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Democratic Action Party
Parti Tindakan Demokratik
民主行动党
ஜனநாயக செயல் கட்சி
Mínzhǔ Xíngdòng Dǎng
AbbreviationDAP
Parliamentary LeaderLim Kit Siang
Secretary-GeneralLim Guan Eng
Deputy Secretary GeneralRamasamy Palanisamy
Chong Eng
Ngeh Koo Ham
Acting National ChairmanTan Kok Wai
National Vice ChairmanM. Kulasegaran
Chong Chieng Jen
Chow Kon Yeow
Ariffin Omar
Teresa Kok
FounderDevan Nair[1]
Founded11 October 1965
Legalised18 March 1966
HeadquartersJalan Yew (off Jalan Pudu), 55100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
NewspaperThe Rocket
RoketKini
Youth wingDAP Socialist Youth (DAPSY)
Leader: Wong Kah Woh
Women's wingWanita DAP
Leader: Chong Eng
Membership (2015)450,000
IdeologySocial democracy
Secularism[2]
Political positionCentre-left
National affiliationGagasan Rakyat (1990–96)
Barisan Alternatif (1999–2004)
Pakatan Rakyat (2008–2015)
Pakatan Harapan (2015-current)
International affiliationProgressive Alliance,
Socialist International
Colours  Red, white, blue
SloganMalaysian Malaysia and Malaysian First
AnthemBerjuang Untuk Rakyat Malaysia
(Fighting for Malaysians)
Dewan Negara
(Senate):
2 / 70
Dewan Rakyat
(House of Representatives):
37 / 222
Dewan Undangan Negeri
(State Assembly):
104 / 576
Website
www.dapmalaysia.org
This article is part of a series on the
Politics of
Malaysia
Head of State
Legislature
Executive
Judiciary
Elections
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List of political parties in Malaysia
Federalism
Ideologies and concepts

Race and politics

The Democratic Action Party, or DAP (Malay: Parti Tindakan Demokratik, Chinese: 民主行动党, Template:Lang-ta) is a centre-left Malaysian political party advocating social democracy and secularism.[3]

Following the 2013 Malaysian general election, the Democratic Action Party (DAP) became Malaysia's largest opposition party, over the two other main opposition parties PKR and PAS, as well as the second largest political party after the ruling UMNO.

The party's vision is to establish a peaceful and prosperous social democracy that can unite its disparate races and diverse religions and cultures based on a Malaysian Malaysia concept of forging a Malaysian race grounded on universal moral values, offering equal access and opportunity, upholding democratic governance and the rule of law, creating wealth and distributing it equitably, and fighting corruption.[4]

Though most of the seats it contests consists of majority Chinese Malaysians, the DAP receives support from the Malaysian Indians and a significantly large number of Malays especially in urban areas. The party's strongholds are the more economically developed areas in Malaysia, including the Malaysian capital city Kuala Lumpur. The strongholds include the states of Penang, Perak, Selangor, Johor, Negeri Sembilan and the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. In the 2013 Malaysian general election, DAP contested in 51 federal constituencies and won 38 seats, representing a win rate of 75%, the highest among the major political parties contesting.

History

Formation

On 11 October 1965, the DAP was formed by former members of the deregistered People's Action Party of Malaysia, including Bungsar Member of Parliament Devan Nair, who later became President of Singapore. The party formally registered itself as a democratic socialist party on 18 March 1966.[5] In the August of that year, the official party organ, The Rocket, was first published. At the first DAP National Congress held in Setapak, Kuala Lumpur on 29 July 1967, the DAP declared itself to be "irrevocably committed to the ideal of a free, democratic and socialist Malaysia, based on the principles of racial and religious equality, social and economic justice, and founded on the institution of parliamentary democracy".[6]

In October that year, the DAP joined 55 other socialist parties belonging to the Socialist International (SI) at the SI International Conference in Zurich, Switzerland.[6]

Devan Nair who was amongst those who founded the DAP (others included Chen Man Hin who won the Seremban constituency as an independent), later returned to Singapore. Lee Kuan Yew, then Prime Minister of Singapore under the PAP, explained in 1981 that "the Cabinet decided that Singapore-Malaysia relations would always be bedevilled if Devan Nair remained a DAP leader. I persuaded him to come back".[7]

