll⟩ ([elle] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), representing the phoneme /ʎ/). However, the digraph ⟨rr⟩ ([erre fuerte] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), 'strong r', [erre doble] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), 'double r', or simply [erre] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)), which also represents a distinct phoneme /r/, is not similarly regarded as a single letter. Since 1994 ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨ll⟩ have been treated as letter pairs for collation purposes, though they remain a part of the alphabet. Words with ⟨ch⟩ are now alphabetically sorted between those with ⟨cg⟩ and ⟨ci⟩, instead of following ⟨cz⟩ as they used to. The situation is similar for ⟨ll⟩.[229][230]
Thus, the Spanish alphabet has the following 27 letters and 2 digraphs:
- A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, Ñ, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z.[231]
- Ch,[232] Ll.[233]
The letters ⟨k⟩ and ⟨w⟩ are used only in words and names coming from foreign languages (kilo, folklore, whisky, William, etc.).
With the exclusion of a very small number of regional terms such as México (see Toponymy of Mexico), pronunciation can be entirely determined from spelling. Under the orthographic conventions, a typical Spanish word is stressed on the syllable before the last if it ends with a vowel (not including ⟨y⟩) or with a vowel followed by ⟨n⟩ or an ⟨s⟩; it is stressed on the last syllable otherwise. Exceptions to this rule are indicated by placing an acute accent on the stressed vowel.
The acute accent is used, in addition, to distinguish between certain homophones, especially when one of them is a stressed word and the other one is a clitic: compare [el] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ('the', masculine singular definite article) with [él] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ('he' or 'it'), or [te] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ('you', object pronoun) with [té] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ('tea'), [de] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (preposition 'of') versus [dé] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ('give' [formal imperative/third-person present subjunctive]), and [se] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (reflexive pronoun) versus [sé] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ('I know' or imperative 'be').
The interrogative pronouns ([qué] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [cuál] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [dónde] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [quién] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), etc.) also receive accents in direct or indirect questions, and some demonstratives ([ése] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [éste] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), [aquél] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), etc.) can be accented when used as pronouns. Accent marks used to be omitted in capital letters (a widespread practice in the days of typewriters and the early days of computers when only lowercase vowels were available with accents), although the Real Academia Española advises against this and the orthographic conventions taught at schools enforce the use of the accent.[citation needed]
When ⟨u⟩ is written between ⟨g⟩ and a front vowel ⟨e i⟩, it indicates a "hard g" pronunciation. A diaeresis ⟨ü⟩ indicates that it is not silent as it normally would be (e.g., cigüeña, 'stork', is pronounced [θiˈɣweɲa]; if it were written *cigueña, it would be pronounced *[θiˈɣeɲa]).
Interrogative and exclamatory clauses are introduced with inverted question and exclamation marks (⟨¿⟩ and ⟨¡⟩, respectively).
Organizations
Royal Spanish Academy
![Arms of the Royal Spanish Academy.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Royal_Spanish_Academy.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Royal_Spanish_Academy.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Academia_de_la_Lengua.jpg/220px-Academia_de_la_Lengua.jpg)
The [Real Academia Española] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (Royal Spanish Academy), founded in 1713,[234] together with the 21 other national ones (see Association of Spanish Language Academies), exercises a standardizing influence through its publication of dictionaries and widely respected grammar and style guides.[235] Because of influence and for other sociohistorical reasons, a standardized form of the language (Standard Spanish) is widely acknowledged for use in literature, academic contexts and the media.[citation needed]
Association of Spanish Language Academies
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pa%C3%ADses_con_academia_de_la_lengua_espa%C3%B1ola.png/220px-Pa%C3%ADses_con_academia_de_la_lengua_espa%C3%B1ola.png)
The Association of Spanish Language Academies (Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española, or ASALE) is the entity which regulates the Spanish language. It comprises the academies of 22 countries, ordered by date of Academy foundation: Spain (1713),[237] Colombia (1871),[238] Ecuador (1874),[239] Mexico (1875),[240] El Salvador (1876),[241] Venezuela (1883),[242] Chile (1885),[243] Peru (1887),[244] Guatemala (1887),[245] Costa Rica (1923),[246] Philippines (1924),[247] Panama (1926),[248] Cuba (1926),[249] Paraguay (1927),[250] Dominican Republic (1927),[251] Bolivia (1927),[252] Nicaragua (1928),[253] Argentina (1931),[254] Uruguay (1943),[255] Honduras (1949),[256] Puerto Rico (1955),[257] and United States (1973).[258]
Instituto Cervantes
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Banco_Espa%C3%B1ol_del_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata_%28Madrid%29_05.jpg/170px-Banco_Espa%C3%B1ol_del_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata_%28Madrid%29_05.jpg)
The Instituto Cervantes (Cervantes Institute) is a worldwide non-profit organization created by the Spanish government in 1991. This organization has branched out in over 20 different countries with 54 centers devoted to the Spanish and Hispanic American culture and Spanish Language. The ultimate goals of the Institute are to promote the education, the study and the use of Spanish universally as a second language, to support the methods and activities that would help the process of Spanish language education, and to contribute to the advancement of the Spanish and Hispanic American cultures throughout non-Spanish-speaking countries.
