Jump to content

Proud Boys

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Tobor0 (talk | contribs) at 15:28, 4 October 2020 (NPR's The Takeaway is not an authority on hate groups). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Proud Boys
LeaderEnrique Tarrio
Foundation2016; 8 years ago (2016)
MotivesOpposition against socialist and progressive political groups
Active regionsUnited States and Canada
Ideology
Political positionFar-right
Major actionsAggravated assault
Harassment
Picketing
Political violence
Vandalism
Websiteofficialproudboys.com
Part of a series on
Neo-fascism
Celtic cross
Core ideas
Varieties
Origins
Literature
Movements, Organizations,
and Parties
People
History
Related topics
icon Politics portal

The Proud Boys is a far-right,[1][2] neo-fascist[3][4][5][6] and male-only[7][8] organization affiliated with white supremacists[9][10][11] that promotes and engages in political violence.[12][13][14][15] It is based in the United States and also has a presence in Canada.[16] The group originated in the far-right Taki's Magazine[17] in 2016 by Vice Media co-founder and former commentator Gavin McInnes, taking its name from the song "Proud of Your Boy" from the Disney musical Aladdin.[18][19] As the Proud Boys emerged as part of the alt-right, McInnes distanced himself from them in early 2017, saying his focus was "Western values" while the alt-right's focus was race; the re-branding effort intensified following the Unite the Right rally.[20][21]

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) has said that "[w]hile the group can be described as violent, nationalistic, Islamophobic, transphobic and misogynistic, its members represent a range of ethnic backgrounds, and its leaders vehemently protest any allegations of racism."[22][23] The group believes men and Western culture are under siege; their views have elements of the white genocide conspiracy theory.[24][25][26] Officially, the group rejects white supremacy, although it has ties with white supremacist groups.[1][2][27][28] Members have participated in multiple racist events and events centered around anti-left violence, with a former member organizing the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville.[29] The organization glorifies violence[30][31][32][33] and the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) has called it an "alt-right fight club."[29][34][35]

In late November 2018, it was reported the FBI had classified the Proud Boys as an extremist group with ties to white nationalism.[14][36] Two weeks later at an FBI briefing in Clark County, Washington, law enforcement officials denied that it was their intent to classify the entire group in this manner and ascribed the mistake to a misunderstanding. During the briefing, FBI agents suggested using websites for more information, including the SPLC resource.[36][37] The official said that their intent was to characterize the possible threat from certain members of the group.[38]

The organization has been described as a hate group by the ADL and the SPLC.[22][39] In February 2019, despite claims that he broke ties with the group in November 2018,[40][41] McInnes sued the SPLC for defamation and disputed their “hate group” designation which he claimed had damaged his career.[42] In 2019, two Proud Boys were sentenced to four years in prison for attempted gang assault, attempted assault, and other charges for a 2018 New York incident where they attacked individuals who prosecutors said were members of antifa.[43] The Proud Boys have been banned by Facebook/Instagram, Twitter and YouTube.[44] Enrique Tarrio, chairman of the Proud Boys since 2019, is also the Florida State Director of Latinos for Trump.[45][46]

History and organization

Gavin McInnes co-founded Vice magazine in 1994, but he was pushed out in 2008 after several years of turmoil following an interview in The New York Times in which he talked about his pride in being white. After leaving, he began "doggedly hacking a jagged but unrelenting path to the far-right fringes of American culture", according to a 2017 profile in the Canadian Globe and Mail.[47] The Proud Boys organization was launched in September 2016, on the website of Taki's Magazine, a far-right publication for which white nationalist Richard B. Spencer had once served as executive editor.[48] It existed informally before then as a group centered around McInnes, and the first gathering of the Brooklyn chapter in July 2016 resulted in a brawl in the bar where they met.[18] The name is derived from the song "Proud of Your Boy" originally created for Disney's 1992 film Aladdin, but left out following story changes in production, and later featured in the 2011 musical adaptation. In the song the character Aladdin apologizes to his mother for being a bad son and promises to make her proud. McInnes interprets it as Aladdin apologizing for being a boy. He first heard it while attending his daughter's school music recital. The song's "fake, humble, and self-serving" lyrics became a running theme on his podcast. McInnes said it was the most annoying song in the world but that he could not get enough of it.[18]

The organization has been described as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SLPC)[39] and NPR's The Takeaway.[49] Spencer, McInnes and the Proud Boys have been described as hipster racists by Vox[50] and Media Matters for America.[51][52] McInnes says victim mentality of women and other historically oppressed groups is unhealthy, arguing that "[t]here is an incentive to be a victim. It is cool to be a victim." He sees white men and Western culture as "under siege" and described criticism of his ideas as "victim blaming".[47] Their views have elements of the white genocide conspiracy theory.[24][25][26] The group is part of the "alt lite" and it is "overtly Islamophobic".[53] In early 2017, McInnes began to distance himself from the alt-right, saying their focus is race and his focus is what he calls "Western values"; the rebranding effort intensified after the Unite the Right Rally.[20][21][54] In 2018, McInnes was saying that the Proud Boys were part of the "new right".[55]

The organization glorifies political violence against leftists, re-enacting political assassinations, wearing shirts that praise Augusto Pinochet's murders of leftists and participating directly in political violence.[29][34] McInnes has said "I want violence, I want punching in the face. I'm disappointed in Trump supporters for not punching enough."[29][48] He further stated that "[w]e don't start fights [...] but we will finish them."[56] Heidi Beirich, the Intelligence Project director for the SLPC, said that this form of intentional aggression was not common among far-right groups in the past. She further said that the far-right's claim that "[w]e're going to show up and we're intending to get in fights" was new.[57] In late November 2018, it was reported, based on an internal memo of the Clark County, Washington Sheriff's Office, that the FBI had classified the Proud Boys as an extremist group with ties to white nationalism.[14] Two weeks later, the Special Agent in Charge of the FBI's Oregon office denied that the FBI made such designations, ascribing the error by the Sheriff's Office to a confusion over the FBI designating the group as such as a designation made by the SPLC and other outside agencies.[36] While

The organization is opposed to feminism and promotes gender stereotypes in which women are subservient to men.[47][48] The organization has a female-member-only auxiliary wing named "Proud Boys' Girls" that supports the same ideology.[58] The Anti-Defamation League states that the Proud Boys are an "extremist conservative group". According to the ADL, McInnes and the Proud Boys are misogynistic and states that they call women "lazy" and "less ambitious" than men and "venerat[e] the housewife". McInnes has called for "enforced monogamy" and criticized feminism as "a cancer".[53] Some men who are not white—including the group's chairman, Enrique Tarrio—have joined the Proud Boys, drawn by the organization's advocacy for men, anti-immigrant stance, and embrace of violence.[59] Officially, the Proud Boys condemn racism, with Tarrio stating that the group has "longstanding regulations prohibiting racist, white supremacist or violent activity”. The ADL has however deemed the group as having anti-Semitic, Islamophobic and racist views, with the group known to threaten, intimidate or violently assault anti-racism protesters.[60] The group has claimed there is an "inherent superiority of the West", however going to great lengths to mask members' connections to white supremacy.[61] The ADL states that the Proud Boys' "extreme, provocative tactics—coupled with overt or implicit racism, Islamophobia, anti-Semitism and misogyny and the fact that the group is so decentralized, inconsistent, and spread out—suggest the group should be a significant cause for concern".[53]

