List of religions and spiritual traditions: Difference between revisions
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=== Western esotericism === |
=== Western esotericism === |
Revision as of 03:04, 17 November 2018
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/RELIGIONES.png/220px-RELIGIONES.png)
While religion is hard to define, one standard model of religion, used in religious studies courses, was proposed by Clifford Geertz, who defined it as a
[…] system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic."[1]
A critique of Geertz's model by Talal Asad categorized religion as "an anthropological category."[2] Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions in the world.[3]
The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a god or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, rites, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, public service or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal and supernatural experiences.[4][5]
Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[6] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[7] and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.
East Asian religions
Religions that originated in East Asia; namely Taoism, Confucianism and Shintoism, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.
Confucianism
Shinto
Shinto-inspired religions
- Church of World Messianity
- Happy Science
- Konkokyo
- Oomoto
- PL Kyodan
- Seicho-no-Ie
- Shinmeiaishinkai
- Tenrikyo
- Zenrinkyo
Taoism
- Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
- Way of the Celestial Masters
- Zhengyi Dao ("Way of the Right Oneness")
- Way of the Celestial Masters
- Taipingjing-based movements
- Shangqing School ("School of the Highest Clarity")
- Lingbao School ("School of the Numinous Treasure")
- Quanzhen School ("School of the Fulfilled Virtue")
- Wuliupai ("School of Wu-Liu")
- Yao Taoism (a.k.a. "Meishanism")
- Faism (a.k.a. "Redhead Taoism")
- Xuanxue (a.k.a. "Neo-Taoism")
Other
Chinese
- Benzhuism
- Chan Buddhism
- Chinese folk religion
- Falun Gong
- Siniticism
- Yiguandao
- Miao folk religion
- Mohism
- Xiantiandao
- Yao folk religion
- Zhuang Shigongism
Korean
- Cheondoism
- Daejongism
- Daesun Jinrihoe
- Gasin faith
- Jeung San Do
- Korean shamanism
- Won Buddhism
- Suwunism
Manchu
Vietnamese
Indian religions
Religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.
Ajivika (Historical)
Ajñana (Historical)
Buddhism
- Mahayana
- Nikaya Buddhism (incorrectly called "Hinayana" in the West)
- Buddha-nature
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Madhyamaka
- East Asian Mādhyamaka (a.k.a. the "Three Treatise school")
- Jonang
- Prasaṅgika
- Svatantrika
- Nichiren Buddhism
- Pure Land Buddhism
- Theravada
- Sangharaj Nikaya (Bangladesh)
- Mahasthabir Nikaya (Bangladesh)
- Dwara Nikaya (Burma)
- Shwegyin Nikaya (Burma)
- Thudhamma Nikaya (Burma)
- Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples
- Amarapura Nikaya (Sri Lanka)
- Ramañña Nikaya (Sri Lanka)
- Siam Nikaya (Sri Lanka)
- Dhammayuttika Nikaya (Thailand)
- Thai Forest Tradition
- Tradition of Ajahn Chah
- Thai Forest Tradition
- Maha Nikaya (Thailand)
- Vipassana movement
- Vajrayana
- Navayana
New Buddhist movements
- Neo-Buddhist movement
- Shambhala Buddhism
- Diamond Way Buddhism
- Triratna Buddhist Community
- New Kadampa Tradition[8]
- Share International
- True Buddha School
- Hòa Hảo
Global variants of Buddhism
Charvaka (Historical)
Din-I Ilahi (Historical)
Hinduism
Hindu reform movements
- Major schools and movements of Hindu philosophy
Bhakti movement
Jainism
Meivazhi
Sikhism
- Akhand Kirtani Jatha (AKJ)
- Amritdhari Sikh
- Brahm Bunga Trust (Dodra)
- Bhaniara Bhavsagar
- Bhindrawale Jatha
- Damdami Taksal (DDT)
- Dera Sacha Sauda
- Haripagni
- Kahna Dhesian
- Mahant Sikh
- Minas (Mirharvan)
- Namdhari Sikh (Kuka)
- Nanakpanthi
- Neeldhari Panth
- Nihang (Akali)
- Nirankari
- Nirmala Panth
- Nirvair Khalsa Daal
- Non-Denominational Kesdhari
- Prof. Darshan Singh Khalsa (SGGS Academy)
- Radhaswami Sikh
- Ramraiyya (Ram Rai)
- Ravidassia Dharam
- Sanatan Sikh Sabha
- Sant Mat Movement
- Sant Nirankari Mission
- Sehejdhari Daal
- Sikh Dharma International (SDI)
- Sindhi Sikhi
- Tapoban Tat-Gurmat
- Udasi Sikh
Middle Eastern religions
Religions that originated in the Middle East; namely Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.