Official use by international organizations
Spanish is recognised as one of the official languages of the United Nations, the European Union, the World Trade Organisation, the Organization of American States, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the African Union, the Union of South American Nations, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat, the Latin Union, the Caricom and the North American Free Trade Agreement.
See also
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References
- ^ a b c d e f Spanish language at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)
(406 million speakers as a first language, 466 million speakers as a first and second language)
- ^ a b Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2010" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010: www.ne.se (The World's 12 Largest Languages in 2010 as a native language)
- ^ a b "The 30 Most Spoken Languages in the World". KryssTal. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
- ^ a b ""Querétaro" es la palabra favorita del español. Notas de prensa 2011. Sala de prensa. Instituto Cervantes". Cervantes.es. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
- ^ a b "500 millones de razones para saber español | Edición impresa | EL PAÍS". Elpais.com. Retrieved 2013-01-16.
- ^ Instituto Cervantes (elpais.com)
- ^ La RAE avala que Burgos acoge las primeras palabras escritas en castellano (in Castilian), ES: El mundo, 2010‐11‐7
{{citation}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Dworkin, Steven N. (2012). A History of the Spanish Lexicon: A Linguistic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 83. ISBN 0199541140.
- ^ "Spanish languages "Becoming the language for trade" in Spain and". sejours-linguistiques-en-espagne.com. Retrieved 2010-05-11.
- ^ "Most Studied Foreign Languages in the U.S". Infoplease.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ "Spanish Language Studies - Department of Modern Languages UWLax". Uwlax.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ vivirlatino.com Spanish: Second most studied language worldwide
- ^ <La Vanguardia.com El español ya es el segundo idioma más hablado del mundo
- ^ Wright, Amaranta (2011-06-15). "Do you speak Spanish?". Guardian. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas, 2005, pg. 271-272.
- ^ "Diccionario de la lengua española" (in Template:Es icon). Buscon.rae.es. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Ramón Menéndez Pidal, Manual de gramática histórica española (Espasa-Calpe, 1968), §66.2
- ^ Lloyd A. Kasten and Florian J. Cody, Tentative Dictionary of Medieval Spanish (2nd ed., Hispanic Seminary of Medieval Studies, 2001)
- ^ a b Penny, Ralph (2002). A History Of The Spanish Language (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 20–21.
{{cite book}}
: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=
(help) - ^ "Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 24 July 2008.
- ^ "Harold Bloom on Don Quixote, the first modern novel | Books | The Guardian". London: Books.guardian.co.uk. December 12, 2003. Retrieved 2009-07-18.
- ^ "Spanish Language Facts". Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
- ^ Crow, John A. (2005). Spain: the root and the flower. University of California Press. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-520-24496-2.
- ^ Thomas, Hugh (2005). Rivers of Gold: the rise of the Spanish empire, from Columbus to Magellan. Random House Inc. p. 78. ISBN 978-0-8129-7055-5.