Early electoral successes

The DAP contested a general election for the first time in 1969. In line with their commitment to equality, the DAP originally campaigned against Bumiputra privileges, such as those afforded to them by Article 153 of the Constitution. They also continued Lee Kuan Yew's campaign for a Malaysian Malaysia, the idea of which was originally conveyed by Lee in Parliament: "Malaysia – to whom does it belong? To Malaysians. But who are Malaysians? I hope I am, Mr Speaker, Sir. But sometimes, sitting in this chamber, I doubt whether I am allowed to be a Malaysian."[8]

The DAP went on to win 13 Parliamentary seats and 31 State Assembly seats, with 11.9% of all valid votes that were cast in the election; the Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia (Gerakan) which campaigned on a similar platform also made major gains. The 1969 election marked the biggest gains ever made by an opposition party in Malaysia (before 2008), and came close to seeing the ruling Alliance toppled from power. However, a march made by the DAP along with Gerakan as part of the opposition team led to violence, and resulted in what was euphemistically termed the 13 May Incident. Parliament was suspended for two years, and the executive branch of the government assumed power.[9]

When Parliament reconvened, it passed pieces of legislation such as the Sedition Act that illegalised discussion of repealing certain portions of the Constitution. Most of these concerned Bumiputra privileges, such as Article 153. The DAP and the People's Progressive Party (PPP) were the only parties that voted against the Act, which passed by a vote of 125 to 17.[10]

After the 1969 election, the DAP would never come close to repeating its past successes for the next 38 years. Although the DAP remained a major opposition party, the ruling coalition had clung solidly to its two-thirds parliamentary majority. The DAP, however, continued campaigning on its platform of abolishing the Bumiputra privileges, giving equal rights for all Malaysians regardless of race and establishing a democratic socialist state in Malaysia.

During the Mahathir administration in 1987, several DAP leaders, including Parliamentary Opposition Leader Lim Kit Siang, were detained by the government without trial during Operation Lalang, under the accusation of being a national security threat. It is widely believed they were arrested for protesting the expansion of the New Economic Policy (NEP).[11]

1995–2004

In 1995 the party ran what has become widely known as the "Robocop" campaign to wrest Penang from the BN. Despite the hype, the campaign was a failure as the party only won one state and three parliamentary seats. The strategy backfired when Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, BN leaders and the media criticised Lim Kit Siang as a "robot" and "soulless" person.[12]

Following the ousting of Deputy Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in September 1998, DAP co-founded the Barisan Alternatif coalition along with PAS and the newly formed Keadilan. However, the coalition did not work out very well for the DAP, with two of its top leaders, Lim Kit Siang and Karpal Singh losing their Parliamentary seats in the 1999 election; the DAP managed to win only 5% (10 out of 193) of the seats in Parliament. PAS became the leading opposition party in Parliament. It left the coalition in 2001 due to a disagreement with PAS over the issue of an Islamic state.[13][14]

In the 2004 general elections, the DAP managed to capture 12 seats in Parliament, while PAS and Keadilan suffered major setbacks, with PAS losing 20 of the 27 seats it had held after the 1999 elections, and Keadilan lost all seats except one returned after a recount. The eventual outcome saw Lim Kit Siang, who had been elected in his constituency of Ipoh Timur with a majority of 10,000 votes, formally elected as the leader of the opposition in Parliament, a post he had lost to the president of PAS in 1999.[15]

In the 2006 Sarawak state elections, the Democratic Action Party won 6 of the 12 seats it contested and narrowly lost three other seats with small majorities. Up til then it was the party's best showing ever in the history of Sarawak's state elections since 1979.

2008-2015

Pakatan Rakyat was formed in 2008 by DAP, PKR and PAS.

In the 2008 general elections, the DAP won 13% (28 out of 222) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat, with PAS and Keadilan making substantial gains as well with 23 seats and 31 seats respectively. In total, the taking of 82 seats (37%) by the opposition to Barisan Nasional's 140 seats (63%), makes it the best performance in Malaysian history by the opposition, and denied Barisan Nasional the two-thirds majority required to make constitutional changes in the Dewan Rakyat.[16] DAP advisor Lim Kit Siang expressed surprise at the election results but declared it to be the true power of the voice of the Malaysian people for the leaders of the country to hear them.[17] In addition, DAP, having secured all its contested seats in the state of Penang, formed the Penang state government with its alliance partners Keadilan and PAS, the Chief Minister being DAP's Lim Guan Eng.[18]

In the 2011 Sarawak state elections, DAP furthered its gains from the previous election, winning 12 out of the 70 state assembly seats, with PR winning a total of 15 state seats and 41% of the popular vote.

