International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects: Difference between revisions
per source |
OwenBlacker (talk | contribs) |
||
Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
|+ English [[consonant]]s |
|+ English [[consonant]]s |
||
! [[Help:IPA/English|Dia-<br>phoneme]]<ref name="PE">This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.</ref> |
! [[Help:IPA/English|Dia-<br/>phoneme]]<ref name="PE">This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.</ref> |
||
! Phones !! Examples |
! Phones !! Examples |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 138: | Line 138: | ||
|+ English [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s |
|+ English [[vowel]]s and [[diphthong]]s |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Help:IPA/English|Dia-<br>phoneme]]<ref name="PE"/> |
! [[Help:IPA/English|Dia-<br/>phoneme]]<ref name="PE"/> |
||
! [[Australian English|AuE]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Harrington|Cox|Evans|1997}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cox|Palethorpe|2007}}</ref><br>{{flagicon|AUS}} |
! [[Australian English|AuE]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Harrington|Cox|Evans|1997}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Cox|Palethorpe|2007}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|AUS}} |
||
! [[Canadian English|CaE]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Boberg|2004}}</ref><br>{{flagicon|CAN}} |
! [[Canadian English|CaE]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Boberg|2004}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|CAN}} |
||
! [[General American|GA]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kenyon|Knott|1953}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kenyon|1950}}</ref><ref name="Mannell 2009">{{Harvcoltxt|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}}</ref><br>{{flagicon|USA}} |
! [[General American|GA]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kenyon|Knott|1953}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Kenyon|1950}}</ref><ref name="Mannell 2009">{{Harvcoltxt|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|USA}} |
||
! [[Indian English|InE]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Sailaja|2009|pp=19–26}}</ref><br>{{flagicon|IND}} |
! [[Indian English|InE]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Sailaja|2009|pp=19–26}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|IND}} |
||
! [[Irish English|IrE]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=422}}</ref><br>{{flagicon|EIR}} |
! [[Irish English|IrE]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Wells|1982|p=422}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|EIR}} |
||
! [[New Zealand English|NZE]]<ref name="Mannell 2009"/><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|pp=97–102}}</ref><br>{{flagicon|NZL}} |
! [[New Zealand English|NZE]]<ref name="Mannell 2009"/><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|pp=97–102}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|NZL}} |
||
! [[Received Pronunciation|RP]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Roach|2004|pp=241–243}}. See [[Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet]] for the alternative system devised by [[Clive Upton]] for [[Oxford University Press]] dictionaries.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/vowel-sounds-rp/ |publisher=British Library |title=Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds}}</ref><br>{{flagicon|ENG}} |
! [[Received Pronunciation|RP]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Roach|2004|pp=241–243}}. See [[Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet]] for the alternative system devised by [[Clive Upton]] for [[Oxford University Press]] dictionaries.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/vowel-sounds-rp/ |publisher=British Library |title=Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|ENG}} |
||
! [[Scottish English|ScE]]<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=7}}</ref><br>{{flagicon|SCO}} |
! [[Scottish English|ScE]]<ref>{{harvcoltxt|Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=7}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|SCO}} |
||
! [[South African English|SAE]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bekker|2008}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lass|2002|pp=111–119}}</ref><br>{{flagicon|RSA}} |
! [[South African English|SAE]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Bekker|2008}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lass|2002|pp=111–119}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|RSA}} |
||
! [[Standard Singapore English|SSE]]<br>{{flagicon|SGP}} |
! [[Standard Singapore English|SSE]]<br/>{{flagicon|SGP}} |
||
! [[Welsh English|WaE]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Coupland|Thomas|1990|pages=93–136}}</ref><br>{{flagicon|WAL}} |
! [[Welsh English|WaE]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Coupland|Thomas|1990|pages=93–136}}</ref><br/>{{flagicon|WAL}} |
||
! [[Lexical set|Keyword]] |
! [[Lexical set|Keyword]] |
||
! Examples |
! Examples |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! {{IPA|æ}} |
! {{IPA|æ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|æ}},<br>{{IPA link|æː}}<ref name="badlad">See [[Bad–lad split|''bad''–''lad'' split]] for this distinction.</ref> |
| {{IPA link|æ}},<br/>{{IPA link|æː}}<ref name="badlad">See [[Bad–lad split|''bad''–''lad'' split]] for this distinction.</ref> |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|æ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|æ}}~{{IPA link|a}}, |
||
{{IPA|ɛə}}<ref name="shortatensing">In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special [[æ tensing|/æ/ tensing systems]] occur.</ref> |
{{IPA|ɛə}}<ref name="shortatensing">In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special [[æ tensing|/æ/ tensing systems]] occur.</ref> |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|æ}}, {{IPA| |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|æ}}, {{IPA|eə~ɛə}}<ref name="shortatensing"/> |
||
| {{IPA link|æ}} |
| {{IPA link|æ}}~{{IPA link|ɛ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|æ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|æ}}~{{IPA link|a}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|æ}} |
| {{IPA link|æ}}~{{IPA link|a}} |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɐ|ɐ̟}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɐ|ɐ̟}} |
||
| {{IPA link|a}} |