- ^ "La lengua de Cervantes" (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministerio de la Presidencia de España. Retrieved 2008-08-24.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help); Invalid|ref=harv
(help)[dead link] - ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ "Se da de forma espontánea en hablantes valencianos o mallorquines y en los de algunas zonas del sur de Cataluña". Diccionario panhispánico de dudas. 1st Ed. (Octobre 2005). Grapheme v.
- ^ Cressey (1978:152)
- ^ Abercrombie (1967:98)
- ^ John B. Dabor, Spanish Pronunciation: Theory and Practice (3rd ed.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1997), Ch. 7
- ^ "John B. Dalbor's Voice Files to Accompany ''Spanish Pronunciation''". Auburn.edu. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ Eddington (2000:96)
- ^ "Instituto Cervantes 06-07" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ "Most widely spoken Languages in the World". Nations Online. Retrieved 2009-08-27.
- ^ "CIA The World Factbook United States". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Internet World Users by Language". Miniwatts Marketing Group. 2008.
- ^ "CIA World Factbook — Gibraltar". Cia.gov. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Background Note: Andorra". U.S. Department of State: Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-20.
{{cite web}}
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ignored (help) - ^ "BBC Education — Languages Across Europe — Spanish". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ "Switzerland's Four National Languages". all-about-switzerland.info. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
- ^ "Paraguay", Ethnologue, 2000. Guaraní is also the most-spoken language in Paraguay by its native speakers.
- ^ "Puerto Rico Elevates English". the New York Times. 29 January 1993. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
- ^ "Population Census, Major Findings" (PDF). Belize: Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Budget Management. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2007-12-20.
- ^ "Belize Population and Housing Census 2000". CR: UCR. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ "Belize". World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ a b Williams, Carol J (2005-08-30). "Trinidad Says It Needs Spanish to Talk Business". Los Angeles Times. p. A3. Retrieved 2009-09-10.
- ^ "FAQ". The Secretariat for The Implementation of Spanish. Trinidad and Tobago: Government of the Republic. Archived from the original on 2010-11-03. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
- ^ http://www.mercosur.int/msweb/portal%20intermediario/pt/
- ^ "Spanish becomes second language in Brazil". Mercopress. 2005-07-08. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
- ^ Lipski, John M (2006). Face, Timothy L; Klee, Carol A (eds.). "Too close for comfort? the genesis of "portuñol/portunhol"" (PDF). Selected Proceedings of the 8th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project: 1–22. Retrieved 2008-12-29.
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau Hispanic or Latino by specific origin.
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau 1. Percent of People 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home: 2006, U.S. Census Bureau 2. 34,044,945 People 5 Years and Over Who Speak Spanish at Home: 2006
- ^ U.S. Census Bureau (2007). "United States. S1601. Language Spoken at Home". 2005-2007 American Community Survey 3-Year Estimates. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ "Más 'speak spanish' que en España | Edición impresa". Elpais.com. 2008-10-06. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ Template:PDFlink, Statistical Abstract of the United States: page 47: Table 47: Languages Spoken at Home by Language: 2003
- ^ "Equatorial Guinea (2000)". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ "CIA World Factbook - Equatorial Guinea". CIA. 20 September 2007. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ Quienes somos (in Castilian), Sahrawi Press Service
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic TV
- ^ Western Sahara: Poetry and Spanish — The Permanent Links, Global voices online, 2008‐7‐14
{{citation}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) - ^ "El Instituto Cervantes sigue ignorando a los saharauis", Hazlo que debas (blog) (in Castilian), Google, 2007
{{citation}}
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ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Generación de la Amistad saharaui (blog), Google
- ^ The Languages of Morocco, Morocco.com
- ^ Los cubanos, la élite de Sudán del Sur (in Castilian), FR: Radio France International, 2011‐7‐6, retrieved 20 December 2011
{{citation}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "Estadisticas: El idioma español en Filipinas" (in Castilian). ES: Busco enlaces. 2000-11-15. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, The corpus juris, Article XV, Section 3(3), retrieved 2008-04-06
- ^ Engelberg, Stefan. "The Influence of German on the Lexicon of Palauan and Kosraean (Dissertation)" (PDF). Retrieved 23 August 2012..