The Pakatan Rakyat's success was further enhanced in the 2013 general elections when DAP went on to win 17% (38 out of 222) of the seats in the Dewan Rakyat and the PR coalition won the popular vote, giving the Barisan Nasional government its worst election showing since independence.

In 2015, the Pakatan Rakyat alliance broke up after a PAS Muktamar (General Assembly) motion unanimously approved the breaking of ties with DAP due to disagreements over PAS's decision to propose a private member's bill to implement "hudud" (Islamic penal code).

Following PAS's decision to cut ties with DAP, DAP announced that Pakatan Rakyat had "ceased to exist".

2015-present

On 22 September 2015, Pakatan Harapan was formed by DAP, PKR and Amanah to succeed the Pakatan Rakyat.

Party symbols

The symbol or logo of the DAP (see above) is the rocket, which it has used since the 1969 general election. Its components are symbolised as follows:

Ubah mascot

Ubah bird, the official mascot of DAP.

Ubah bird is the official mascot of the DAP which resembles a hornbill. DAP had adopted this bird as a symbol for change both for its unique characteristics, hardiness and representation of the unity of both East Malaysia and West Malaysia into a Malaysian nation.[19] It was designed by Ooi Leng Hang and was launched during the Sarawak state elections in 2011 and was also used as part of their political campaigning during the 13th Malaysian general election in 2013. Its merchandise such as plush toys, buttons and car stickers were very well received by the public.[20] The idea of the mascot came from Sarawak DAP Secretary, Chong Chieng Jen, who felt a mascot would boost the spirit of the people. The name "Ubah", which means "change" in Malay, is in line with the party's aspirations in changing the ruling party of the Malaysian federal government. In addition to its original Sarawak Iban costume, "Ubah" now comes in a Malay costume for Hari Raya, Indian costume for Deepavali, Chinese costume for Chinese New Year, Santa Claus costume for Christmas, and a Superman costume that depicts the power of the people.[21]

On 13 July 2013, a gigantic float known as the "Ubah Inflatable Bird (Water Ubah)" was officially launched at IJM Promenade, Jelutong, Penang by DAP Secretary General Lim Guan Eng.[19]

Songs

DAP's official party anthem is Berjuang Untuk Rakyat Malaysia (Fighting for Malaysians).

Other than the official party anthem, DAP has also unveiled several theme songs and music videos mostly with an Ubah theme such as "Ubah" with over 800,000 views, 明天 with over 400,000 views and "Ubah Rocket Style" with over 100,000 views, which is a parody of the viral YouTube hit "Gangnam Style".

Party members and leadership structure

Notable party members include the parliamentarians listed below. A number of them maintain active blogs containing writings on contemporary political, social and economic issues in Malaysia in general, or on specific issues involving their constituencies or policy area of interest.[22] Videos of DAP members of parliament debating in the Dewan Rakyat are also available.

National

The leadership of the Democratic Action Party are elected through party delegates in national level. There will only be 20 CEC positions available for grabs while the remaining positions will be appointed by the new Central Executive Committees. The latest leadership structure could be found below.[23][24]

DAP's Women Wing

DAP Socialist Youth

State committees

List of DAP leaders

Elected representatives

Dewan Negara (Senate)

Senators

Main article: Members of the Dewan Negara, 13th Malaysian Parliament
  1. Ariffin Omar – elected by the Penang State Legislative Assembly
  2. Chandra Mohan S. Thambirajah – elected by the Selangor State Legislative Assembly

Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives)

Members of Parliament of the 13th Malaysian Parliament

Main article: Members of the Dewan Rakyat, 13th Malaysian Parliament

DAP currently has 37 MPs.

Dewan Undangan Negeri (State Legislative Assembly)

Malaysian State Assembly Representatives

Main article: Malaysian State Assembly Representatives (2013–)