| {{IPA link|a}}~{{IPA link|æ}}~{{IPA link|ɛ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}<ref>Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) ''The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation'', Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics {{ISBN|981-04-2598-8}}, pp. 84–92.</ref> |
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}<ref>Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) ''The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation'', Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics {{ISBN|981-04-2598-8}}, pp. 84–92.</ref> |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|a}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|a}} |
||
Line 174: | Line 174: | ||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɐː}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɐː}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɑː}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɑː}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|äː}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|äː}}~{{IPA link|ɑː}}~<br/>{{IPA link|ɒː}}~{{IPA link|ɔː}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ä}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Deterding|first=David|title=Singapore English|year=2007|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|location=United Kingdom|pages=24–26|ISBN=978 0 7486 3096 7|url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=_uiqBgAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ä}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Deterding|first=David|title=Singapore English|year=2007|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|location=United Kingdom|pages=24–26|ISBN=978 0 7486 3096 7|url=https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=_uiqBgAAQBAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref> |
||
| {{sc2|BATH}} |
| {{sc2|BATH}} |
||
Line 181: | Line 181: | ||
! {{IPA|ɑː}} |
! {{IPA|ɑː}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɒː}} |
| {{IPA link|ɒː}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɑ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɑ}}~{{IPA link|ä}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɑː}} |
| {{IPA link|ɑː}} |
||
| {{IPA link|aː}} |
| {{IPA link|aː}} |
||
Line 191: | Line 191: | ||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɒ}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɒ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɒ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɒ}}~{{IPA link|ä}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɑ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɑ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɒ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɒ}}~{{IPA link|ɔ}} |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɒ|ɒ̈}} |
| {{IPA link|ɒ|ɒ̈}}~{{IPA link|ʌ|ʌ̈}} |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|ɔ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɒ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɒ}} |
||
Line 202: | Line 202: | ||
| n'''o'''t, w'''a'''sp |
| n'''o'''t, w'''a'''sp |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| rowspan=2 | {{IPA link|ɒ}} |
| rowspan=2 | {{IPA link|ɒ}}~{{IPA link|ɔ}}~{{IPA link|ɑ}}<ref>{{IPA link|ɒ}}~{{IPA link|ɔ}} occurs in American accents without the [[cot–caught merger|''cot''–''caught'' merger]] (about half of today's speakers); the rest have {{IPA link|ɑ}}.</ref> |
||
| {{IPA link|ɒ|ɒ̈}} |
| {{IPA link|ɒ|ɒ̈}}~{{IPA link|ʌ|ʌ̈}},<br/>{{IPA link|ɔː}}~{{IPA link|oː}} |
||
| {{sc2|CLOTH}} |
| {{sc2|CLOTH}} |
||
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th, l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g, ch'''o'''colate<ref>In American accents without the [[cot–caught merger|''cot''–''caught'' merger]], the {{sc2|LOT}} vowel (generally written ''o'') appears as {{IPA link|ɒ}} |
| '''o'''ff, l'''o'''ss, cl'''o'''th, l'''o'''ng, d'''o'''g, ch'''o'''colate<ref>In American accents without the [[cot–caught merger|''cot''–''caught'' merger]], the {{sc2|LOT}} vowel (generally written ''o'') appears as {{IPA link|ɒ}}~{{IPA link|ɔ}} instead of {{IPA link|ɑ}} before the fricatives {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/θ/}} and {{IPA|/s/}} and the velar nasal {{IPA|/ŋ/}}; also usually before {{IPA|/ɡ/}}, especially in single-syllable words (''dog'', ''log'', ''frog'', etc.), and occasionally before {{IPA|/k/}} (as in ''chocolate''). See [[Lot–cloth split|''Lot''–''cloth'' split]]. In American accents with the ''cot''–''caught'' merger (about half of today's speakers), only {{IPA link|ɑ}} occurs.</ref> |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! {{IPA|ɔː}} |
! {{IPA|ɔː}} |
||
Line 213: | Line 213: | ||
| {{IPA link|oː}} |
| {{IPA link|oː}} |
||
| {{IPA link|o̞ː}} |
| {{IPA link|o̞ː}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɔː}} |
| {{IPA link|ɔː}}~{{IPA link|oː}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɒː}} |
| {{IPA link|ɒː}} |
||
| {{sc2|THOUGHT}} |
| {{sc2|THOUGHT}} |
||
Line 232: | Line 232: | ||
| colspan="5" | {{IPA link|ɪ}} |
| colspan="5" | {{IPA link|ɪ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɪ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɪ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɪ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}~{{IPA link|ə}}~{{IPA link|ʌ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɪ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɪ}}~{{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|ə}}<ref name="kit">It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see [[Kit–bit split|''Kit''–''bit'' split]].</ref> |
||
| {{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|ɪ}} |
| {{IPA link|i}}, {{IPA link|ɪ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɪ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɪ}} |
||
Line 263: | Line 263: | ||
| s'''ee''' |
| s'''ee''' |
||
|- |
|- |
||
|{{IPA link|eː}} |
|{{IPA link|eː}}~{{IPA link|iː}} |
||
| m'''ea'''t |
| m'''ea'''t |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 274: | Line 274: | ||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɛi̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɛi̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|e}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|e}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA| |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~<br/>æɪ̯~äɪ̯~<br/>ʌɪ̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|e}}<ref name="Singapore' pp. 93-99">Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the {{IPA|/eɪ/}} and {{IPA|/oʊ/}} vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), ''The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation'', Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.</ref> |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|e}}<ref name="Singapore' pp. 93-99">Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the {{IPA|/eɪ/}} and {{IPA|/oʊ/}} vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), ''The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation'', Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.</ref> |