The Proud Boys has been banned by social media platforms Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and YouTube.[44] In August 2018, Twitter terminated the official account for the group along with McInnes' account under its policy prohibiting violent extremist groups. At the time, the group's profile photo showed a member punching a counter-protester.[62] Facebook and Instagram banned the group and McInnes in October 2018.[63] That same year, YouTube banned the Proud Boys founder for copyright violation in December 2018.[64] On June 16 2020, Facebook announced it had removed 358 accounts off its platform, and 172 off Instagram, that held ties to the organization.[65]

Membership

Proud Boys stand next to Joey Gibson at a 2017 rally in Seattle

According to David Neiwert, they recruit with emphasis on right-wing 15–30 year old white males who come primarily from suburbs and exurbs.[66] The Proud Boys say they have an initiation process that has four stages and includes hazing. The first stage is a loyalty oath, on the order of "I’m a proud Western chauvinist, I refuse to apologize for creating the modern world"; the second is getting punched until the person recites pop culture trivia, such as the names of five breakfast cereals; the third is getting a tattoo and agreeing to not masturbate; and the fourth is getting into a major fight "for the cause."[19][34][67][68][69][70]

The Daily Beast reported in February 2018 that the Proud Boys have amended rules. Prohibition against cargo shorts, use of opioids and crystal meth. The article states restrictions were not placed on cocaine. The masturbation policy was modified to read: "no heterosexual brother of the Fraternity shall masturbate more than one time in any calendar month".[71]

Women aren't allowed to be Proud Boys[48] and the unnamed president of Proud Boys L.A. told the Los Angeles Times the group only admits "biological men".[72] In July 2018, the group had 160 members and up to 300 pending applicants, according to the unidentified Proud Boys L.A. president.[72]

Leadership

Gavin McInnes, Proud Boys founder

Gavin McInnes founded the group and served as its leader, [73][74] although after an incident in October of 2018 which resulted in the prosecution of nine group members, McInnes said that his lawyers had advised him that quitting might help their defense. During the announcement he defended the group, attacked the reporting about it, said white nationalists don't exist, and at times he said things that made it appear he was not quitting, such as "this is 100% a legal gesture, and it is 100% about alleviating sentencing", and said it was a "stepping down gesture, in quotation marks".[40][41]

As of November 2018, the group named its leaders as Enrique Tarrio, designated as "chairman", and the "Elder Chapter", which consists of Harry Fox, Heath Hair, Patrick William Roberts, Joshua Hall, Timothy Kelly, Luke Rofhling and Rufio Panman.[75][76] Jason Lee Van Dyke, who was the organization's lawyer at the time, had been briefly named as chairman to replace Gavin McInnes when he left the group, but the organization announced on November 30 that Van Dyke was no longer associated with the group in any capacity, although his law firm still holds Proud Boys trademarks and is the registered agent for two of the group's chapters.[77]

In December 2018, arrest warrant was issued for Van Dyke over his death threat to a person he previously sued.[78] Although McInnes had earlier said that any Proud Boy member who was known to have attended the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia was kicked out of the organization, the new chairman Enrique Tarrio admitted to having attended the event, but "he had misgivings about the torchlight march and did not participate in it".[70]

Activities and events

New York University (2017)

In February 2017, McInnes arrived at New York University to give a speech, accompanied by a group of about ten Proud Boys. Minor scuffles broke out between Proud Boys and antifa protesters, and the NYPD said that eleven people faced criminal charges. One member of the Proud Boys who encouraged others to fight the "faggots wearing black that won't let us in" was later arrested for punching a reporter from DNAinfo.[79][80][29]

2017 Berkeley protests

Main article: 2017 Berkeley protests

At the 2017 March 4 Trump rally in Berkeley, California, Kyle Chapman was recorded hitting a counter-protester over the head with a wooden dowel. Images of Chapman went viral, and the Proud Boys organized a crowdfunding campaign for Chapman's bail after his arrest. After this, McInnes invited Chapman to become involved with the Proud Boys, through which he formed the Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights.[57]

On April 15, 2017, an alt-right rally was organized in Berkeley by the Liberty Revival Alliance, which did not seek or receive a permit, and was attended by members of the Proud Boys, Identity Evropa (an American neo-Nazi group)[81][82][83] and Oath Keepers (an anti-government far-right group).[84][85][86][87][88] Many of these people traveled to Berkeley from other parts of the country and the rally was counter-protested and violence broke out, resulting in 21 people being arrested.[89][90]

Halifax Indigenous Peoples' protest disruption (2017)

Main article: Statue of Edward Cornwallis § Recent discussions about the statue's removal
External video 2:29
video icon Who are the Proud Boys? on YouTube (CBC News) July 5, 2017

On July 1, 2017, five Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) members who self-identified as Proud Boys disrupted a protest organized by indigenous activists, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, at a statue of Edward Cornwallis, the first Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia. Indigenous activists had previously protested at the site and called for the removal of the statue because of Cornwallis's actions against Natives, including ordering a bounty for scalps of Mi'kmaq people. The Proud Boys carried the Canadian Red Ensign flag from the time of Cornwallis and one of them said to the indigenous protesters, "You are recognising your heritage and so are we."[91]

General Jonathan Vance, the head of the CAF, announced an investigation,[92][93] Rear Admiral John Newton, Commander of the Maritime Fleet of the Royal Canadian Navy, was "personally horrified" by the incident and said the Proud Boys were "clearly a white supremacist group and we fundamentally stand opposed to any of their values."[94] The CAF's investigation concluded by August 2017,[95] Later that month, Newton announced the CAF had taken "appropriate measures to address individual shortcomings" and that four of the members had returned to duty, warning, "Any further inappropriate behavior could result in their termination from the Canadian Armed Forces."[96] In 2018, the statue was removed from the site by the City of Halifax.

Unite the Right rally (2017)

Main article: Unite the Right rally

In June 2017, McInnes disavowed the planned Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia.[47] However, Proud Boys were at the August 2017 alt-right event, which was organized by white supremacist Jason Kessler.[97] Kessler had joined the Proud Boys some time before organizing the event.[98][99][100] McInnes said he had kicked Kessler out after his views on race had become clear.[47] After the rally, Kessler accused McInnes of using him as a "patsy" and said: "You're trying to cuck and save your own ass."[21] Alex Michael Ramos, one of the men convicted for the assault of DeAndre Harris which took place at the rally, was associated with the Proud Boys and Fraternal Order of Alt-Knights.[101]

2017 Islamberg caravan

In July 2017, the Proud Boys joined a caravan to ride through Islamberg, New York, a community of around twenty black Muslim families who moved upstate to escape the crime and racism of New York City, and which has been a target of conspiracy theories from various Islamophobic hate groups and right-wing terrorist plots.[102][103]

Pacific Northwest protests

Tusitala "Tiny" Toese and Proud Boys in Seattle in 2017[104]