Bábism
Bahá'í Faith
Christianity
Eastern Christianity
- Church of the East (incorrectly called "Nestorianism")
- Eastern Catholic Churches
- Albanian Greek Catholic Church
- Belarusian Greek Catholic Church
- Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church
- Byzantine Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia
- Greek Byzantine Catholic Church
- Hungarian Byzantine Catholic Church
- Italo-Albanian Catholic Church (a.k.a. the "Italo-Greek Catholic Church")
- Macedonian Catholic Church
- Melkite Greek Catholic Church
- Romanian Catholic Church
- Russian Greek Catholic Church
- Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church (a.k.a. the "Byzantine Catholic Church" in the United States)
- Slovak Greek Catholic Church
- Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church
- Chaldean Catholic Church
- Syriac Catholic Church
- Maronite Church
- Syro-Malankara Catholic Church
- Syro-Malabar Catholic Church
- Eastern Orthodox Church (officially the "Orthodox Catholic Church")
- Greek Orthodox Church
- Serbian Orthodox Church
- Russian Orthodox Church
- Romanian Orthodox Church
- Bulgarian Orthodox Church
- Georgian Orthodox Church
- Greek Old Calendarists (a.k.a. "Genuine Orthodox" or "True Orthodox")
- Russian Old Believers (a.k.a. "Old Ritualists")
- Oriental Orthodox Churches (a.k.a. "Non-Chalcedonian" or "Miaphysite"/"Monophysite")
- Spiritual Christianity
Western Christianity
- Protestantism
- Anabaptists (Radical Protestants)
- Anglicanism
- Baptists
- Black church
- Christian atheism
- Christian deism
- Confessing Movement
- Evangelicalism
- Hussites (Historical)
- Moravians (Historical)
- Jesuism
- Lollardy (Historical)
- Lutheranism
- Methodism
- Pentecostalism
- Reformed churches
- Amyraldism (a.k.a."four-point Calvinism")
- Arminianism
- Calvinism
- Christian Reconstructionism
- Congregational churches
- Continental Reformed churches
- Neo-Calvinism
- Presbyterianism
- Quakers ("Friends")
- Zwinglianism
- Restoration movement
- Swedenborgianism (a.k.a. "The New Church")
- Waldensians (Historical)
- Unitarianism
- Roman Catholic Church (a.k.a. "Roman Catholicism" or "Catholicism")
Other
Certain Christian groups are difficult to classify as "Eastern" or "Western." Many Gnostic groups were closely related to early Christianity, for example, Valentinism. Irenaeus wrote polemics against them from the standpoint of the then-unified Catholic Church.[13]
- Arianism (Historical)
- Bagnolians (Historical)
- Bogomilism (Historical)
- Bosnian Church (Historical)
- Catharism (Historical)
- Cerdonians (Historical)
- Esoteric Christianity
- Christian Universalism
- Eastern Lightning
- Ecclesia Gnostica
- Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica
- Nontrinitarianism
- Marcionism (Historical)
- Messianic Judaism
- Ebionites (Historical)
- Unification Church (Family Federation for World Peace and Unification)
- Sethianism (Historical)
- Basilideans (Historical)
- Valentinianism (Historical)
- Bardesanite School (Historical)
- Simonians (Historical)
- Theosophy
Druze
Islam
- Khawarij
- Azraqi (Historical)
- Haruriyyah (Historical)
- Ibadi
- Sufri (Historical)
- Shia Islam
- Isma'ilism
- Ja'fari jurisprudence
- Khurramites (Historical)
- Zaidiyyah
- Sufism
- Bektashi Order
- Chishti Order
- Mevlevi Order
- Moorish Orthodox Church of America
- Naqshbandi
- Kubrawiya
- Ni'matullāhī
- Qadiriyya
- Shadhili
- Suhrawardiyya
- Sufi Order International
- Sufism Reoriented
- Tariqa
- Tijaniyyah
- Universal Sufism
- Sunni Islam
- Other
- Ahmadiyya
- Al-Fatiha Foundation
- Black Muslims
- European Islam
- Ittifaq al-Muslimin
- Jadid
- Jamaat al Muslimeen
- Liberal movements within Islam
- Mahdavia
- Quranism
- Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi
- Xidaotang
Judaism
Beta Israel
Black Hebrew Israelites
Karaite Judaism
Kabbalah
Noahidism
Rabbinic Judaism
- Conservative Judaism (a.k.a. Masorti Judaism)
- Humanistic Judaism
- Jewish Renewal
- Orthodox Judaism
- Reconstructionist Judaism
- Reform Judaism
Samaritans
Second Temple Judaism (Historical)
- Essenes (Historical)
- Pharisees (ancestor of Rabbinic Judaism) (Historical)
- Sadducees (possible ancestor of Karaite Judaism) (Historical)
- Zealots (Judea) (Historical)
- Sicarii (Historical)
- Messianic sects (Historical)
- Ebionites (Historical)
- Elcesaites (Historical)
- Nazarenes (Historical)
- Sabbateans (Historical)
- Frankism (Historical)
Mandaeism
Manichaeism
Rastafari
Shabakism
Yazdânism
Zoroastrianism
- Behafaridians (Historical)
- Mazdakism (Historical)
- Zurvanism (Historical)
New religious movements
Religions that cannot be classed as either world religions nor traditional folk religions, and are usually recent in their inception.