||
| {{IPA link|eː}} |
| {{IPA link|eː}} |
||
Line 289: | Line 289: | ||
| {{IPA link|ɛ̝}} |
| {{IPA link|ɛ̝}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}~{{IPA link|e}}~{{IPA link|ɪ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}, {{IPA link|e}}<ref>{{cite journal | author=Mary W.J. Tay | year = 1982 | title = 'The phonology of educated Singapore English' | url = | journal = English World-Wide | volume = "3" | issue = "2" | pages = 135–45 | doi=10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay}}</ref> |
| {{IPA link|ɛ}}, {{IPA link|e}}<ref>{{cite journal | author=Mary W.J. Tay | year = 1982 | title = 'The phonology of educated Singapore English' | url = | journal = English World-Wide | volume = "3" | issue = "2" | pages = 135–45 | doi=10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay}}</ref> |
||
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɛ}} |
||
Line 298: | Line 298: | ||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ɵː(ɹ)}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ɵː(ɹ)}} |
||
| rowspan="4" colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɚ}} |
| rowspan="4" colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɚ}} |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ɜː(ɾ) |
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɚː}}, {{IPA| |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɚː}}, {{IPA|ɔɹ~ʊɹ}}<ref name="FFFM">See [[Fern–fir–fur merger|''Fern''–''fir''–''fur'' merger]] for this distinction in some varieties.</ref> |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ɵː(ɹ)}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ɵː(ɹ)}} |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|əː(ɹ)}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|əː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ʌɾ}}<ref name="FFFM"/> |
| {{IPA|ʌɾ}}<ref name="FFFM"/> |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ø̈ː(ɹ) |
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ø̈ː(ɹ)~<br/>ø̞̈ː(ɹ)~<br/>əː(ɹ)}} |
||
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA|ə(ɹ)}} |
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA|ə(ɹ)}} |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ɜː(ɾ)}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA|ɜː(ɾ)}} |
||
Line 309: | Line 309: | ||
| b'''ur'''n |
| b'''ur'''n |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|ɪɾ~ʌɾ}}<ref name="FFFM"/> |
||
| b'''ir'''d |
| b'''ir'''d |
||
|- |
|- |
||
Line 330: | Line 330: | ||
! {{IPA|ʌ}} |
! {{IPA|ʌ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɐ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɐ}} |
||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʌ|ʌ̈}} |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʌ|ʌ̈}}~{{IPA link|ɜ|ɜ̞}}~{{IPA link|ɐ|ɐ̝}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ə}} |
| {{IPA link|ə}}~{{IPA link|ɜ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɞ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɞ}}~{{IPA link|ʊ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɐ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɐ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ə}} |
| {{IPA link|ə}} ~ {{IPA link|ʌ}} ~ {{IPA link|ɑ}}<ref>The {{sc2|STRUT}} vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see [http://englishspeechservices.com/blog/strut-for-dummies/ 'STRUT for Dummies']</ref> |
||
| {{IPA link|ʌ}} |
| {{IPA link|ʌ}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ɐ}} |
| {{IPA link|ɐ}}~{{IPA link|ä}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ä}} |
| {{IPA link|ä}} |
||
| {{IPA link|ə}} |
| {{IPA link|ə}}~{{IPA link|ɜ}} |
||
| {{sc2|STRUT}} |
| {{sc2|STRUT}} |
||
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d |
| r'''u'''n, w'''o'''n, fl'''oo'''d |
||
Line 344: | Line 344: | ||
! rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ʊ}} |
! rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ʊ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}}~{{IPA|ʊ̞̈}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɵ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ɵ}} |
||
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA link|ʉ}} |
| rowspan="4" | {{IPA link|ʉ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}}~{{IPA link|ʊ̈}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|u}}, {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|u}}, {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʊ}} |
||
Line 361: | Line 361: | ||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʉː}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʉː}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ʉu̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ʉu̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|u|u̟}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|u|u̟}}~{{IPA|ʊu̯~ʉu̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|uː}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|uː}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʉː}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|ʉː}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɵʉ̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɵʉ̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|u|u̟ː}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|u|u̟ː}}~{{IPA link|ʉː}}~<br/>{{IPA link|yː}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|u}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA link|u}} |
||
| {{IPA link|uː}} |
| {{IPA link|uː}} |
||
Line 381: | Line 381: | ||
| {{IPA|jɵʉ̯}} |
| {{IPA|jɵʉ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA|jʉ}} |
| {{IPA|jʉ}} |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|ju̟ː~jʉː~<br/>jyː}} |
||
| {{IPA|ju}} |
| {{IPA|ju}} |
||
| c'''u'''te, d'''ew''', '''ewe''' |
| c'''u'''te, d'''ew''', '''ewe''' |
||
Line 387: | Line 387: | ||
! rowspan="2" | {{IPA|aɪ}} |
! rowspan="2" | {{IPA|aɪ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɑe̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɑe̯}} |
||
| colspan="2" | {{IPA| |