General election results

Election Seats contested Total seats won Total votes Share of votes Outcome of election Election leader
1964
(as PAP) 		11
1 / 144
 42,130 2.0% Increase1 seats; Opposition Lee Kuan Yew
1969 24
13 / 144
 286,606 12.1% Increase12 seats; Opposition Goh Hock Guan
1974 46
9 / 144
 387,845 18.3% Decrease4 seats; Opposition Lim Kit Siang
1978 53
16 / 154
 664,433 19.1% Increase7 seats; Opposition Lim Kit Siang
1982 63
9 / 154
 815,473 19.6% Decrease7 seats; Opposition Lim Kit Siang
1986 64
24 / 154
 968,009 21.0% Increase15 seats; Opposition Lim Kit Siang
1990 57
20 / 180
 985,228 17.13% Decrease4 seats; Opposition coalition
(Gagasan Rakyat) 		Lim Kit Siang
1995 50
9 / 192
 712,175 12.0% Decrease11 seats; Opposition coalition
(Gagasan Rakyat) 		Lim Kit Siang
1999 47
10 / 193
 830,870 12.53% Increase1 seats; Opposition coalition
(Barisan Alternatif) 		Lim Kit Siang
2004 44
12 / 219
 687,340 9.9% Increase2 seats; Opposition Kerk Kim Hock (Secretary-general)
Lim Kit Siang (Chairman, Central Policy
& Strategic Planning Commission)
2008 47
28 / 222
 1,118,025 13.77% Increase16 seats; Opposition coalition
(Pakatan Rakyat) 		Lim Guan Eng (Secretary-general)
Lim Kit Siang (Parliamentary Leader)
2013 51
38 / 222
 1,736,601 15.71% Increase10 seats; Opposition coalition
(Pakatan Rakyat) 		Lim Guan Eng (Secretary-general)
Lim Kit Siang (Parliamentary Leader)

State election results

State election State Legislative Assembly
Perlis State Legislative Assembly Kedah State Legislative Assembly Kelantan State Legislative Assembly Terengganu State Legislative Assembly Penang State Legislative Assembly Perak State Legislative Assembly Pahang State Legislative Assembly Selangor State Legislative Assembly Negeri Sembilan State Legislative Assembly Malacca State Legislative Assembly Johor State Legislative Assembly Sabah State Legislative Assembly Sarawak State Legislative Assembly Total won / Total contested
1964
(as PAP)
0 / 12
0 / 24
0 / 30
0 / 24
0 / 24
0 / 40
0 / 24
0 / 28
0 / 24
0 / 20
0 / 32
0 / 15
1969
0 / 12
0 / 24
0 / 30
0 / 24
3 / 24
6 / 40
0 / 24
9 / 28
8 / 24
4 / 20
1 / 32
0 / 48
31 / 57
1974
0 / 12
1 / 26
0 / 36
0 / 28
2 / 27
11 / 42
0 / 32
1 / 33
3 / 24
4 / 20
1 / 32
0 / 48
23 / 120
1978
0 / 12
0 / 26
0 / 28
5 / 27
9 / 42
0 / 32
3 / 33
3 / 24
4 / 20
1 / 32
25 / 127
1979
0 / 48
0 / 11
1982
0 / 12
0 / 26
0 / 36
0 / 28
2 / 27
4 / 42
1 / 32
1 / 33
2 / 24
2 / 20
0 / 32
12 / 131
1983
0 / 48
0 / 7
1985
0 / 48
0 / 3
1986
0 / 14
0 / 28
0 / 39
0 / 32
10 / 33
13 / 46
1 / 33
5 / 42
4 / 28
3 / 20
1 / 36
0 / 48
37 / 118
1987
0 / 56
0 / 11
1990
0 / 14
1 / 28
0 / 39
0 / 32
14 / 33
13 / 46
1 / 33
6 / 42
4 / 28
3 / 20
3 / 36
0 / 48
45 / 94
1991
0 / 56
0 / 18
1994
0 / 48
0 / 2
1995
0 / 15
0 / 36
0 / 43
0 / 32
1 / 33
1 / 52
1 / 38
3 / 48
2 / 32
3 / 25
0 / 40
11 / 103
1996
3 / 62
3 / 6
1999
0 / 15
0 / 36
0 / 43
0 / 32
1 / 33
4 / 52
1 / 38
1 / 48
0 / 32
4 / 25
0 / 40
0 / 48
11 / 88
2001
1 / 62
1 / 13
2004
0 / 15
0 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
1 / 40
7 / 59
1 / 42
2 / 56
2 / 36
2 / 28
0 / 56
0 / 60
15 / 104
2006
6 / 71
6 / 12
2008
0 / 15
1 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
19 / 40
18 / 59
2 / 42
13 / 56
10 / 36
5 / 28
4 / 56
1 / 60
73 / 102
2011
12 / 71
12 / 15
2013
0 / 15
2 / 36
0 / 45
0 / 32
19 / 40
18 / 59
7 / 42
15 / 56
11 / 36
6 / 28
13 / 56
4 / 60
95 / 103