Cargo cults
Ethnic religions
Black
White
- Ariosophy
- Black Order
- Christian Identity
- Creativity
- Neo-völkisch movements
- Order of Nine Angles
- Thule Society
Native American
Modern paganism
Ethnic neopaganism
- Abkhaz neopaganism
- Armenian neopaganism
- Baltic neopaganism
- Celtic neopaganism
- Dievturība
- Estonian neopaganism
- Finnish neopaganism
- Heathenry (a.k.a. Germanic neopaganism)
- Hellenism
- Italo-Roman neopaganism
- Kemetism
- Mari native religion
- Romuva
- Semitic neopaganism
- Slavic neopaganism
- Zalmoxianism
- Zuism
Syncretic neopaganism
- Adonism
- Church of All Worlds
- Church of Aphrodite
- Feraferia
- Goddess movement
- Koshintō
- Neo-Druidism
- Neoshamanism
- Pow-wow
- Technopaganism
- Wicca
New Thought
- Christian Science
- Church of Divine Science
- Church Universal and Triumphant
- Religious Science
- Unity Church
- Jewish Science
- Seicho-no-Ie
Parody religions
- Church of Euthanasia
- The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
- Church of the SubGenius
- Cult of Kek
- Dinkoism
- Discordianism
- Dudeism
- Iglesia Maradoniana
- Invisible Pink Unicorn
- Kibology
- Kopimism
- Landover Baptist Church
- Last Thursdayism
- The Figurehead Project
- Russell's Teapot
Post-theistic and naturalistic religions
- Cult of Reason (Historical)
- Cult of the Supreme Being (Historical)
- Deism
- Dudeism
- Ethical movement
- Freethought
- God-Building
- Humanism
- Jediism
- Moorish Orthodox Church of America
- Naturalistic pantheism
- Raëlism
- Religion of Humanity
- Syntheism
- Unitarian Universalism
- Universal Life Church
- Ietsism
Western esotericism
- Archeosophical Society
- Builders of the Adytum
- Fraternitas Saturni
- Fraternity of the Inner Light
- Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
- Hermeticism
- Illuminates of Thanateros
- Luciferianism
- Ordo Aurum Solis
- Rosicrucian
- Satanism
- LaVeyan Satanism
- Theistic Satanism
- Our Lady of Endor Coven (a.k.a. Ophite Cultus Satanas)
- Servants of the Light
- Temple of Set
- Thelema
- Theosophy
- Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth
Other
- Anthroposophy
- Eckankar
- Fourth Way
- Huna
- New Age
- Nontheism
- Omnism
- Open-source religion
- Rajneesh movement
- Scientology
- Spiritism (Spiritualism)
- Subud
- The Circle of Reason
Traditional, indigenous, and folk religions
Religions that consist of the traditional customs and beliefs of particular ethnic groups, refined and expanded upon for thousands of years, often lacking formal doctrine.
Note: Some adherents do not consider their ways to be "religion," preferring other cultural terms.