{{cite web}}
: Check date values in:|accessdate=
(help) - ^ a b c d e f g "2013 estimate" (MS Excel PDF). UN., formula used to sum population figures by age, for example for Mexico = SUMA (G677:W677).
- ^ Books of the year, Britannica, 2003—9
{{citation}}
: Check date values in:|year=
(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ es:Anexo:Hablantes de español como lengua materna en el 2003 (según el Britannica Book).
- ^ Ethnologue (14th ed.)
- ^ Joshua Project, 2000
- ^ People's List, US: Census Bureau.[unreliable source?]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Eurobarometer (PDF), EU: pag.T74: Speakers who speak Spanish very well. pag.T46: Speakers who speak well enough in order to be able to have a conversation. es:Anexo:Hablantes de español en la U.E. según el Eurobarómetro (2012), 2012
- ^ a b c d e Spanish students for countries out of Europe according to "Cifras", Anuario (PDF) (in Castilian), ES: Instituto Cervantes
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) (there aren't concrete sources about Spanish speakers as a second language except to Europe and Latin America countries). - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Demografía de la lengua española (PDF) (in Castilian), ES, p. 28
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link), to countries with official Spanish status. - ^ 2013 population estimate (in Castilian), MX: CONAPO estimate
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ "MX", The World Factbook, USA: CIA: Spanish only 92.7%
- ^ Population clock, US: Census Bureau
- ^ Hispanics older than 5 years old (Table, US: Census Bureau, 2011)
- ^ According Pew Hispanic Center 2011, 82% Hispanic people say they can carry on a conversation in Spanish “very well” (pewhispanic.org). The 2012 Hispanic population in USA is 53.3 million according to the census Bureau (census.gov)
- ^ In addition, there are 7.8 ("1", Español (PDF), Fundacion Siglo) million Spanish students in USA, many of them are not Hispanics. Finally, there are 9 million illegal Hispanics in USA, some of them aren't in the census (Pálidos de hambre (editorial) (in Castilian), Impre, 2009‐4‐19
{{citation}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)). - ^ Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española, El castellano
- ^ Ansón, José Ma, José Ma. Ansón: "Casi cincuenta millones" hablan español en EE. UU., El Castellano
- ^ "La amenaza al idioma español - Voces de Univision". Univision.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ Rodríguez Barilari, Elbio, Congresos de la lengua (in Castilian), ES
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Más de 70 expertos participaran en la III Acta Internacional de la Lengua Española (in Castilian), ES: ABC de Sevilla, 2008‐3‐29
{{citation}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ CNN en español restructures its programming, The New York Times, 2011‐3‐13
{{citation}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help) (The United States is now the second-largest Spanish-speaking country in the world, with more Spanish speakers than Spain, and exceeded only by Mexico). - ^ "Reloj animado" (in Castilian). CO: DANE. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ There are 508,376 speakers of American Indian languages ("CO", Ethnologue)
- ^ "Datos básicos" (in Spanish). ES: INE. 2001-05-28. Retrieved 2013-01-01.
- ^ 82.0% speak Spanish as a first language (Eurobarometer (PDF), Europa, 2012)
- ^ Argentinian census INDEC estimate for 2013
- ^ 40,872,286 people is the census population result for 2010 Censo, AR: INDEC, 2010
- ^ Ethnologue. "Argentina". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
- ^ The data 28,946,101 people, is a preliminary study result of the census for 2011 (diariodecaracas.com)
- ^ There are 1,098,244 people who speak other language as their mother tongue (main languages: Chinese 400,000, Portuguese 254,000, Wayuu 199,000, Arabic 110,000): Ethnologue.
- ^ Ezio Quispe Fernández. "(2013)". INEI. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2% (2007 Census): cia.gov. There are 5,782,260 people who speak other language as mother tongue (main languages: Quechua (among 32 Quechua's varieties) 4,773,900, Aymara (2 varieties) 661 000, Chinese 100,000). Ethnologue
- ^ "INE (Chile - 2013, page 36)" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ There are 281,600 people who speak another language, mainly Mapudungun (250.000): Ethnologue
- ^ Ecuatorian census INEC estimate.