| colspan="2" | {{IPA|ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯}}<ref name="canadianraising">Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called [[Canadian raising]], in which the first element of the diphthongs {{IPA|/aɪ, aʊ/}} is raised in certain cases, yielding {{IPA|[ʌɪ̯, ʌʊ̯]}} or {{IPA|[əɪ̯, əʊ̯]}}. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of {{IPA|/aɪ/}}. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so ''right'' {{IPA|[ɹʌɪ̯t]}} and ''out'' {{IPA|[ʌʊ̯t]}} have raised vowels, but ''eyes'' {{IPA|[aɪz]}} and ''loud'' {{IPA|[laʊd]}} do not.</ref> |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|äɪ̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|äɪ̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA| |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɑɪ̯~ɔɪ̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɑe̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɑe̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɑɪ̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɑɪ̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA| |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|əi̯~ae̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|äɪ̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|äɪ̯}}~{{IPA link|äː}}~<br/>{{IPA|ɑɪ̯}}~{{IPA link|ɑ|ɑ̟ː}} |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | {{IPA|ai̯}} |
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | {{IPA|ai̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{sc2|PRICE}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{sc2|PRICE}} |
||
Line 405: | Line 405: | ||
| {{IPA|oɪ̯}} |
| {{IPA|oɪ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɔɪ̯}} |
| {{IPA|ɔɪ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɒɪ̯}} |
| {{IPA|ɒɪ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯}}, {{IPA|äɪ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA|oɪ̯}} |
| {{IPA|oɪ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA|oɪ̯}} |
| {{IPA|oɪ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA|oi̯}} |
| {{IPA|oi̯}} |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɔi̯}} |
| {{IPA|ɔi̯}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɒi̯}} |
| {{IPA|ɒi̯}} |
||
Line 426: | Line 426: | ||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|əʉ̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|əʉ̯}} |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|o̝}} |
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|o̝}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA| |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯~<br/>œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~<br/>œː~ʌʊ̯}} |
||
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|o}}<ref name="Singapore' pp. 93-99"/> |
| rowspan="3" | {{IPA link|o}}<ref name="Singapore' pp. 93-99"/> |
||
| {{IPA|oː}} |
| {{IPA|oː}} |
||
Line 436: | Line 436: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{IPA|ɔʊ̯}} |
| {{IPA|ɔʊ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|oə̯~oʊ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɔʊ̯}} |
| {{IPA|ɔʊ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯}} |
||
| |
| |
||
| s'''ou'''l, r'''o'''ll, c'''o'''ld |
| s'''ou'''l, r'''o'''ll, c'''o'''ld |
||
Line 444: | Line 444: | ||
! rowspan="2" | {{IPA|aʊ}} |
! rowspan="2" | {{IPA|aʊ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|æɔ̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|æɔ̯}} |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|ʌʊ̯~ɜʊ̯}}<ref name="canadianraising" /> |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA| |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|äʊ̯~æʊ̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|äʊ̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|äʊ̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA| |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|æu̯~ɛu̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|æo̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|æo̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|aʊ̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|aʊ̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɘʉ̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɘʉ̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|äʊ̯}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|äʊ̯}}~{{IPA link|äː}}~<br/>{{IPA|æʊ̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | {{IPA|au̯}} |
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | {{IPA|au̯}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{sc2|MOUTH}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{sc2|MOUTH}} |
||
| ab'''ou'''t, h'''ou'''se |
| ab'''ou'''t, h'''ou'''se |
||
|- |
|- |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|äʊ̯~ɑʊ̯}} |
||
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t |
| n'''ow''', tr'''ou'''t |
||
|- |
|- |
||
! {{IPA|ɑːr}} |
! {{IPA|ɑːr}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɐː(ɹ)}} |
| {{IPA|ɐː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|ɑɹ~ɐɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɑɹ}} |
| {{IPA|ɑɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA|äː(ɾ)}} |
| {{IPA|äː(ɾ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|aːɹ}} |
| {{IPA|aːɹ}}~<br/> |
||
{{IPA|äːɹ}} |
{{IPA|äːɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɐː(ɹ)}} |
| {{IPA|ɐː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɑː(ɹ)}} |
| {{IPA|ɑː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɐ̟ɾ}} |
| {{IPA|ɐ̟ɾ}} |
||
| {{IPA|äː(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|äː(ɹ)~ɑː(ɹ)~<br/>ɒː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ä(ɹ)}} |
| {{IPA|ä(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|aː(ɾ)}} |
| {{IPA|aː(ɾ)}} |
||
Line 476: | Line 476: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! {{IPA|ɪər}} |
! {{IPA|ɪər}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɪː(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|ɪː(ɹ)~<br/>ɪːə(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɪɹ}} |
| {{IPA|ɪɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|iɹ~<br/>iə̯ɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɪə̯(ɾ) |
| {{IPA|ɪə̯(ɾ)~<br/>iː(ɾ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|iːɹ}} |
| {{IPA|iːɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA|iə̯(ɹ)}}<ref name="NZE centering">Merging {{sc2|NEAR}} and {{sc2|SQUARE}} is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.</ref> |
| {{IPA|iə̯(ɹ)}}<ref name="NZE centering">Merging {{sc2|NEAR}} and {{sc2|SQUARE}} is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.</ref> |
||
