108 (number)

← 107 108 109 →
← 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 → List of numbers Integers ← 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 →
Cardinal	one hundred eight
Ordinal	108th (one hundred eighth)
Factorization	22 × 33
Divisors	1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 27, 36, 54, 108
Greek numeral	ΡΗ´
Roman numeral	CVIII
Binary	11011002
Ternary	110003
Senary	3006
Octal	1548
Duodecimal	9012
Hexadecimal	6C16

108 (one hundred [and] eight) is the natural number following 107 and preceding 109.

In mathematics

108 (or nine dozen) is an abundant number and a semiperfect number. It is a tetranacci number.

108 is the hyperfactorial of 3 since it is of the form $1^{1}\cdot 2^{2}\cdot 3^{3}$.

108 is divisible by the value of its φ function, which is 36. 108 is also divisible by the total number of its divisors (12), hence it is a refactorable number.

In Euclidean space, the interior angles of a regular pentagon measure 108 degrees each.

There are 108 free polyominoes of order 7.

In base 10, it is a Harshad number and a self number.

The equation $2\sin \left({\frac {108^{\circ }}{2}}\right)=\phi$ results in the golden ratio.

Religion and the arts

The number 108 is considered sacred by several Eastern religions and cults, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, connected yoga and dharma based practices. In Sikhism all numbers, weekdays, months etc. are equally auspicious or inauspicious. The individual digits comprising 108; 1, 0, and 8 represent one thing, nothing, and everything (infinity), representing the belief of the ultimate reality of the universe as being (paradoxically) simultaneously one, emptiness, and infinite.

Hinduism

Hindu deities have 108 names, while in Gaudiya Vaishnavism, there are 108 gopis of Vrindavan. Recital of these names, often accompanied by the counting of a 108-beaded mala, is considered sacred and often done during religious ceremonies. The recital is called namajapa. Accordingly, a japa mala usually has beads for 108 repetitions of a mantra.

Srivaishnavism has 108 Divya Kshetras of Lord Vishnu, called as 108 DivyaDesam.

Buddhism

Likewise, Tibetan Buddhist malas or rosaries (Tib. ཕྲེང་བ Wyl. phreng ba, "Trengwa") are usually 108 beads; sometimes 111 including the guru bead(s), reflecting the words of the Buddha called in Tibetan the Kangyur (Wylie: Bka'-'gyur) in 108 volumes. Zen priests wear juzu (a ring of prayer beads) around their wrists, which consists of 108 beads.

Japa mala, or japa beads, made from tulasi wood, consisting of 108 beads plus the head bead.

The Lankavatara Sutra has a section where the Bodhisattva Mahamati asks Buddha 108 questions and another section where Buddha lists 108 statements of negation in the form of "A statement concerning X is not statement concerning X". In a footnote, D.T. Suzuki explains that the Sanskrit word translated as "statement" is pada which can also mean "foot-step" or "a position." This confusion over the word "pada" explains why some have mistakenly held that the reference to 108 statements in the Lankavatara refer to the 108 steps that many temples have.

In some schools of Buddhism it is believed that there are 108 feelings. According to Bhante Gunaratana this number is reached by multiplying the senses smell, touch, taste, hearing, sight, and consciousness by whether they are painful, pleasant or neutral, and then again by whether these are internally generated or externally occurring, and yet again by past, present and future, finally we get 108 feelings. 6 × 3 × 2 × 3 = 108. In Japan, at the end of the year, a bell is chimed 108 times in Buddhist temples to finish the old year and welcome the new one. Each ring represents one of 108 earthly temptations a person must overcome to achieve nirvana.

Pop culture

The number 108 is one of many numeric motifs in the American television programme Lost, which includes some references to Buddhism. For example, the sum of "the numbers" (4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42) is 108, and "the numbers" must be entered into a computer every 108 minutes. 108 is also the number of days "the Oceanic 6" have spent on the island. And Jacob tells Hurley to rotate the mirror in the lighthouse to a heading of 108°. In the TV show Once Upon a Time, from the same creators of Lost, the The Evil Queen/Regina Mills's house number in Storybrooke is 108. The number is promenient in Anime. The number 108 also appears in Crying Freeman as the sinister society of 108 Dragons, and Devil Hunter Yohko is the 108th generation demon slayer in her family, in Sekirei there are 108 beings called Sekirei which bond with humans, and in Sands of Destruction there are 108 laws of robotics in clock town.

Ancient artifacts

The pre-historic monument Stonehenge is about 108 feet in diameter.

Other references

In the neo-Gnostic teachings of Samael Aun Weor, an individual has 108 chances (lifetimes) to eliminate his egos and transcend the material world before "devolving" and having the egos forcefully removed in the infradimensions.