The Proud Boys have been active for several years in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.[105] Starting in September 2017 and continuing into 2018, the Proud Boys participated in several rallies organized by Patriot Prayer in Portland, Oregon, and nearby Vancouver, Washington.[106][107][108] Scenes of violence from one of these rallies was turned into a sizzle reel for the Proud Boys and was circulated on social media.[109][110] Violence erupted at two events in June 2018, leaving five people hospitalized after the far-right march on June 30 devolved into a riot in downtown Portland.[111]

2018 Metropolitan Republican Club

In October 2018, McInnes gave a talk at the Metropolitan Republican Club on the Upper East Side of Manhattan.[112][113] He stepped out of his car wearing glasses with Asian eyes drawn on the front and pulled a samurai sword out of its sheath. Police forced him inside. Later, inside the event, McInnes and an Asian member of the Proud Boys re-enacted the 1960 murder of Inejiro Asanuma, the leader of the Japanese Socialist Party; a captioned photograph of the actual murder had become a meme in alt-right social media.[48] The audience for the event was described by The New York Times as "a cross-section of New York’s far-right subculture: libertarians, conspiracy theorists and nationalists who have coalesced around their opposition to Islam, feminism and liberal politics."[114]

Anti-fascist activists had started protesting outside the club before the event and had reportedly engaged in vandalism. Following cross-provocations between the opposing sides, the Proud Boys charged towards the protesters, who threw a bottle in response, resulting in a fight.[114][115] NYC police present at the protest reportedly did not respond.[48][116]

On November 21, 2018, shortly after news broke that the FBI had classified the Proud Boys as an extremist group with ties to white nationalists—a claim later disavowed by an FBI official, who said they only intended to characterize the potential threat of some members of the group[36]—McInnes said that his lawyers had advised him that quitting might help the nine members being prosecuted for the incidents in October and he said "this is 100% a legal gesture, and it is 100% about alleviating sentencing", and said it was a "stepping down gesture, in quotation marks".[40][41]

The fallout from the incident left the group in internal disarray.[114] After McInnes nominally left the group, the "Elder Chapter" of the group reportedly assumed control. Jason Lee Van Dyke, the group's lawyer, was appointed as the chapter's chairman.[75][117] Van Dyke was previously known for suing news media and anti-fascist activists for reporting on the group, and for making violent online threats with racist language.[118][119] The group then publicly released its new bylaw online, with the names of its "Elder Chapter" members listed and redacted. The redaction was later discovered to be botched, as the list of names can be accessed by selecting over the black bar of the released document.[75] A day later, the chapter announced that Van Dyke was no longer leader of the group, and Enrique Tarrio is the group's new chairman.[76]

Arrests and prosecutions of the Proud Boys in connection with incident

Video evidence from three separate videos showed conclusively that the Proud Boys had instigated the fight after the Metropolitan Republican Club event.[120][121] John Miller, New York City's deputy police commissioner for intelligence and counterterrorism, said that "incidents like [the post-MRC fight] make it more likely" that the Proud Boys would be "higher on the radar" of authorities.[114]

Ten men connected to the Proud Boys were arrested in connection with the October 2018 incident.[122] Seven Proud Boys pleaded guilty to various charges including riot, disorderly conduct and attempted assault.[122][123] Two of the men who accepted plea deals were sentenced to five days of community service and did not receive jail time.[124] In August 2019, two of the Proud Boys, Maxwell Hare and John Kinsman, were convicted following a jury trial of attempted gang assault, attempted assault and riot; the jury deliberated a day and a half of deliberations before rejecting their claims of self-defense.[122] Hare and Kinsman were each sentenced to four years in prison.[125] The final defendant is awaiting trial.[122][123]

The four anti-fascist victims of the beating are not cooperating with prosecutors, even to the extent of revealing their identities, and are known only as "Shaved Head", "Ponytail", "Khaki" and "Spiky Belt". Because of their non-cooperation, the Proud Boys could not be charged with assault—which requires evidence of injury—and were instead charged with riot and attempted assault, which merely require an attempt to cause injury. Without the victims to testify, the bulk of the evidence in the trial came from videos of the incident, including footage shot by a video documentarian, and video from security cameras.[122][123]

Connection with Roger Stone

In early 2018, ahead of an appearance at the annual Republican Dorchester Conference in Salem, Oregon, Stone sought out the Proud Boys to act as his "security" for the event; photos posted online showed Stone drinking with several Proud Boys.[126][127][128]

In February 2018, the Proud Boys posted a video on Facebook which they described as Stone undergoing a "low-level initiation" into the group. As part of the initiation, Stone says "Hi, I'm Roger Stone. I'm a Western chauvinist. I refuse to apologize for creating the modern world", making him a "first-degree" member, which Kutner characterizes as being a "sympathizer". Stone denies being a member of the group. In July 2020, Facebook announced it had shut down the accounts and pages linked to Stone and Proud Boys. This network of over 100 Facebook and Instagram accounts spent more than $300,000 on ads to promote their posts and included false personas.[129]

In late January 2019, when Stone was arrested by the FBI on seven criminal counts in connection with the Mueller investigation, Enrique Tarrio, the chairman of the Proud Boys, met Stone as he left the courthouse in Florida. Tarrio, who wore a "Roger Stone Did Nothing Wrong" T-shirt, sold by a company owned by Tarrio, told a local TV reporter that the indictment was nothing but "trumped-up charges", and was later seen visiting Stone's house. The next day, in Washington D.C., a small number of Proud Boys demonstrated outside the courthouse where Stone pleaded not guilty to the charges, carrying "Roger Stone did nothing wrong" signs and others that promoted the InfoWars conspiracy website. The Proud Boys got into an argument with anti-Stone hecklers.[130][131][132] Tarrio was later filmed behind President Donald Trump in February 2019, during a televised speech in Miami, where he was seen wearing the same message on a T-shirt.[133]

Proud Boys founder Gavin McInnes said Stone was "one of the three approved media figures allowed to speak" about the group.[134] When Stone was asked by a local reporter about the Proud Boys' claim that he had been initiated as a member of the group, he responded by calling the reporter a member of the Communist party.[128] He is particularly close to the group's current leader Enrique Tarrio, who has commercially monetized his position.[128]

2019 Portland mayor threat

In January 2019, Reggie Axtell, a member of the Proud Boys, threatened Ted Wheeler, Portland, Oregon's Democratic mayor, in a Facebook video post. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, Axtell said in the video that Wheeler's "days are fucking numbered ... I promise you this, Ted Wheeler: I’m coming for you, you little punk." Axtell also said that he would "unmask every [anti-fascist] son of a bitch that I come across", referring to a campaign initiated by Patriot Prayer leader Joey Gibson, Proud Boy Tusitala "Tiny" Toese and former Proud Boy Russell Schultz to tear off the bandanas of anti-fascist demonstrators and taking pictures of their faces, thereby "demasking" them. The announcement of the campaign came shortly after an altercation that took place when Proud Boys and Patriot Prayer members attempted and failed to invade a chapter meeting of the left-wing organization Democratic Socialists of America. The groups clashed with anti-fascist activists nearby after being denied entry to the meeting, and said that they had been attacked.[135][136][137]