| {{IPA|ɪə̯(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|ɪə̯(ɹ)~<br/>ɪː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|iɾ}} |
| {{IPA|iɾ}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɪə̯(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|ɪə̯(ɹ)~<br/>ɪː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|iə̯(ɹ)}} |
| {{IPA|iə̯(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɪə̯(ɾ)}} |
| {{IPA|ɪə̯(ɾ)}} |
||
Line 491: | Line 491: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! {{IPA|ɛər}} |
! {{IPA|ɛər}} |
||
| {{IPA|eː(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|eː(ɹ)~<br/>eːə(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɛɹ}} |
| {{IPA|ɛɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɛ(ə̯) |
| {{IPA|ɛ(ə̯)ɹ~<br/>eɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɛə̯(ɾ) |
| {{IPA|ɛə̯(ɾ)~<br/>eː(ɾ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|eːɹ}} |
| {{IPA|eːɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɪə̯(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|ɪə̯(ɹ)~<br/>iə̯}}<ref name="NZE centering"/> |
||
| {{IPA|ɛə̯(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|ɛə̯(ɹ)~<br/>ɛː(ɹ)}}<ref name="airsymbol">While the actual pronunciation is [{{IPA|ɛə(ɹ)}} ~ {{IPA|ɛː(ɹ)}}], it can also be transcribed {{IPA|/eə(ɹ)/}}.</ref> |
||
| {{IPA|eɾ}} |
| {{IPA|eɾ}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɛə̯(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|ɛə̯(ɹ)~<br/>ɛː(ɹ)~<br/>eː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɛ(ɹ)}} |
| {{IPA|ɛ(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɛː(ɾ)}} |
| {{IPA|ɛː(ɾ)}} |
||
Line 508: | Line 508: | ||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|oː(ɹ)}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|oː(ɹ)}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɔɹ}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɔɹ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA| |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɔɹ~oɹ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɒː(ɾ)}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɒː(ɾ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɑɹ}} |
| {{IPA|ɑɹ}} |
||
Line 514: | Line 514: | ||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|o̞ː(ɹ)}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|o̞ː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɔɾ}} |
| {{IPA|ɔɾ}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɔː(ɹ) |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɔː(ɹ)~<br/>oː(ɹ)}} |
||
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɔ(ɹ)}} |
| rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɔ(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɒː(ɾ)}} |
| {{IPA|ɒː(ɾ)}} |
||
Line 527: | Line 527: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! {{IPA|ʊər}} |
! {{IPA|ʊər}} |
||
| {{IPA|ʉːə(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|ʉːə(ɹ)~<br/>oː(ɹ)}} |
||
| |
| |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA|ʊə̯(ɾ) |
| {{IPA|ʊə̯(ɾ)~<br/>uː(ɾ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|uːɹ}},<br/>{{IPA|oːɹ}} |
| {{IPA|uːɹ}},<br/>{{IPA|oːɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA|ʉːɘ(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|ʉːɘ(ɹ)~<br/>oː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ɵː(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|ɵː(ɹ)~<br/>o̞ː(ɹ)}}<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Roach|2004}} notes that many people in England use {{IPAblink|oː}} for this vowel, but also that RP traditionally distinguishes between ''maw'' {{IPA|/mɔː/}} and ''moor'' {{IPA|/mʊə/}}, ''tore'' {{IPA|/tɔː/}} and ''tour'' {{IPA|/tʊə/}}, as well as ''paw'' {{IPA|/pɔː/}} and ''poor'' {{IPA|/pʊə/}}. If one wishes to make that distinction today it would be best to use {{IPA|/ɵː/}} instead of {{IPA|/ʊə/}}. This will lead to ''tore'' as {{IPA|/toː/}} and ''tour'' as {{IPA|/tɵː/}}.</ref> |
||
| {{IPA|ʉɾ}} |
| {{IPA|ʉɾ}} |
||
| {{IPA|ʊə̯(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|ʊə̯(ɹ)~<br/>oː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|uə̯(ɹ)}} |
| {{IPA|uə̯(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|ʊə̯(ɾ)}} |
| {{IPA|ʊə̯(ɾ)}} |
||
Line 542: | Line 542: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! {{IPA|jʊər}} |
! {{IPA|jʊər}} |
||
| {{IPA|jʉːə(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|jʉːə(ɹ)~<br/>joː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA| |
| {{IPA|jɚ~<br/>jʊɹ~jɵɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA|jʊɹ, jɚ}} |
| {{IPA|jʊɹ, jɚ}} |
||
| {{IPA|jʊə̯(ɾ) |
| {{IPA|jʊə̯(ɾ)~<br/>juː(ɾ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|juɹ}}, {{IPA|joːɹ}} |
| {{IPA|juɹ}}, {{IPA|joːɹ}} |
||
| {{IPA|jʉːɘ(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|jʉːɘ(ɹ)~<br/>joː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|jɵː(ɹ) |
| {{IPA|jɵː(ɹ)~<br/>jo̞ː(ɹ)}} |
||
| {{IPA|jʉɾ}} |
| {{IPA|jʉɾ}} |
||
| {{IPA|jʊə̯(ɹ)}},<br/>{{IPA|joː(ɹ)}} |
| {{IPA|jʊə̯(ɹ)}},<br/>{{IPA|joː(ɹ)}} |
||
Line 556: | Line 556: | ||
|- |
|- |
||
! [[Help:IPA/English|Dia-<br/>phoneme]]<ref name="PE"/> |
! [[Help:IPA/English|Dia-<br/>phoneme]]<ref name="PE"/> |
||
! AuE<br>{{flagicon|AUS}} |
! AuE<br/>{{flagicon|AUS}} |
||
! CaE<br>{{flagicon|CAN}} |
! CaE<br/>{{flagicon|CAN}} |
||
! GA<br>{{flagicon|USA}} |
! GA<br/>{{flagicon|USA}} |
||
! InE<br>{{flagicon|IND}} |
! InE<br/>{{flagicon|IND}} |
||
! IrE<br>{{flagicon|EIR}} |
! IrE<br/>{{flagicon|EIR}} |
||
! NZE<br>{{flagicon|NZL}} |
! NZE<br/>{{flagicon|NZL}} |
||
! RP<br>{{flagicon|ENG}} |
! RP<br/>{{flagicon|ENG}} |
||
! ScE<br>{{flagicon|SCO}} |
! ScE<br/>{{flagicon|SCO}} |
||
! SAE<br>{{flagicon|RSA}} |
! SAE<br/>{{flagicon|RSA}} |
||
! SSE<br>{{flagicon|SIN}} |
! SSE<br/>{{flagicon|SIN}} |
||
! WaE<br>{{flagicon|WAL}} |
! WaE<br/>{{flagicon|WAL}} |
||
! [[Lexical set|Keyword]] |
! [[Lexical set|Keyword]] |
||
! Examples |
! Examples |
||
Line 573: | Line 573: | ||
{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
||
|+ [[Reduced vowel]]s<ref>{{IPA|/ɔː, aʊ, ɔɪ/}} are never reduced. In some dialects, such as Australian, all reduced vowels become {{IPAblink|ə}}.</ref> |
|+ [[Reduced vowel]]s<ref>{{IPA|/ɔː, aʊ, ɔɪ/}} are never reduced. In some dialects, such as Australian, all reduced vowels become {{IPAblink|ə}}.</ref> |
||
! [[Help:IPA/English|Dia-<br>phoneme]]<ref name="PE"/> |
! [[Help:IPA/English|Dia-<br/>phoneme]]<ref name="PE"/> |
||
! Reduced to !! Reduced from |
! Reduced to !! Reduced from |
||
|- |
|- |
Revision as of 09:57, 5 April 2018
This concise chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.