- ^ Ethnologue (2011)
- ^ Spanish (official) 60%, Amerindian languages 40%: cia.gov
- ^ IBGE, BR, 2012
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Native Spanish speakers immigrants:UCM (PDF), p. 32,
50% of 733,000 foreigners in Brazil are from Mercosur
+ 110,422 Spaniards (INE (1/1/2013)) + 6,625 Mexicans (in 2010). - ^ a b 2012 Spanish in the world (Instituto Cervantes) (page 6)
- ^ oei.org.co: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, president of Brazil: Near 9 million students are learning Spanish and the forecast is 12 million in 2010. Instituto Cervantes: More than 1 million of Spanish students in the private school and almost 11 million estimated for 2010 in the public school.
- ^ "Ethnologue report for Cuba". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ Ethnologue (2011)
- ^ "(2010)". INE. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ According to the 1992 Census, 58 per cent of the population speaks Spanish as its mother tongue. unicef.org
- ^ "INE (2011)". Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ There are 207,750 people who speak another language, mainly Garifuna (98,000).: Ethnologue
- ^ "INSEE estimate to 1/11/2012". Insee.fr. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ 1% of 47,756,439 (population of France older than 15 years in 2012). Source: Eurobarometer 2012. There are almost 200,000 immigrants only from Spain according to INE (1/1/2012)
- ^ Census 2010 estimation (page 32)
- ^ There are 14,100 people who speak other language as their mother tongue (main language, Kekchí with 12,300 speakers): Ethnologue.
- ^ There are 490,124 people who speak another language, mainly Mískito (154,000).: Ethnologue
- ^ Eurostat 1/1/2013
- ^ 246,208 Peruvians residents in 2012 (es:Emigración peruana) + 120,000 Ecuatorians ([1]) + 64,000 Colombians (en 2003) + 18,116 Spanish residents (INE 2012) + 11,239 Argentinian residents in 2012 (es:Emigración argentina) + 3,485 Mexicans + 3,138 Chileans
- ^ "Morocco census". Hcp.ma. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ a b c d Spanish immigrants in the world according to (INE (1/1/2013))
- ^ there are between 4 and 7 million Spanish speakers in Morocco (Ammadi, 2002) educacion.es
- ^ According to a survey made in 2005 by CIDOB, 21.6% of the population speak Spanish (realinstitutoelcano.org, afapredesa.org). According to the Morocco Census of 2004, the Morocco population is 29,680,069 (hcp.ma)
- ^ According to the 1992 census, 50% use both Spanish and the indigenous language Guarani at home, 37% speak Guarani only, 7% speak Spanish only.findarticles.com. About 75 percent can speak Spanish.pressreference.com
- ^ "Primera variación del año registró un 0,68%". INEC. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ [There are 85,418 people who speak another language.: http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=CR Ethnologue]
- ^ "2012 US. census Bureau" (PDF).
- ^ 95.10% of the population speaks Spanish (US. Census Bureau)
- ^ Census INE estimate for 2013 (véase "Proyección de Población por municipio 2008-2020")
- ^ There are 501,043 people who speak another language as mother tongue: PA, Ethnologue
- ^ "Census 2011". U.K. Gov. Census. 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ Native Spanish speakers immigrants: 90,000 Colombians in 2003, Migration information + 74,389 Spanish in 2013, INE, ES + 10,455 Mexicans in 2009, "Update 2006–9", Facs and figures (PDF), ENG, UK: London government | + 7,391 Argentinians in 2012, Argentina profile (PDF), IOM + 5,131 Chileans in 2004 "Registro de chilenos", Chile somos todos, CL: Chile government + 7,121 Peruvians in 2012 Registro peruanos (PDF), Boletin de New York
- ^ "2011 Uruguayan Census". 2011.