1776.shop

In February 2019, Slate magazine reported that Square, Chase Paymentech, and PayPal had pulled their payment processing services from 1776.shop, an online far-right merchandise site associated with the Proud Boys. 1776.shop lists itself as a project of Fund the West LLC, a Miami business registered to Henry Tarrio. In the past, Enrique Tarrio, the chairman of Proud Boys, has said that he is the "business owner" of 1776.shop, raising the probability that "Henry Tarrio" and "Enrique Tarrio" are the same person. Henry Tarrio is also the registered owner of "Proudboys LLC", which uses the same address as Fund the West.[138]

Menacing critics

In July 2019, it was reported that on several occasions Proud Boys had gone to the homes of their critics and menaced them. In June 2018, Vic Berger, who posts videos online mocking far-right figures, including Proud Boy founder Gavin McInnes, reported that he was visited at his home by a Proud Boy who told him that "You’re really hurting the Proud Boys. You need to stop making these videos." Berger later said he had come into possession of an internal Proud Boy document which called for Proud Boys to find the addresses of their opponents and those of their relatives and "SHOW THEM THERE ARE CONSEQUENCES!!!"

On June 29, 2019, a group of Proud Boys showed up at 11 p.m. at the Philadelphia home of Gwen Snyder, who tracks the movements of the Proud Boys. Snyder wasn't home at the time, so the group spoke to a neighbor, telling them that Snyder needed to stop posting on Twitter the names of Proud Boys and other information about them; "You tell that fat bitch she better stop", one of the group allegedly said. Snyder reported the threat to the Philadelphia police, giving them security camera footage of the incident. Prior to the menacing of Snyder, an anonymous Proud Boy posted on Telegram, an encrypted Russian messaging app, a comment which called for action against "Philly's biggest shit stains."[139]

2019 "Demand Free Speech" rally

A Proud Boys rally called "Demand Free Speech"[140] took place on July 6, 2019, in Washington, D.C.'s Freedom Plaza and Pershing Park, drawing about 250 people.[141][142][143] McInnes, Laura Loomer and Milo Yiannopoulos appeared, but former Trump advisor Roger Stone and Jacob Wohl did not. A counter-protest/dance party across the street drew more people than the main rally. Police said there were only minor skirmishes between the far-right and antifa, and no arrests were made.[141][142][143]

Republican candidate Omar Navarro, a perennial challenger for Democratic Congresswoman Maxine Waters' congressional seat, withdrew from speaking at the event, tweeting that his ex-girlfriend DeAnne Lorraine, a self-described "MAGA relationship expert," had threatened him, using cocaine and having sex with members of the Proud Boys.[140] In response to Navarro's tweets, the Proud Boys issued a video featuring former InfoWars staff member Joe Biggs and Ethan Nordean—the star of a viral video showing him beating up an antifa protester—in which they "banished" Navarro from the Proud Boys. The Proud Boys' chairman, Enrique Tarrio, described the group as "pro-drugs". Other speakers who had been scheduled for the rally, including Pizzagate promoters Mike Cernovich and Jack Posobiec, had already cancelled their appearances, for reasons not apparently related to Navarro's charges.[140]

Taunting soccer fans

After Major League Soccer (MLS) ruled that the Emerald City Supporters (ECS), the anti-fascist fans of the Seattle Sounders Football Club, could not fly the flag of the 1930s anti-Nazi Iron Front paramilitary group at Sounders' matches, eleven members of the Proud Boys met the group of about 100 people as they marched into the stadium on August 4, 2019 to taunt and yell expletives at them. There was additional police coverage, with the only incident occurring when the Proud Boys attempted to enter a bar which is a known place for ECS members to gather. The MLS had categorized the Iron Front flag as "political imagery", which was at that time forbidden under league rules. However, groups in Seattle and elsewhere challenged the ruling,[144] which was reversed in September 2019 when the MLS reaffirmed "its long-time commitment to the values of inclusion and diversity, including opposition to racism, fascism and homophobia and to ensuring that there is no place for repugnant hate speech in MLS stadiums".[145][146][147]

2019 "End Domestic Terrorism" rally

Main article: End Domestic Terrorism rally

The Proud Boys and radio talk show host and former InfoWars staff member Joe Biggs organized a demonstration held in Portland on August 17, 2019 which members of numerous far-right groups attended.[148][149] The rally, which was sometimes subtitled "Better Dead Than Red",[150] was intended to promote the idea that antifa should be classified as "domestic terrorism". It received national attention, including a Tweet from President Donald Trump.[151][152] The event drew more counter-demonstrators than participants—with at least one group urging its members in advance not to attend—and ended with the Proud Boys requesting a police escort to leave.[149]

Haverford, Pennsylvania, volunteer fire company

In September 2019, Haverford Township, Pennsylvania, announced that one of its volunteer fire companies, the Bon Air Fire Company, had been permanently relieved of duty at the end of business the previous day because of its unwillingness to dismiss a leader in the fire company, Bruce McClay Jr., who was in the "initiation" process of joining the Proud Boys; McClay had offered his resignation, but the fire company had declined to accept it.[153][154] Four days after the township cut ties with the Bon Aire Fire Company, the fire company reversed its decision and accepted McClay's resignation, saying its initial decision to refuse it was a "mistake"; this cleared the way for the township to re-open the company.[155]

Proud Boys at an Ohio event in 2020

2020 protests

Proud Boys at Second Amendment Rally in Richmond, VA

In January 2020, the Proud Boys attended a large Second Amendment rally in Richmond, Virginia. They are opposed to Black Lives Matter protests and see attempts to remove statues of Confederate leaders and other historical figures as a "left-wing plot to destroy American history".[156]

Facebook officials reported that on May 30, internal systems flagged activity from Proud Boys-related accounts encouraging "armed agitators" to attend protests following the killing of George Floyd.[65]

The group remained active in the Pacific Northwest and by 2020 had a dozen chapters in Idaho, Washington and Oregon.[157] In June 2020, members of the Proud Boys rallied at the Capitol Hill Autonomous Zone in Seattle, Washington, in an effort to confront protesters.[156]

Arrests and prosecutions of Proud Boys in 2020

Washington resident and Proud Boys member Tusitala "Tiny" Toese, known for brawling in the streets of Portland and Seattle during political protests,[158] was arrested in Washington on August 28, 2020.[159] He was wanted for multiple probation violations related to his 2018 misdemeanor assault conviction that left a protester with stitches and a concussion in June 2018.[159][160] Toese, previously affiliated with Patriot Prayer, had been observed participating in other assaults with members of the Proud Boys, including an assault at a Clark County, Washington mall in May 2018[161] and an assault in Seattle in June 2020.[160]

Texas-based Proud Boys member Alan Swinney was arrested on September 30, 2020 and held in Oregon on "multiple assault charges, pointing a firearm at another, unlawful use of a weapon and unlawful use of tear gas, stun gun or mace."[162] Swinney had been recorded firing airsoft pellets at protesters and journalists, and at one point brandished a revolver at his opponents during a Portland, Oregon protest in August 2020.[163]

2020 presidential debate

In the first 2020 presidential debate on September 29, 2020, US President Donald Trump was asked by moderator Chris Wallace: "Are you willing, tonight, to condemn white supremacists and militia groups, and to say that they need to stand down and not add to the violence in a number of these cities as we saw in Kenosha, and as we have seen in Portland?" Trump replied: "Sure. Sure, I am willing to do that." He then asked for clarification, saying: "Who would you like me to condemn?" Wallace mentioned "white supremacists and right wing militia". During the exchange, Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden replied "Proud Boys" and Trump replied: "Proud Boys, stand back and stand by, but I'll tell you what, I'll tell you what, somebody's got to do something about antifa and the left, because this is not a right-wing problem."[164] Shortly after, Joe Biggs, one of the Proud Boys organizers, shared through his Parler social media account a logo with the president's words "Stand back" and "Stand by".[165]

External videos
video icon The Proud Boys: How the right-wing extremist group gained prominence. The Washington Post, September 30, 2020.