See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.
- AuE, Australian English
- CaE, Canadian English
- GA, General American
- InE, Indian English
- IrE, Irish English
- NZE, New Zealand English
- RP, Received Pronunciation (Standard in the United Kingdom)
- ScE, Scottish English
- SAE, South African English
- SSE, Standard Singapore English
- WaE, Welsh English
Chart
This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.
Dia- phoneme[1] |
Phones | Examples |
---|---|---|
p | pʰ, p | pen, spin, tip |
b | b, [[Voicelessness|b̥]] | but, web |
t | tʰ, t, ɾ, ʔ[2] | two, sting, bet |
d | d, [[Voicelessness|d̥]], ɾ[3] | do, daddy, odd |
t͡ʃ | t͡ʃʰ, t͡ʃ | chair, nature, teach |
d͡ʒ | d͡ʒ, [[Voicelessness|d͜ʒ̊]] | gin, joy, edge |
k | kʰ, k | cat, kill, skin, queen, unique, thick |
ɡ | ɡ, [[Voicelessness|ɡ̊]] | go, get, beg |
f | f | fool, enough, leaf, off, photo |
v | v, [[Voicelessness|v̥]] | voice, have, of |
θ | θ, t̪[4] | thing, teeth |
ð | ð, [[Voicelessness|ð̥]], d̪[5] | this, breathe, father |
s | s | see, city, pass |
z | z, [[Voicelessness|z̥]] | zoo, rose |
ʃ | ʃ | she, sure, session, emotion, leash |
ʒ | ʒ, [[Voicelessness|ʒ̊]] | genre, pleasure, beige, equation, seizure |
h | h, ɦ,[6] ç[7] | ham, hue |
m | m, ɱ[8] | man, ham |
n | n | no, tin |
ŋ | ŋ | ringer, sing,[9] finger, drink |
l | l, ɫ,[10] [[Voicelessness|l̥]], [[Voicelessness|ɫ̥]],[11] ɤ[12] w, o, ʊ[13] | left, bell, sable, please |
r | ɹʷ, ɹ, ɾ,[14] ɻ, [[Voicelessness|ɹ̥ʷ]], [[Voicelessness|ɹ̥]], [[Voicelessness|ɾ̥]], [[Voicelessness|ɻ̊]],[11] ʋ[15] | run, very, probably |
w | w, w̥[11] | we, queen |
j | j | yes, nyala |
hw | ʍ, w[16] | what |
Marginal consonants | ||
x | x, χ, k, kʰ, h, ɦ, ç | loch (Scottish),[17] ugh[18] |
ʔ | ʔ | uh-oh |
Dia- phoneme[1] |
AuE[19][20]![]() |
CaE[21]![]() |
GA[22][23][24]![]() |
InE[25]![]() |
IrE[26]![]() |
NZE[24][27]![]() |
RP[28][29]![]() |
ScE[30]![]() |
SAE[31][32]![]() |
SSE![]() |
WaE[33]![]() |
Keyword | Examples |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
æ | æ, æː[34] |
æ~a,
ɛə[35] |
æ, eə~ɛə[35] | æ~ɛ | æ~a | ɛ | æ~a | ɐ̟ | a~æ~ɛ | ɛ[36] | a | TRAP | lad, bad, cat[37] |
ɑː or æ | ɐː | äː | ɐː | ɑː | äː~ɑː~ ɒː~ɔː |
ä[38] | BATH | pass, path, sample | |||||
ɑː | ɒː | ɑ~ä | ɑː | aː | PALM | father | |||||||
ɒ | ɔ | ɒ | ɒ~ä | ɑ | ɔ | ɒ~ɔ | ɔ | ɒ̈~ʌ̈ | ɔ | ɒ | LOT | not, wasp | |
ɒ~ɔ~ɑ[39] | ɒ̈~ʌ̈, ɔː~oː |
CLOTH | off, loss, cloth, long, dog, chocolate[40] | ||||||||||
ɔː | oː | ɒː | ɔː | oː | o̞ː | ɔː~oː | ɒː | THOUGHT | law, caught, all, halt, talk | ||||
ə | ə | ə | ə | ɘ | ə | ə | ə | COMMA | about | ||||
ɪ | ɪ | ɪ | ɪ~ə~ʌ | ɪ~i, ə[41] | i, ɪ | ɪ | KIT | sit | |||||
i | ɪi̯ | i | i | ɪi̯ | ɪi̯ | e, i | iˑ | i | iː | HAPPY | city | ||
iː | ɪi̯ | iː | iː | i | iː | FLEECE | see | ||||||
eː~iː | meat | ||||||||||||
eɪ | æɪ̯ | eɪ̯ | eː | eː | æɪ̯ | ɛi̯ | e | eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~ æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ ʌɪ̯ |
e[42] | eː | FACE | date | |
ei | day, pain, whey, rein | ||||||||||||
ɛ | e | ɛ | ɪ | ɛ̝ | ɛ | ɛ~e~ɪ | ɛ, e[43] | ɛ | DRESS | bed[44] | |||
ɜːr | ɵː(ɹ) | ɚ | ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ | ɚː, ɔɹ~ʊɹ[45] | ɵː(ɹ) | əː(ɹ) | ʌɾ[45] | ø̈ː(ɹ)~ ø̞̈ː(ɹ)~ əː(ɹ) |
ə(ɹ) | ɜː(ɾ) | NURSE | burn | |
ɪɾ~ʌɾ[45] | bird | ||||||||||||
ɚː, ɛɹ[45] | ɛɾ[45] | herd, earth | |||||||||||
ər | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɾ) | ɚ | ɘ(ɹ) | ə(ɹ) | əɾ | ə(ɹ) | ə(ɾ) | LETTER | winner, donor, massacre[46] | |||
ʌ | ɐ | ʌ̈~ɜ̞~ɐ̝ | ə~ɜ | ɞ~ʊ | ɐ | ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ[47] | ʌ | ɐ~ä | ä | ə~ɜ | STRUT | run, won, flood | |