- ^ There are 150,200 people who speak another language as mother tongue, UY, Ethnologue
- ^ Medium projection, PH: National Statistics Office, Mid-2010
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(help) - ^ realinstitutoelcano.org native knowledge speakers
- ^ 1,816,773 Spanish + 1,200,000 Spanish creole: Quilis, Antonio (1996), La lengua española en Filipinas (PDF), Cervantes virtual, p. 54 and 55
- ^ Ten Reasons (PDF), ES: Mepsyd, p. 23
- ^ Philippines, Spanish differences
- ^ Spanish in the world 2012 (Instituto Cervantes): 3,017,265 Spanish speakers. 439,000 with native knowladge, 2,557,773 with limited knowladge (page 6), and 20,492 Spanish students (page 10).
- ^ Nestor Diaz: More than 2 million Spanish speakers and around 3 million with Chavacano speakers (2010-04-24). "FILIPINAS / Vigoroso regreso del español". Aresprensa.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ The figure of 2 900 000 Spanish speakers is in Thompson, RW, Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations, p. 45
- ^ World wide Spanish language, Sispain
- ^ German census, DE: Destatis, 2011-12-31
- ^ Native Spanish speakers immigrants: 116,056 Spanish (Tabla, INE, 2013-01-01) + 27,328 Peruvians (es:Emigración peruana) + 13,313 Colombians (Profile, Migration information, 2003) + 12,520 Mexicans ([2]) + 7,391 Argentinians (es:Emigración argentina) + 6,704 Chileans ([3]) + 3,724 Ecuatorians ([4])
- ^ "Equatorial Guinea census". Population statistics. 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ Spanish according to INE 2011
- ^ 13,7% of the population speaks Spanish natively and other 74% as a second language: "Anuario", CVC (PDF) (in Castilian), ES: Cervantes, 2007–7
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: Check date values in:|year=
(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: year (link) - ^ Statcan, CA: GC
- ^ www12.statcan.gc.ca/census
- ^ elcorreo.ca
- ^ PMB Statistics, Media in Canada, 2006‐10‐11, p. 2
{{citation}}
: Check date values in:|date=
(help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) (909,000 Spanish speakers over the age of 12). There are also 92,853 students according to Instituto Cervantes - ^ Eurostat (1/1/2012 estimate)
- ^ Eurobarometer (PDF), EU: Europa, 2006
- ^ Eurostat 1/1/2010
- ^ "Netherland Census ClockPop". Cbs.nl. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ 30,300 Colombians (in 2003) + 20,926 Spanish residents (INE 1/1/2013) + 7.804 Peruvians (en 2008 + 1.206 Mexicans + 918 Chileans [5])
- ^ 2012 census
- ^ Sweden Census SCB (2002)
- ^ 2011 Census
- ^ "2071.0 - Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013". Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
- ^ Page 32 of the "Demografía de la lengua española"
- ^ "Eurostat estimate to 1/1/2011". Epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu. 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ 50,318 Spanish residents (INE, 2013), 15,000 Colombians (migrationinformation.org, 2003), 1,706 from Chile chilesomostodos.gov.cl (2005)
- ^ Between 150,000 and 200,000 in Tinduf (aprendemas.com) + 48,000 in Wilaya of Oran (page 31 of Demografía de la lengua española)
- ^ statisticsbelize.org.bz (2009 mid-year)
- ^ a b c Page 32 of Demografía de la lengua española (52,1% native speakers + 11,7% with some Spanish knowladge))
- ^ 15,000 Judaeo-Spanish "Demografía de la lengua española", page 35 + 80,000 immigrants from Iberoamerica [6]
- ^ Pages 34, 35 of the "Demografía de la lengua española", page 35.
- ^ 100,229 Peruvians residents in 2012 (es:Emigración peruana), 3,893 Mexicans residents (es:Emigración mexicana), 1.803 residentes argentinos (es:Emigración argentina) y 1,589 Spanish residents (according to INE 1/1/2012)
- ^ [7][dead link]
- ^ Centro Virtual Cervantes. "Britannica Book of the Year 1998". Cvc.cervantes.es. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ "all-about-switzerland.info". all-about-switzerland.info. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ czso.cz
- ^ Evolution de la population par sexe de 1976 à 2012 en: Annuaire Statistique du Cameroun 2010. Consultado el 23-08-2012.