One researcher said that Proud Boys memberships on Telegram channels grew nearly 10 percent after the debate. The Washington Post reported that Trump's comments were quickly "enshrined in memes, including one depicting Trump in one of the Proud Boys' signature polo shirts. Another meme showed Trump's quote alongside an image of bearded men carrying American flags and appearing to prepare for a fight."[166]

On September 30, President Trump clarified his statement, stating that he "doesn't know what the Proud Boys are" and that "they should stand down. Let law enforcement do their work."[167][168] On October 1, Trump said on Sean Hannity's show: "I've said it many times, and let me be clear again: I condemn the KKK. I condemn all white supremacists. I condemn the Proud Boys. I don't know much about the Proud Boys, almost nothing. But I condemn that."[169][170][171]

Lawsuits

SPLC lawsuit

Although he had supposedly cut his ties with the Proud Boys by November 2018, stepping down as chairman,[40][41] McInnes filed a defamation lawsuit in February 2019 against the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) in federal court in Alabama over the SPLC's designation of the Proud Boys as a "general hate" group.[42][172] The SPLC says on its website that "McInnes plays a duplicitous rhetorical game: rejecting white nationalism and, in particular, the term 'alt-right' while espousing some of its central tenets," and that the group's "rank-and-file [members] and leaders regularly spout white nationalist memes and maintain affiliations with known extremists. They are known for anti-Muslim and misogynistic rhetoric. Proud Boys have appeared alongside other hate groups at extremist gatherings like the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville".[39][172] McInnes is represented by Ronald Coleman. In addition to defamation, McInnes claimed tortious interference with economic advantage, "false light invasion of privacy," and "aiding and abetting employment discrimination".[173] The day after filing the suit, McInnes announced that he had been re-hired by the Canadian far-right media group The Rebel Media.[174]

The SPLC filed a motion to dismiss the lawsuit in July 2019.[175]

May 2019 federal lawsuit

On May 17, 2019, Bill Burke of Ohio filed a $3 million lawsuit against the Proud Boys, Kessler, and multiple other people and groups associated with the Unite the Right rally. Burke was seriously injured in the August 2017 Charlottesville car attack which followed the event.[176][177] The 64-page initial complaint alleges that the named parties "conspired to plan, promote and carry out the violent events in Charlottesville". According to Burke, his physical and mental injuries have led to "severe psychological and emotional suffering".[178][179]

Subgroups

Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights

In 2017, Kyle Chapman, nicknamed "Based Stickman" after the 2017 Berkeley protests, formed a paramilitary wing of the Proud Boys called the Fraternal Order of the Alt-Knights (FOAK).[57] Alt-right figure Augustus Sol Invictus acted as FOAK's second-in-command until he left the group.[39]

Symbolism

Members of the Proud Boys can be identified by their use of black and yellow Fred Perry polo shirts, American flags, Make America Great Again hats and military armor. Members often carry guns.[180]

Association with Fred Perry clothing

Proud Boy in a Fred Perry polo and MAGA hat at a neo-Confederate rally in 2019

Since the early days of the group, Proud Boys have worn black and yellow Fred Perry polo shirts on McInnes' suggestion.[181][182][183] The brand, having previously been negatively associated with skinheads and the British National Front in the 1970s,[183] issued several public statements distancing themselves from the beliefs of the Proud Boys, and calling on members to stop wearing their clothing.[184][185]

In 2017, Fred Perry's CEO John Flynn denounced the affiliation with the Proud Boys in a statement to CBC Radio, saying: "We don't support the ideals or the group that you speak of. It is counter to our beliefs and the people we work with."[186] The shirts have not been sold in the U.S. since September 2019. In September 2020, the retailer announced that it will not sell them in the U.S. until association with Proud Boys has ended.[187]