Martial arts

Many East Asian martial arts trace their roots back to Buddhism, specifically, to the Buddhist Shaolin Temple. Because of their ties to Buddhism, 108 has become an important symbolic number in a number of martial arts styles.

• According to Marma Adi and Ayurveda, there are 108 pressure points in the body, where consciousness and flesh intersect to give life to the living being.
• The Chinese school of martial arts agrees with the South Indian school of martial arts on the principle of 108 pressure points.
• 108 number figures prominently in the symbolism associated with karate, particularly the Gōjū-ryū discipline. The ultimate Gōjū-ryū kata, Suparinpei, literally translates to 108. Suparinpei is the Chinese pronunciation of the number 108, while gojūshi of Gojūshiho is the Japanese pronunciation of the number 54. The other Gōjū-ryū kata, Sanseru (meaning "36") and Seipai ("18") are factors of the number 108.
• The 108 moves of the Yang Taijiquan long form and 108 moves in the Wing Chun wooden dummy form, taught by Yip Man, are noted in this regard.
• Paek Pal Ki Hyung, the 7th form taught in the art of Kuk Sool Won, translates literally to "108 technique" form. It is also frequently referred to as the "eliminate 108 torments" form. Each motion corresponds with one of the 108 Buddhist torments or defilements.

In literature

• In Homer's Odyssey, the number of suitors coveting Penelope, wife of Odysseus.
• There are 108 outlaws in the Chinese classic Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh by Shi Nai'an and Luo Guanzhong.
• There are 108 love sonnets in Astrophil and Stella, the first English sonnet sequence by Sir Philip Sidney.

In sports

108 is the number that the Belgian cyclist Wouter Weylandt wore when he crashed fatally in the Giro d'Italia on May 9, 2011. As a tribute, many supporters held replicas of his race number by the side of the road the next day. The organization of the Giro d'Italia decided not to issue race number 108 in future editions, to commemorate him.

In other fields

• Sesame Street muppet Count von Count's favourite number, 34969, is 187x187 (1872), speculated in a BBC mathematics programme to be a reference between Count Dracula and the Californian murder code [1]
• The Manga series Death Note has 108 chapters.
• An official Major League Baseball baseball has 108 stitches.
• In the Manga and Anime series Shikabane Hime Aka and Shikabane Hime Kuro (Corpse Princess), the shikabane himes must hunt 108 evil undead corpses in order to ascend to heaven.
• In the Manga & Anime series One Piece the supernova "Mad Monk" Urouge has a bounty 108,000,000 berri.
• In Sekirei there are 108 Sekirei released into the world.
• The atomic number of hassium.
• The number of Mbit/s of a non-standard extension of IEEE 802.11g wireless network using channel bonding.
• There are 108 Stars of Destiny to collect in the Suikoden video game series distributed by Konami for PlayStation. The Stars of Destiny are based on outlaws from the classical Chinese novel, Water Margin, by Shi Nai'an and Luo Guanzhong.
• In the video game Legend of Dragoon for PlayStation, there are 108 species; the 108th of which is the God of destruction. Its soul returns to the world every 108 years to find a host.
• 108 is the name of a community of and for open source developers, created by Red Hat.
• There are 108 cards in a deck of UNO cards.
• There are 108 Code Crowns in Digimon Fusion.
• Volume expansion of freezing water is roughly 108%.
• A vault in Fallout 3 full of Gary clones.
• In Batman: Arkham City, there are a total of 108 medals for each Batman and Catwoman to collect in the 12 campaigns of the Riddler's Revenge. There are also several other references to LOST throughout the game.
• 108 degrees Fahrenheit is the internal temperature at which the human body's vital organs begin to fail from overheating.
• In the TV show Lost, the main characters must enter the numbers 4 8 15 16 23 42 into a mysterious computer every 108 minutes.
• In India, 108 (1-0-8) is the toll-free emergency telephone number.

See also

• List of highways numbered 108

Notes

9. '108' in the anime series 'Tokko' is the number of pieces in the Box of Dirge Chinese puzzle box created by alchemy as a doorway between the world of demons and this one. The puzzle box was used in all of the Hellraiser films but there was no reference to its number of shards.

References

• Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers London: Penguin Group. (1987): 134

External links

• The Significance of the number 108
• Meaning of 108 beads on a mala
• Article on the symbolism of the number 108
• Our Sun, Planet Earth and the Hoary 108 - (domain is closed)
• The Mystical 108 in the Bible, Eastern Religions and the TV Show LOST - (domain is closed)
• The spiritual meaning of 108