- ^ Template:Fr Pages 113-115 Tableau 20: Immigrants au Cameroun, en 2007.
- ^ "Unidad en la diversidad. Opiniуn". Unidadenladiversidad.com. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
- ^ http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_01_F_GR.pdf
- ^ ksh.hu (2012)
- ^ "Resultado 2010 - Persona". Censo2010.aw. 2010-10-06. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ "Page 32" (PDF). Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ [8][dead link]
- ^ "Ethnologue report for Trinidad and Tobago". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_41.pdf
- ^ 35.4% speak Spanish as a first language www.iea.ad
- ^ [9][dead link]
- ^ cvc.cervantes.es
- ^ "Press Release on Major Figures of the 2010 National Population Census". Stats.gov.cn. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ Spanish residents in China (INE, 2013)
- ^ 1,083 Mexican residents in China (ime.gob.mx, 2010)
- ^ 25,000 Spanish students in the university + 5,000 in the "Instituto Cervantes"cervantes.es (page 4)
- ^ db1.stat.gov.lt (2013)
- ^ "ANUARIO IC 2009" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-11-06.
- ^ New Zealand census (2006)
- ^ Page 34 of the Demografía de la Lengua Española
- ^ "2010 Census". Census.gov. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
- ^ "Population - Key Indicators | Latvijas statistika". Csb.gov.lv. Retrieved 2013-06-14.
- ^ "::Welcome to Turkish Statistical Institute(TurkStat)'s Web Pages::". TurkStat. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ Spanish immigrants (INE (1/1/2011))
- ^ 8,000 (Page 37 of the Demografía de la lengua española) + 4,346 Spanish Students (according to the Instituto Cervantes)
- ^ http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html
- ^ Spanish residents in India according to ine.es (2013)
- ^ 4,250 Spanish students in the university + 5,500 in private centers: cervantes.es
- ^ a b Languages of Jamaica,
- ^ El español en Namibia, 2005. Instituto Cervantes.
- ^ cvc.cervantes.es
- ^ "2009 estimate" (PDF). UN. 2008. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ The Spanish 1970 census claims 16.648 Spanish speakers in Western Sahara ([10]) but probably most of them were people born in Spain who left after the Moroccan annexation
- ^ "International Programs - People and Households - U.S. Census Bureau". Census.gov. 2013-04-12. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
- ^ Instituto Cervantes and British Council (420 million Spanish native speakers)
- ^ Eleanor Greet Cotton, John M. Sharp (1988) Spanish in the Americas, Volume 2, pp.154-155, URL
- ^ Lope Blanch, Juan M. (1972) En torno a las vocales caedizas del español mexicano, pp.53 a 73, Estudios sobre el español de México, editorial Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México URL.
- ^ Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Random House Inc. 2006.
- ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006.
- ^ Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. MICRA, Inc. 1998.
- ^ Encarta World English Dictionary. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
- ^ Penny, Ralph (2000). Variation and Change in Spanish. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. ISBN 0-521-78045-4.
whatever might be claimed by other centres, such as Valladolid, it was educated varieties of Madrid Spanish that were mostly regularly reflected in the written standard..
- ^ The IPA symbol "turned y" (ʎ), with its "tail" leaning to the right, resembles, but is technically different from, the Greek letter lambda (λ), whose tail leans to the left.
- ^ Harris (1969:538)
- ^ a b "Real Academia Española" (in Template:Es icon). Buscon.rae.es. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Katia Salamanca de Abreu, review of Humberto López Morales, Estudios sobre el español de Cuba (New York: Editorial Las Américas, 1970), in Thesaurus, 28 (1973), 138-146.
- ^ "3 Guys From Miami: Fruta Bomba". Cuban-food-usa.com. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ "papaya". Urban Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-04-21.
- ^ a b "Spanish". ethnologue.