MAGA hats

Proud Boys are identifiable by their red MAGA hats which they frequently wear along with the Fred Perry black polo shirts.[156][188][189][190]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b MacFarquhar, Neil; Feuer, Alan; Baker, Mike; Frenkel, Sheera (September 30, 2020). "Far-Right Group That Trades in Political Violence Gets a Boost". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  2. ^ a b Shannon, Joel. "Who are the Proud Boys? Far-right group has concerned experts for years". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  3. ^ HoSang, Daniel (2019). Producers, Parasites, Patriots: Race and the New Right-Wing Politics of Precarity. University of Minnesota Press. p. 2. ISBN 9781452960340. [...] groups such as the protofascist Proud Boys [...].
  4. ^ Vitolo-Haddad, CV (June 11, 2019). "The Blood of Patriots: Symbolic Violence and 'The West'". Rhetoric Society Quarterly. 49: 280–296 – via Taylor & Francis Online. Proud Boys [...] advance a fascist politic [...].
  5. ^ McLaren, Peter (October 10, 2019). "Are those whiffs of fascism that I smell? Living behind the orange curtain". Educational Philosophy and Theory. 52: 1011–1015. Archived from the original on December 13, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2020 – via Taylor & Francis Online. [...] the hate-filled, far-right neo-fascist organization, Proud Boys.
  6. ^ Kutner, Samantha (2020). "Swiping Right: The Allure of Hyper Masculinity and Cryptofascism for Men Who Join the Proud Boys" (PDF). International Centre for Counter-Terrorism: 1 – via JSTOR.
  7. ^ Sernau, Scott (2019). Social Inequality in a Global Age. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781544309309. The Proud Boys, an all-male neo-fascist group [...].
  8. ^ Álvarez, Rebecca (2020). Vigilante Gender Violence: Social Class, the Gender Bargain, and Mob Attacks on Women Worldwide. Routledge. ISBN 1000174131. The Proud Boys are a neo-fascist masculinist hate group.
  9. ^ "Trump denounces 'all white supremacists' including Proud Boys". Al Jazeera. October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020. US President Donald Trump has condemned all white supremacist groups, including the far-right "Proud Boys," an organisation identified as a hate group, following comments he made at the presidential debate earlier this week.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  10. ^ Togoh, Isabel (October 2, 2020). "Trump Says, 'I Condemn All White Supremacists' Days After Giving The Proud Boys A Shout-Out On The Debate Stage". Forbes. Retrieved October 4, 2020. Days after President Donald Trump failed to condemn white supremacist groups,...Trump briefly denounced all such groups, including the Proud Boys and the Ku Klux Klan, during an interview with Fox News on Thursday.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. ^ Shannon, Joel (September 30, 2020). "Who are the Proud Boys? Far-right group has concerned experts for years". USA Today. Retrieved October 4, 2020. The Proud Boys, a far-right group with a history of violent confrontations, is gaining increased national scrutiny as academics and advocates have warned the group has ties to white supremacy.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ Cite error: The named reference Guardian 2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  13. ^ Lowry, Rich (October 19, 2018). "The Poisonous Allure of Right-Wing Violence". National Review. Archived from the original on October 22, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018. McInnes is open about his glorification of violence. In a speech, he described a clash with Antifa outside a talk he gave at NYU last year: "My guys are left to fight. And here's the crucial part: We do. And we beat the crap out of them." He related what a Proud Boy who got arrested told him afterward: "It was really, really fun." According to McInnes: "Violence doesn't feel good. Justified violence feels great. And fighting solves everything."
  14. ^ a b c Wilson, Jason (November 19, 2018). "FBI now classifies far-right Proud Boys as 'extremist group', documents say". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 20, 2018. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
  15. ^ Rosenberg, Eli (November 19, 2018). "FBI considers Proud Boys extremists with white-nationalist ties, law enforcement officials say". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
  16. ^ "'Proud Boys' back in Canada military after crashing indigenous ceremony". BBC News. August 31, 2017. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved July 21, 2018.
  17. ^ Coaston, Jane (October 15, 2018). "The Proud Boys, the bizarre far-right street fighters behind violence in New York, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  18. ^ a b c Disser, Nicole (July 28, 2016). "Gavin McInnes and his Proud Boys want to make white men great again". Bedford + Bowery. New York. Archived from the original on February 9, 2019.
  19. ^ a b Ellis, Emma Grey (May 22, 2017). "Your Handy Field Guide to the Many Factions of the Far Right, from the Proud Boys to Identity Evropa." Archived August 31, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Wired. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  20. ^ a b Marantz, Andrew (July 6, 2017). "The Alt-Right Branding War Has Torn the Movement in Two". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on August 10, 2017. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
  21. ^ a b c Woodhouse, Leighton Akio (September 21, 2017). "After Charlottesville, the American Far Right is Tearing Itself Apart". The Intercept. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  22. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference ADL was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ "Proud Boys". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  24. ^ a b Brown, Doug (December 12, 2017). ""Proud Boys" Founder Wants to "Trigger the Entire State of Oregon" by Helping Patriot Prayer's Joey Gibson win the Oregon Person of the Year Poll (Updated)". Portland Mercury. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  25. ^ a b Moser, Bob (October 6, 2017). "Why the "Alt-Lite" Celebrated the Las Vegas Massacre". The New Republic. Archived from the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  26. ^ a b Walters, Joanna (August 17, 2017). "Neo-Nazis, white nationalists, and internet trolls: who's who in the far right". the Guardian. Archived from the original on November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  27. ^ Cite error: The named reference StandByPost was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  28. ^ Hawkins, Derek; Jr, Cleve R. Wootson; Timberg, Craig. "Trump's 'stand by' remark puts the Proud Boys in the spotlight". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020. Proud Boys have ties to white supremacists and sometimes use nationalist rhetoric common among hate groups.
  29. ^ a b c d e Weill, Kelly; Shallwani, Pervaiz (October 15, 2018). "NYPD Looks to Charge 9 Proud Boys With Assault for Manhattan Fight". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on October 16, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  30. ^ Ward, Ollie (November 19, 2018). "The FBI Has Classified the Violent 'Proud Boys' as an 'Extremist Group'". HillReporter.com. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  31. ^ Weill, Kelly (January 29, 2019). "The Proud Boys Are Now Roger Stone's Personal Army". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  32. ^ Jacobs, Shayna. "Not so 'Proud Boys' get prison time for Upper East Side scrap with Antifa". nydailynews.com. Archived from the original on June 19, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  33. ^ Weill, Kelly (February 15, 2019). "Antifa: Portland Police 'Protect White Supremacy' by Passing Intel to Patriot Prayer". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  34. ^ a b c Morlin, Bill (April 25, 2017). "New Alt-Right "Fight Club" Ready for Street Violence". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  35. ^ Carter, Mike (May 1, 2017). "Seattle police wary of May Day violence between pro- and anti-Trump groups". Seattle Times. Archived from the original on October 30, 2018. Retrieved November 13, 2018.
  36. ^ a b c d Bernstein, Maxine (December 4, 2018). "Head of Oregon's FBI: Bureau doesn't designate Proud Boys as extremist group". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on December 6, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  37. ^ McMillan, Keith; Rosenberg, Eli (December 7, 2018). "The FBI says the Proud Boys are not an extremist group after all". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved December 8, 2018.
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference barnes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ a b c d "Proud Boys". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on October 16, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  40. ^ a b c d Wilson, Jason (November 22, 2018). "Proud Boys founder Gavin McInnes quits 'extremist' far-right group". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 24, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2018.
  41. ^ a b c d Prengel, Kate (November 21, 2018). "Gavin McInnes Says He Is Quitting the Proud Boys" (video). Heavy.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  42. ^ a b Associated Press (February 4, 2019) "Proud Boys founder Gavin McInnes sues Southern Poverty Law Center over hate group label" Archived February 4, 2019, at the Wayback Machine NBC News