ʊ | ʊ | ʊ~ʊ̞̈ | ʊ | ʊ | ɵ | ʉ | ʊ~ʊ̈ | u, ʊ | ʊ | FOOT | put | ||
uː | hood | ||||||||||||
uː | ʉː | ʉu̯ | u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯ | uː | ʉː | ɵʉ̯ | u̟ː~ʉː~ yː |
u | uː | GOOSE | through, you | ||
ɪu[48] | threw, yew | ||||||||||||
juː | jʉː | (j)u̟ | juː | jʉː | jɵʉ̯ | jʉ | ju̟ː~jʉː~ jyː |
ju | cute, dew, ewe | ||||
aɪ | ɑe̯ | ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯[49] | äɪ̯ | ɑɪ̯~ɔɪ̯ | ɑe̯ | ɑɪ̯ | əi̯~ae̯ | äɪ̯~äː~ ɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ː |
ai̯ | PRICE | flight, mice | ||
ɑɪ̯ | äɪ̯ | my, wise, high | |||||||||||
ɔɪ | oɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯ | ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯ | ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯, äɪ̯ | oɪ̯ | oɪ̯ | oi̯ | ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ | ɔi̯ | ɒi̯ | CHOICE | boy, hoist |
oʊ | ɐʉ̯ | ɵʊ̯ | oʊ̯ | oː | oʊ̯, oː | ɐʉ̯ | əʉ̯ | o̝ | ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯~ œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~ œː~ʌʊ̯ |
o[42] | oː | GOAT | no, toe, soap |
ou̯ | tow, folk | ||||||||||||
ɔʊ̯ | oə̯~oʊ̯ | ɔʊ̯ | ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ | soul, roll, cold | |||||||||
aʊ | æɔ̯ | ʌʊ̯~ɜʊ̯[49] | äʊ̯~æʊ̯ | äʊ̯ | æu̯~ɛu̯ | æo̯ | aʊ̯ | ɘʉ̯ | äʊ̯~äː~ æʊ̯ |
au̯ | MOUTH | about, house | |
äʊ̯~ɑʊ̯ | now, trout | ||||||||||||
ɑːr | ɐː(ɹ) | ɑɹ~ɐɹ | ɑɹ | äː(ɾ) | aːɹ~ äːɹ |
ɐː(ɹ) | ɑː(ɹ) | ɐ̟ɾ | äː(ɹ)~ɑː(ɹ)~ ɒː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ) |
ä(ɹ) | aː(ɾ) | START | arm, car |
ɪər | ɪː(ɹ)~ ɪːə(ɹ) |
ɪɹ | iɹ~ iə̯ɹ |
ɪə̯(ɾ)~ iː(ɾ) |
iːɹ | iə̯(ɹ)[50] | ɪə̯(ɹ)~ ɪː(ɹ) |
iɾ | ɪə̯(ɹ)~ ɪː(ɹ) |
iə̯(ɹ) | ɪə̯(ɾ) | NEAR | deer, here |
ɛər | eː(ɹ)~ eːə(ɹ) |
ɛɹ | ɛ(ə̯)ɹ~ eɹ |
ɛə̯(ɾ)~ eː(ɾ) |
eːɹ | ɪə̯(ɹ)~ iə̯[50] |
ɛə̯(ɹ)~ ɛː(ɹ)[51] |
eɾ | ɛə̯(ɹ)~ ɛː(ɹ)~ eː(ɹ) |
ɛ(ɹ) | ɛː(ɾ) | SQUARE | mare, there, bear |
ɔːr | oː(ɹ) | ɔɹ | ɔɹ~oɹ | ɒː(ɾ) | ɑɹ | oː(ɹ) | o̞ː(ɹ) | ɔɾ | ɔː(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ) |
ɔ(ɹ) | ɒː(ɾ) | NORTH | sort, warm |
oːɹ | o̝ɾ | oː(ɾ) | FORCE | tore, boar, port | |||||||||
ʊər | ʉːə(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ) |
ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ | ʊə̯(ɾ)~ uː(ɾ) |
uːɹ, oːɹ |
ʉːɘ(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ) |
ɵː(ɹ)~ o̞ː(ɹ)[52] |
ʉɾ | ʊə̯(ɹ)~ oː(ɹ) |
uə̯(ɹ) | ʊə̯(ɾ) | CURE | tour, moor | |
jʊər | jʉːə(ɹ)~ joː(ɹ) |
jɚ~ jʊɹ~jɵɹ |
jʊɹ, jɚ | jʊə̯(ɾ)~ juː(ɾ) |
juɹ, joːɹ | jʉːɘ(ɹ)~ joː(ɹ) |
jɵː(ɹ)~ jo̞ː(ɹ) |
jʉɾ | jʊə̯(ɹ), joː(ɹ) |
jɔ(ɹ) | ɪʊə̯(ɾ) | pure, Europe | |
Dia- phoneme[1] |
AuE![]() |
CaE![]() |
GA![]() |
InE![]() |
IrE![]() |
NZE![]() |
RP![]() |
ScE![]() |
SAE![]() |
SSE![]() |
WaE![]() |
Keyword | Examples |
Dia- phoneme[1] |
Reduced to | Reduced from |
---|---|---|
ə | ə | ʌ, æ, ɑː, ɒ, ɪ, ʊ, oʊ |
ɪ | ɪ | iː, ɛ, eɪ, aɪ |
ʊ | ʊ | uː |
ər | ər | ɜːr, ɑːr, ɔːr, ʊr |
IPA | Explanation | |
---|---|---|
ˈ | Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/ | |
ˌ | Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/ | |
. | Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/ | |
̩ | ̍ | Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩] |
See also
- English phonology
- List of dialects of the English language
- Phonetic alphabets
- Pronunciation respelling for English
- SAMPA chart for English
- Help:IPA/English
- Help:IPA/Conventions for English
Notes
- ^ a b c d This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
- ^ /t/ is pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.