- ^ Often considered to be a substratum word. Other theories suggest, on the basis of what is used to make cheese, a derivation from Latin brandeum (originally meaning a linen covering, later a thin cloth for relic storage) through an intermediate root *brandea. For the development of the meaning, cf. Spanish manteca, Portuguese manteiga, probably from Latin mantica ('sack'), Italian formaggio and French fromage from formaticus. Romanian Explanatory Dictionary
- ^ a b c Alfassa, Shelomo (December 1999). "Ladinokomunita". Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture. Retrieved 4 February 2010.
- ^ Diccionario Panhispánico de Dudas, 1st ed.
- ^ Real Academia Española, Explanation at Spanish Pronto Template:Es icon, Template:En icon
- ^ "Abecedario". Diccionario panhispánico de dudas (in Template:Es icon). Real Academia Española. 2005. Retrieved 2008-06-23.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ^ Ch, en Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española
- ^ Ll, en Diccionario de la lengua española de la Real Academia Española
- ^ "Scholarly Societies Project". Lib.uwaterloo.ca. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
- ^ Batchelor, Ronald Ernest (1992). Using Spanish: a guide to contemporary usage. Cambridge University Press. p. 318. ISBN 0-521-26987-3.
- ^ "Association of Spanish Language Academies" (in Spanish). Asale. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Real Academia Española". Spain: RAE. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
- ^ "Academia Colombiana de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Colombia. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Ecuatoriana de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Ecuador. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Mexicana de la Lengua". Mexico. 2010-09-22. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
- ^ "Academia Salvadoreña de la Lengua". El Salvador. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Venezolana de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Venezuela. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Chilena de la Lengua". Chile. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
- ^ "Academia Peruana de la Lengua". Peru. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
- ^ "Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Guatemala. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Costarricense de la Lengua". Costa Rica. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
- ^ "Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española" (in Spanish). Philippines. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Panameña de la Lengua". Panama. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
- ^ "Academia Cubana de la Lengua". Cuba. Retrieved 2010-11-06.
- ^ "Academia Paraguaya de la Lengua Española". Paraguay. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Dominicana de la Lengua". República Dominicana. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Boliviana de la Lengua". Bolivia. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Nicaragüense de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Nicaragua. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Argentina de Letras". Argentina. 2010-03-25. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Nacional de Letras del Uruguay". Uruguay. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Hondureña de la Lengua" (in Spanish). Honduras. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Puertorriqueña de la Lengua Española". Puerto Rico. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ "Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española". United States. Retrieved 2011-02-05.
- ^ A First Spanish Reader, by Erwin W. Roessler and Alfred Remy
Bibliography
- Abercrombie, David (1967). "Elements of General Phonetics". Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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(help) - Cressey, William Whitney (1978). Spanish Phonology and Morphology: A Generative View. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 0878400451.
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(help) - Eddington, David (2000). "Spanish Stress Assignment within the Analogical Modeling of Language" (PDF). Language. 76 (1). Language: 92–109. doi:10.2307/417394. JSTOR 417394.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Harris, James (1967). "Sound Change in Spanish and the Theory of Markedness". Language. 45 (3). Language: 538–52. doi:10.2307/411438. JSTOR 411438.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003). "Castilian Spanish". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 33 (2): 255–59. doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Moreno Fernández, Francisco; Otero, Jaime (2008), Atlas de la lengua española en el mundo, Barcelona: Ariel
- Population by age, both sexes, annual; estimate for 2012 (XLS), UN.
Further reading
- Nadeau, Jean-Benoît and Julie Barlow. The Story of Spanish. St Martin’s Press, 2013.
- "The rise of Spanish Hats off." The Economist. June 1, 2013.
External links
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- Dictionary of the RAE Real Academia Española's official Spanish language dictionary Template:Es icon
- Spanish – BBC Languages
- USA Foreign Service Institute Spanish basic course
- Spanish evolution from Latin
- Spanish phrasebook on Wikivoyage
- Vocabulary - Language Spanish<> For study Spanish
- Size and nature of the Spanish vocabulary
- Collins Unabridged English<>Spanish Dictionary
- - Study Spanish
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