Miscellaneous

  • Tan Sri Lee Lam Thye, Chairman of the National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) as well as the Chairman of the National Service Training Council, was an ex-party member who was previously a four-term MP for Bukit Bintang until 1990.[25]
  • Edwin Jack Bosi, Member of the Sabah State Assembly for Kepayan, is the party's sole Kadazandusun representative.
  • Ariff Sabri Abdul Aziz, MP for Raub, is the party's sole Malay member of parliament. Another DAP MP, Zairil Khir Johari is a Malay-Chinese descent.
  • Out of 38 members of parliament of the party, four are female, the sole Indian being Kasthuri Rani Patto, MP for Batu Kawan. She is also the daughter of former DAP MP P. Patto.
  • The party discourages members of its party to actively seek honorary titles[26] - not even party Secretary General Lim Guan Eng who is also Penang Chief Minister has a title. Datuk Teng Chang Khim and Datuk Ngeh Koo Ham are the only members of the party who have received honorary title whist serving as a party representative.
  • A. Samad Said, a Malaysian National Laureate, joined the party in June 2015 and is actively involved in party events.

Controversy

Allegations of racism and chauvinism

Despite constant rebuttals by party leaders, DAP has been depicted by their political opponents as a party that favors the Malaysian Chinese minority above others. This allegation of racial chauvinism culminated in a two-piece television program broadcast on government-controlled TV channel RTM entitled "Bahaya Cauvinisme". The program forced then party leader Lim Kit Siang to issue a formal media statement to counter the allegations.[27]

On 15 November 2011, Ismail Sabri Yaakob, the Malaysian Minister for Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism, accused DAP's publicity chief, Tony Pua, of racism for making repeated attacks against the Kedai Rakyat 1 Malaysia, a government initiative to supply cheap retail products to Malaysian consumers. Tony Pua was criticised for singling out Kedai Rakyat 1 Malaysia, whose suppliers to the store generally come from the Malaysian Bumiputra community, and for not investigating the quality of products supplied by Malaysian-Chinese suppliers or making similar accusations against independent Malaysian-Chinese stores.[28]

Allegations of racism have forced DAP party leader Lim Guan Eng to issue a formal denial in the Penang High Court.[29]

2012 party election fiasco

At the DAP election in December 2012, Vincent Wu, who was initially declared to have secured the sixth spot with 1,202 votes, dropped to 26th place because he had actually secured only 669. Zairil Khir Johari was elected to the central executive committee (CEC) with 803 votes to secure the 20th spot. The glitch, reportedly because of a vote tabulation error due to the copy-and-paste method in Microsoft Excel, had raised suspicion.[30]

DAP admitted the counting error after discovering the mistake. The DAP election fiasco had caused unease among party members and led to protests to the Registrar of Societies (RoS). Two dissatisfied life members of the DAP then lodged reports with the RoS on the party elections following the revelations.[31]

Following the report the RoS had informed DAP of the dispute by its members and in turn as provided for under Section 3A of the Societies Act 1966 did recognise the office-bearers of the committee formed in the party elections on 15 December 2012, the point of contention.[32]

DAP candidates to contest GE-13 using two authorisation letter

DAP chairperson Karpal Singh said DAP will contest under the PAS logo for the Peninsula and PKR logo in Sabah and Sarawak in the 13th general election, following the Registrar of Societies' (RoS) failure to respond on the withdrawal letter of RoS informing that it does not recognise the party's top leadership lineup. DAP had appealed to the RoS to withdraw its Wednesday's letter to suspend the party's existing central executive committee (CEC) but till this afternoon the department was silent on the matter.[33]

On 19 April 2013, DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng informed all its 51 parliament and 103 state candidates to use the rocket symbol first during nomination tomorrow, and show the Election Commission the letter of authorisation signed by secretary-general Lim Guan Eng. If the rocket symbol is rejected, then use the letter of authorisation signed by PAS secretary-general Mustafa Ali for the Peninsular of Malaysia and PKR letter of authorisation for Sabah and Sarawak. This comes after the DAP has decided to use PAS and PKR symbols for the coming general election on 5 May.[34]

On 20 April 2013, DAP secretary-general Lim Guan Eng said DAP can use its iconic rocket symbol for the 5 May general election after getting last-minute confirmation late night at 19 April 2013. He said the DAP headquarters in Kuala Lumpur received a letter by hand from the RoS at 10 p.m. on 19 April, stating that it had no objections to the DAP using the logo, and that the Election Commission (EC) had informed all returning officers to accept nominations from the DAP.[35]