- ^ /d/ is pronounced [ɾ] if preceded and followed by vowels in GA and Australian English.
- ^ /θ/ is pronounced as a dental stop [t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. The dental stop [t̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /θ/.
- ^ /ð/ is pronounced as a dental stop [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. [d̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /ð/.
- ^ The glottal fricative /h/ is often pronounced as voiced [ɦ] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants.
- ^ /h/ is pronounced [ç] before the palatal approximant /j/, and sometimes before high front vowels.
- ^ The bilabial nasal /m/ is pronounced as labiodental [ɱ] before f and v, as in symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni], circumvent [ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt], some value [ˌsʌɱˈvæɫjuː].
- ^ In some dialects, such as Brummie, words like ringer, sing /ˈɹɪŋə ˈsɪŋ/, which have a velar nasal [ŋ] in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/.
- ^ Velarized [ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; clear or plain [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP, some other English accents, and South African English, however, have clear [l] in syllable onsets and dark [ɫ] in syllable rimes.
- ^ a b c Sonorants are voiceless after a fortis (voiceless) stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
- ^ L-vocalization in which l is pronounced as [ɤ] is prevalent in Standard Singapore English.
- ^ L-vocalization in which l is pronounced as [w], [o], and [ʊ] occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents not included in the chart, such as Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, and African-American Vernacular English.
- ^ /r/ is pronounced as a tap [ɾ] in some varieties of Scottish and Irish English.
- ^ R-labialization, in which r is pronounced as [ʋ], is found in some accents in Southern England.
- ^ Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and many American South and New England dialects, distinguish voiceless [ʍ] from voiced [w]; see wine–whine merger and voiceless labiovelar approximant.
- ^ Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.
- ^ This common English interjection is usually pronounced with [x] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read /ʌɡ/ or /ʌk/
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
- ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
- ^ Boberg (2004)
- ^ Kenyon & Knott (1953)
- ^ Kenyon (1950)
- ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
- ^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
- ^ Wells (1982:422)
- ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
- ^ Roach (2004:241–243). See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton for Oxford University Press dictionaries.
- ^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library.
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
- ^ Bekker (2008)
- ^ Lass (2002:111–119)
- ^ Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)
- ^ See bad–lad split for this distinction.
- ^ a b In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
- ^ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
- ^ Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
- ^ Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978 0 7486 3096 7.
- ^ ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.
- ^ In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the LOT vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.
- ^ It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.
- ^ a b Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
- ^ Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. "3" ("2"): 135–45. doi:10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay.
- ^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
- ^ a b c d e See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction in some varieties.
- ^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
- ^ The STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'
- ^ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.
- ^ a b Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ʌɪ̯, ʌʊ̯] or [əɪ̯, əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right [ɹʌɪ̯t] and out [ʌʊ̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes [aɪz] and loud [laʊd] do not.
- ^ a b Merging NEAR and SQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.
- ^ While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.
- ^ Roach (2004) notes that many people in England use [oː] for this vowel, but also that RP traditionally distinguishes between maw /mɔː/ and moor /mʊə/, tore /tɔː/ and tour /tʊə/, as well as paw /pɔː/ and poor /pʊə/. If one wishes to make that distinction today it would be best to use /ɵː/ instead of /ʊə/. This will lead to tore as /toː/ and tour as /tɵː/.
- ^ /ɔː, aʊ, ɔɪ/ are never reduced. In some dialects, such as Australian, all reduced vowels become [ə].
References
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Boberg, Charles (2004). "English in Canada: phonology". In Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Vol. Volume 1: Phonology. Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 351–365. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5.
{{cite book}}
:|volume=
has extra text (help); Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Bekker, Ian (2008). "The vowels of South African English" (PDF).
{{cite web}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan R., eds. (1990), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Gimson, A. C. (1980). An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English (3rd ed.). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6287-2.
- Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 17: 155–84. doi:10.1080/07268609708599550.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341–350, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
- Kenyon, John S. (1950). American Pronunciation (10th ed.). Ann Arbor: George Wahr.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Kenyon, John S.; Knott, Thomas A. (1953) [1944]. A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-047-7.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Language in South Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521791052.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009). An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Macquarie University.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Roach, Peter (2004). "British English: Received Pronunciation". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 239–245. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768.
{{cite journal}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Sailaja, Pingali (2009). Indian English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. pp. 17–38. ISBN 9780748625949.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Schneider, Edgar W.; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
- Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview". Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help); Invalid|ref=harv
(help) - Wells, John C. (2000). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2nd ed.). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 0-582-36468-X.
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. II: The British Isles. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28541-0.
{{cite book}}
: Invalid|ref=harv
(help)
External links
- The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2005) Symbols for all languages are shown on this one-page chart.
- lexconvert a GPL command-line program to convert between Unicode IPA and the ASCII notations of various English speech synthesizers
- Online IPA editor for English
- Online IPA lessons and practice for American accent
- Online/Offline IPA editor for English
- IPA transcription systems for English – discussion by John C. Wells of RP transcriptions