African
African diasporic religions
- Batuque
- Candomblé
- Dahomey mythology
- Haitian mythology
- Haitian Vodou
- Hoodoo
- Kumina
- Macumba
- Mami Wata
- Obeah
- Oyotunji
- Palo
- Ifa
- Lucumi
- Hudu
- Quimbanda
- Santería (Lukumi)
- Umbanda[14]
- Central African
- East African
- North African
- Ancient Egyptian religion (Historical)
- Atenism (Historical)
- Berber religion
- West African
- Akan religion
- Dahomean religion
- Efik mythology
- Hausa animism
- Isoko mythology
- Odinani
- Serer religion
- Yoruba religion
- South African
American
Mesoamerican
- Aztec religion
- Maya religion
- Mixtec religion
- Olmec religion
- Purepecha religion
- Totonac religion
- Zapotec religion
- North American
- Abenaki mythology
- Anishinaabe
- Blackfoot mythology
- Cherokee mythology
- Chickasaw mythology
- Choctaw mythology
- Creek mythology
- Crow mythology
- Haida mythology
- Ho-Chunk mythology (a.k.a. Winnebago)
- Hopi mythology
- Inuit mythology
- Iroquois mythology
- Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
- Kuksu
- Kwakiutl mythology
- Lakota mythology
- Leni Lenape mythology
- Longhouse religion
- Midewiwin
- Miwok
- Navajo mythology
- Nootka mythology
- Ohlone mythology
- Pawnee mythology
- Pomo mythology
- Salish mythology
- Selk'nam religion
- Seneca mythology
- Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
- Sun Dance
- Tsimshian mythology
- Urarina
- Ute mythology
- Wyandot religion
- Zuni mythology
- South American
- Botocudo religion
- Guarani mythology
- Inca mythology
- Jivaroan religion
- Mapuche religion
- Muisca religion and Muisca mythology
Eurasian
East Asian
- Benzhuism (indigenous religion of the Bai people)
- Bimoism (indigenous religion of the Yi people)
- Bon
- Chinese mythology
- Dongba
- Japanese mythology
- Korean shamanism
- Manchu shamanism
- Miao folk religion
- Moism
- Mongolian shamanism
- Mun (Lepcha)
- Pemena (Karo people (Indonesia))
- Satsana Phi
- Shamanism in Siberia
- Tengrism
- Ua Dab (indigenous religion of the Hmong people)
- Vietnamese folk religion
- Yao folk religion
European
- Ancient Greek religion (Historical)
- Hellenistic religion (Historical)
- Gallo-Roman religion (Historical)
- Glycon cult (Historical)
- Greco-Roman mysteries (Historical)
- Eleusinian Mysteries (Historical)
- Mithraism (Historical)
- Orphism (Historical)
- Neoplatonism (Historical)
- Pythagoreanism (Historical)
- Neopythagoreanism (Historical)
- Religion in ancient Rome (Historical)
- Hellenistic religion (Historical)
- Baltic mythology (Historical)
- Celtic polytheism (Historical)
- Estonian mythology (Historical)
- Etruscan religion (Historical)
- Finnish paganism (Historical)
- Finnish mythology (Historical)
- Germanic paganism (Historical)
- Anglo-Saxon paganism (Historical)
- Continental Germanic mythology (Historical)
- Norse religion (Historical)
- Hungarian mythology (Historical)
- Mythology of the Caucasus (Historical)
- Proto-Indo-European mythology (Historical)
- Sami shamanism
- Shamanism among Eskimo peoples
- Slavic paganism (Historical)
West Asian
- Ancient Near Eastern religions (Historical)
- Ancient Semitic religion (Historical)
- Ancient Canaanite religion (Historical)
- Religion in Carthage (Historical)
- Palmyrene religion (Historical)
- Ancient Mesopotamian religion (Historical)
- Babylonian and Assyrian religion (Historical)
- Babylonian religion (Historical)
- Chaldean mythology (Historical)
- Sumerian religion (Historical)
- Babylonian and Assyrian religion (Historical)
- Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia (Historical)
- Nabataean religion (Historical)
- Kassite religion (Historical)
- Eblaite religion (Historical)
- Ancient Canaanite religion (Historical)
- Ancient Semitic religion (Historical)
- Armenian mythology (Historical)
- Bathouism
- Georgian mythology (Historical)
- Hittite mythology (Historical
- Tengrism
- Persian mythology (Historical)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian religion (Historical)
- Historical Vedic religion (Historical)
- Ancient Iranian religion (Historical)
Oceania
- Australian Aboriginal mythology (Dreamtime)
- Austronesian beliefs
- Indonesian mythology
- Aluk Todolo (indigenous religion of the Toraja people)
- Balinese mythology
- Traditional Batak religion
- Kaharingan (indigenous religion of the Dayak people)
- Javanese beliefs
- Marapu (indigenous religion of the Sumba people)
- Pemena (indigenous religion of the Karo people)
- Sunda Wiwitan (indigenous religion of the Sundanese people)
- Melanesian mythology
- Micronesian mythology
- Philippine indigenous religions
- Polynesian mythology
- Indonesian mythology
Other categorisations
By demographics
By area
- List of religions and spiritual traditions of Oceania/Pacific
- Religion in Africa
- Religion in Asia
- Religion in Australia
- Religion in Europe
- Religion in North America
- Religion in South America
- Religion by country
See also
- Alchemy
- Ceremonial magic
- Chaos magic
- Civil religion
- Enochian magic
- Goetia
- List of Catholic rites and churches
- List of religious organizations
- Lists of people by belief
- Magic
- Mythology
- Religious fundamentalism
- Witchcraft
References
- ^ (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
- ^ (Talal Asad, The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category, 1982.)
- ^ "World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ http://www.parapsych.org/base/about.aspx
- ^ "Key Facts about Near-Death Experiences". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
- ^ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1112. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1001. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 997. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1004. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ^ a b "Welcome to Jainworld – Jain Sects – tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
- ^ "Irenaeus of Lyons". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
- ^ Smith, Christian; Joshua Prokopy (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. New York: Routledge, pp. 279-280. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0
External links
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