Notes and references

  1. ^ Woon, Leven. "http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2013/09/23/why-no-dap-founder-portrait-at-party-premises-by/". MToday News Sdn. Bhd. Retrieved 5 December 2015. {{cite news}}: External link in |title= (help)
  2. ^ Senkyr, Jan (2013), "Political Awakening in Malaysia", KAS International Reports (7): 75
  3. ^ DAP Website: About Us: The Party. Retrieved 12 Feb. 2008.
  4. ^ DAP Website. Vision and Mission. From: http://dapmalaysia.org/newenglish/au_vm_ob.htm
  5. ^ Goh, Cheng Teik (1994). Malaysia: Beyond Communal Politics, p. 51. Pelanduk Publications. ISBN 967-978-475-4.
  6. ^ a b "Democratic Action Party Lim Kit Siang 11th General Election Malaysia". Retrieved 7 Nov. 2005.
  7. ^ Mesenas, Clement & Lee, Ching Wern (8 Dec. 2005). "Workers' champion, reluctant President"[dead link]. TODAYonline.
  8. ^ Ooi, Jeff (2005). "Perils of the sitting duck". Retrieved 11 November 2005. Archived 2005-12-28 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Goh, pp. 19, 39.
  10. ^ Means, Gordon P. (1991). Malaysian Politics: The Second Generation, pp. 14, 15. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-588988-6.
  11. ^ Lim, Kit Siang (2005). "Hisham – gonna say sorry for UMNO Youth keris episodes?". Retrieved 11 November 2005.
  12. ^ "Ex-DAP leader assumes Keadilan post, urges opposition unity". Utusan Malaysia. 15 February 2010.
  13. ^ Netto, Anil (10 Dec. 1999). "A wake-up call for ho-hum Malaysian politics". Asia Times.
  14. ^ Kamarudin, Raja Petra (6 June 2005). "The crossroads for PAS: whereto from here?". Malaysia Today. Archived 2006-02-18 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Malaysia Election 2004". (5 Apr. 2004). The Star (Malaysia). Archived 2005-11-12 at the Wayback Machine
  16. ^ The Star Online. "MALAYSIA DECIDES 2008 > General Election 2008 Results". Retrieved 9 March 2008.
  17. ^ The Star Online. "MDAP leaders also surprised". Retrieved 9 March 2008.
  18. ^ New Strait Times. 2008. Election 2008 Results: Lim Guan Eng is next Penang CM, promises fair & just administration. Retrieved 12 Mar. 2008. Archived 2008-03-12 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ a b "Official Launching of UBAH inflatable bird (Water Ubah) at 10am, 13 July, at IJM Promenade. « Lim Guan Eng".
  20. ^ "DAP Malaysia on Twitter: "Merchandise incl Ubah plush toys selling like hot cakes! #UbahRocketStyle http://t.co/w8fsCdur"". {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  21. ^ "Political mascots come into play".
  22. ^ DAP leaders' blogs. Retrieved 12 Feb. 2008.
  23. ^ DAP Leadership Structure. Retrieved 12 Oct. 2008.
  24. ^ "What Utusan doesn't know about DAP - The Malaysian Insider".
  25. ^ Lee, R. 2008. "Tussle for Bukit Bintang hots up". The New Strait Times, 1 Feb. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
  26. ^ "To be or not to be: DAP's debate on datukship - Malaysiakini".
  27. ^ "Media statement by Lim Kit Siang". DAP Malaysia. 2002.
  28. ^ "DAP: Ismail Sabri’s racism claims over Kedai Rakyat exposes baseless" The Malaysian Insider. 17 November 2011.
  29. ^ "Guan Eng testifies he is not a racist". The Sun Daily. 4 Oct 2011.
  30. ^ DAP CEC election error
  31. ^ "Two DAP members lodge reports with RoS, alleging fraud in party elections". The Star (Malaysia).
  32. ^ Lee, Regina. "DAP to contest under PKR, PAS banners if RoS does not revoke letter derecognising party's CEC". The Star (Malaysia).
  33. ^ Karpal confirms DAP to use PAS, PKR logos
  34. ^ Use rocket first during nomination, says Guan Eng
  35. ^ DAP gets to ride the rocket for GE13
  • James Chin. The Sarawak Chinese Voters and their support for the Democratic Action Party (DAP), Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1996, pp 387–401
  • James Chin. The Malaysian Chinese Dilemma: The Never Ending Policy (NEP), Chinese Southern Diaspora Studies, Vol 3, 2009
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