  43. ^ Levy, Rachael (September 30, 2020). "Who Are the Proud Boys? Trump Tells Far-Right Group to 'Stand Back and Stand By'". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020. The men were found guilty of attempted gang assault, attempted assault and other charges after prosecutors said they had attacked members of antifa.
  44. ^ a b Wendling, Mike (September 30, 2020). "Who are Proud Boys and antifa?". BBC News. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  45. ^ Sidner, Sara (October 1, 2020). "Leader of Proud Boys also leads grassroots group Latinos for Trump". CNN. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020.
  46. ^ "Team Trump | Latinos for Trump". web.archive.org. August 27, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  47. ^ a b c d e Houpt, Simon (August 18, 2017). "Vice co-founder Gavin McInnes's path to the far-right frontier". Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  48. ^ a b c d e f Coaston, Jane (October 15, 2018). "The Proud Boys, the bizarre far-right street fighters behind violence in New York, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  49. ^ "Gavin McInnes and the Proud Boys: Misogyny, Authoritarianism, and the Rise of Multiracial White Supremacy". The Takeaway: WNYC Studios. October 16, 2018. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  50. ^ Hemmer, Nicole (December 2, 2016). "Tweedy racists and "ironic" anti-Semites: the alt-right fits a historical pattern". Vox. Archived from the original on February 5, 2019. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  51. ^ Theel, Shauna (June 5, 2014). "Meet The Hipster Racist Fox News Guest Attacking Neil deGrasse Tyson". Media Matters for America. Archived from the original on October 17, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  52. ^ Osnos, Evan (February 6, 2017). "Trump Supporters at the DeploraBall". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on March 6, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
  53. ^ a b c "Proud Boys". www.adl.org. Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 3, 2019.
  54. ^ Campbell, Jon (February 15, 2017). "Gavin McInnes Wants You to Know He's Totally Not a White Supremacist". Village Voice. Archived from the original on October 19, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
  55. ^ Chung, Frank (August 21, 2018). "Right-wing activist heading to Australia". Northern Star. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  56. ^ Feuer, Alan (October 16, 2018). "Proud Boys Founder: How He Went From Brooklyn Hipster to Far-Right Provocateur". New York Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018.
  57. ^ a b c Feuer, Alan; Peters, Jeremy W. (June 2, 2017). "Fringe Groups Revel as Protests Turn Violent". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 22, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  58. ^ Zadrozny, Brandy; Siemaszko, Corky (November 20, 2018). "The Boys and Girls of white nationalism: 'Proud' groups labeled 'extremist' in newly revealed FBI files". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 21, 2018. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  59. ^ Gupta, Arun (September 4, 2018). "Why Young Men of Color Are Joining White-Supremacist Groups". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved October 21, 2018.
  60. ^ "Explained: Who are the Proud Boys, the far-right group that Donald Trump mentioned in the presidential debate?". Indian Express. October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  61. ^ Boryga, Andrew (October 3, 2020). "Proud Boys: A small, incendiary group chummy with Florida and its political figures". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved October 4, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  62. ^ Roettgers, Janko (August 10, 2018). "Twitter Shuts Down Accounts of Vice Co-Founder Gavin McInnes, Proud Boys Ahead of 'Unite the Right' Rally". Variety. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved October 22, 2018.
  63. ^ "Far-right group Proud Boys banned from Facebook, Instagram". CBC. October 31, 2018. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  64. ^ Solsman, Joan E. (December 10, 2018). "YouTube bans Proud Boys founder Gavin McInnes, latest tech giant to kick him off". CNET. Archived from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  65. ^ a b Mosk, Matthew; Osborne, Mark (June 17, 2020). "Facebook takes down Proud Boys, American Guard accounts connected to protests". ABC News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  66. ^ Neiwert, David (October 16, 2018). "Gavin McInnes and the Proud Boys: Misogyny, Authoritarianism, and the Rise of Multiracial White Supremacy" (Podcast). The Takeaway. WNYC Studios. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020.
  67. ^ Proud Boys: ‘Willing to go places and disrupt things’ Archived September 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Toronto Sun (July 6, 2017)
  68. ^ Gilmour, David (September 7, 2017). "Meet the Proud Boys, the pro-men, anti-masturbation enemy of 'antifa'". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  69. ^ Hall, Alexandra (November 26, 2017). "Controversial Proud Boys Embrace 'Western Values,' Reject Feminism And Political Correctness". Wisconsin Public Radio. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
  70. ^ a b Staff (December 12, 2018) "Proud Boys founder denies inciting violence, responds to whether he feels responsible for group's behavior" Archived December 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine ABC News
  71. ^ Sommer, Will (November 27, 2018). "New Proud Boy Rules: Less Fighting, Less Wanking". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  72. ^ a b Cosgrove, Jaclyn (July 17, 2018). "The Proud Boys walk into a bar. A fight breaks out. Now a Los Angeles bar deals with the consequences". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on December 9, 2018. Retrieved December 7, 2018.
  73. ^ Kalmbacher, Colin (January 5, 2019). "Proud Boys Founder Gavin McInnes Wants Neighbors to Take Down Anti-Hate Yard Signs". lawandcrime.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  74. ^ Breland, Ali. "The neo-fascist proud boys organized a "free speech" rally in DC. It flopped". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on July 7, 2019. Retrieved September 26, 2020. Gavin McInnes, founder of the neo-fascist group the Proud Boys, was struggling to break apart toy handcuffs he had brought onstage.
  75. ^ a b c Crosbie, Jack (November 28, 2018). "The Proud Boys Just Accidentally Doxxed Their New 'Elders'". Splinter. Archived from the original on November 28, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  76. ^ a b Merlan, Anna (November 29, 2018). "The Proud Boys' Hilarious Slow-Motion Disintegration Continues". Splinter. Archived from the original on November 30, 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
  77. ^ Wilson, Jason (November 30, 2018). "Gavin McInnes: founder of far-right Proud Boys denied Australian visa". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  78. ^ LaFerney, Dalton; Duncan, Jenna. "Arrest warrant issued for Jason Van Dyke". Denton Record-Chronicle. Archived from the original on December 22, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2018.
  79. ^ Offenhartz, Jake (February 3, 2017). "Anti-Fascist Protesters Clash With 'Proud Boys' As Gavin McInnes Speaks At NYU". Gothamist. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  80. ^ Campbell, Jon (February 15, 2017). "Gavin McInnes Wants You to Know He's Totally Not a White Supremacist". Village Voice. Archived from the original on March 12, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  81. ^ "Meet the neo-Nazi coming to put up white pride posters on your campus". The Tab US. February 15, 2017. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved January 16, 2018.
  82. ^ Kelley, Brendan (November 27, 2017). "Identity Evropa's Controversial New Ringleader". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on May 7, 2020. But not that long ago, in spring of this year, Mosley a/k/a Kline wasn't shy about the bigotry in his polemics whatsoever. In a report for Andrew Anglin's Daily Stormer about a pro-Trump demonstration in March, Mosley wrote, 'In Philadelphia, the city of faggotry love, played out an alliance between the Nazi led marchers and local police departments against their oven-dodging enemies… Spoiler, the Nazis won bigly.' He continues, 'This is a sign that we have moved into a new era in the Nazification of America. Normie Trump supporters are becoming racially aware and Jew Wise.'
  83. ^ Gardner, Elena (February 24, 2018). "White supremacist decals found at Gonzaga University". KXLY. Archived from the original on March 27, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  84. ^ Beckett, Lois; Laughland, Oliver (November 5, 2016). "Specter of election day violence looms as Trump spurs vigilante poll watchers". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2016. One of America's largest anti-government armed militia groups, the Oath Keepers.
  85. ^ "The Oath Keepers: Anti-Government Extremists Recruiting Military and Police". Anti-Defamation League. September 16, 2015. Archived from the original on January 17, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2016. The Oath Keepers are a large but loosely organized collection of anti‐government extremists who are part of the broader anti‐government 'Patriot' movement, which includes militia and 'three percenter' groups, sovereign citizens, and tax protesters, among others. [...] The ideology of the Oath Keepers most closely resembles that of the militia movement [...].
  86. ^ Skocpol, Theda; Williamson, Vanessa (2012). The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism. Oxford University Press. p. 33. ISBN 9780190633660. Archived from the original on June 27, 2020. Retrieved December 1, 2016. Some anti-government extremists have unquestionably found their way into Tea Party groups—for example, members of the Oath Keepers, a group centered on current and former law enforcement officers. Expecting the Obama Administration to declare martial law across the country and detain citizens en masse, Oath Keepers proclaim their readiness to engage in armed insurrection to counter this supposed threat from the federal government. [...] The possibility of such a confrontation is not entirely rhetorical because members of the Oath Keepers have been tied to various militia groups.
  87. ^ Feuer, Alan (January 16, 2016). "Standoff in Oregon Attracts Supporters Bearing Disparate Grievances". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2016. Some are members of the so-called Patriot movement, an umbrella effort of antigovernment activists that includes groups like the Oath Keepers, an organization of law enforcement officers and military veterans.
  88. ^ Crowley, Michael (August 10, 2016). "Trump's long dalliance with violent rhetoric". Politico. Archived from the original on August 3, 2019. Retrieved December 1, 2016. In April, the popular anti-government group Oath Keepers published an essay on its website warning of 'outright civil war' in the event that Clinton is elected.
  89. ^ St. John, Paige; Rocha, Veronica (April 27, 2017). "Conservative and alt-right groups gather for 'free speech' rally in Berkeley". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
  90. ^ John, Paige St. (April 28, 2017). "For many at violent Berkeley rally, it wasn't really about Trump or free speech: They came to make trouble". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 30, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  91. ^ Cite error: The named reference indigenous was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  92. ^ Tasker, John Paul. "Head of Canada's Indigenous veterans group hopes Proud Boys don't lose their CAF jobs". CBC. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved July 6, 2017.
  93. ^ McMillan, Elizabeth (July 4, 2017). "Forces members who disrupted Indigenous rally face 'severe consequences'". CBC. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved July 10, 2017.
  94. ^ Roache, Trina (July 5, 2017). "The military apologizes while a grandmother demands action on "Proud Boys" behavior". APTN National News. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
  95. ^ Previl, Sean (August 14, 2017). "Investigation into 'Proud Boys' incident in Halifax concluded: military official". Global News. Archived from the original on September 19, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  96. ^ "No criminal or disciplinary charges for Canadian military "Proud Boys" – group now back on the job". Ottawa Citizen. August 31, 2017. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
  97. ^ Yager, Jordy (August 23, 2017). "Living Next Door to a White Supremacist". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on October 18, 2017. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
  98. ^ Strickland, Patrick (August 13, 2017). "Unite the Right: White supremacists rally in Virginia". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on August 12, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  99. ^ Porter, Tom (August 12, 2017). "Who are the alt-right leaders and provocateurs addressing the Charlottesville white nationalist rally?". Newsweek. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  100. ^ Lind, Dara (August 12, 2017). "Unite the Right, the violent white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017. Retrieved August 21, 2017.
  101. ^ "Charlottesville Beating Suspect Is Guilty". njtoday.net. May 3, 2018. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2018.
  102. ^ Obeidallah, Dean (July 14, 2017). "Trump-Supporting Bigots to Target Upstate New York Muslims". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on August 11, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  103. ^ Feuer, Alan; Winston, Ali (October 19, 2018). "Founder of Proud Boys Says He's Arranging Surrender of Men in Brawl". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2018. Retrieved October 23, 2018. Driving in a caravan toward Islamberg, an Islamic community in upstate New York, Mr. Young discussed his impressions of Muslims on the video. 'They are literally a virus,' he said. 'They eat and feed off the host nation until it's dead.'
  104. ^ "Tusitola "Tiny" Toese explained why the Proud Boys took to the streets of Portland on Saturday, August 22, 2020". KOIN (TV). August 23, 2020.
  105. ^ Wendling, Mike (March 8, 2019). "Meet the people at America's political extremes". BBC News. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  106. ^ Wilson, Jason (August 5, 2018). "Portland far-right rally: police charge counterprotesters with batons drawn". the Guardian. The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 19, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  107. ^ Matarrese, Andy (September 10, 2017). "Protesters clash in Patriot Prayer demonstration on Vancouver waterfront". The Columbian. Archived from the original on October 8, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
  108. ^ Flaccus, Gillian (August 3, 2018). "Portland prepares for right-wing, anti-fascist rallies". Associated Press via The Sacramento Bee. Archived from the original on August 4, 2018.
  109. ^ Wilson, Jason (July 14, 2018). "Who are the Proud Boys, 'western chauvinists' involved in political violence?". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 20, 2018.
  110. ^ Neiwert, David (October 15, 2018). "Patriot Prayer again brings violence to Portland with 'flash march' downtown, rounding out a weekend of far-right violence". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on October 21, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
  111. ^ Shepherd, Katie (July 4, 2018). "MAGA Mayhem Fractures a Man's Skull, as Right-Wing Marchers Test the Limits of Free Speech in Portland". Willamette Week. Retrieved October 2, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  112. ^ Mathias, Christopher (October 18, 2018). "The Proud Boys, The GOP And 'The Fascist Creep'". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on February 3, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  113. ^ Onion, Rebecca (October 19, 2018). "A Devil's Bargain" Archived August 29, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. Slate. Retrieved September 24, 2020. "But was last weekend's incident a turning point in the relationship between establishment Republicanism and far-right neofascists?"
  114. ^ a b c d Moynihan, Colin, and Winston, Ali (December 23, 2018). "Far-Right Proud Boys Reeling After Arrests and Scrutiny" Archived December 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. The New York Times
  115. ^ "Far-right 'Proud Boys' jailed over New York City clash with anti-fascists". BBC News. October 23, 2019. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 24, 2019.
  116. ^ Southall, Ashley; Pager, Tyler (October 14, 2018). "Proud Boys Fight at G.O.P. Club Spurs Calls for Inquiry; Cuomo Blames Trump". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 16, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  117. ^ Campbell, Andy (November 26, 2018). "The Proud Boys Are Imploding". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  118. ^ Campbell, Andy (November 14, 2017). "Lawyer Suing Anti-Fascist For Calling Him Nazi Sent Death Threats, Racial Slurs On Twitter". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  119. ^ Campbell, Andy (September 19, 2018). "Proud Boys Lawyer Arrested For Lying To Cops, Can Still Practice Law". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on November 27, 2018. Retrieved November 28, 2018.
  120. ^ "3 arrested in NYC clashes following speech by leader of far-right Proud Boys group". Chicago Tribune. The Associated Press. October 13, 2018. Archived from the original on February 4, 2019. Retrieved February 3, 2019.
  121. ^ Crane-Newman, Molly (August 14, 2019). "Manhattan jurors hear closing arguments in Proud Boys gang assault case" Archived August 29, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. New York Daily News. Retrieved September 24, 2020. "A Manhattan jury was asked to decide Wednesday whether members of far-right neofascist group 'Proud Boys' were justified [...]."
  122. ^ a b c d e Moynihan, Conlin (August 19, 2019) "Two Members of Proud Boys Convicted in Brawl Near Republican Club" Archived August 20, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times
  123. ^ a b c Moynihan, Colin (July 30, 2019) "Far-Right Proud Boys Go on Trial, but Anti-Fascists Are Boycotting" Archived August 1, 2019, at the Wayback Machine The New York Times
  124. ^ Staff (March 1, 2019) "Two Proud Boys Plead Guilty in NYC Attack" Archived March 2, 2019, at the Wayback Machine The Daily Beast
  125. ^ Moynihan, Colin (October 22, 2019). "2 Proud Boys Sentenced to 4 Years in Brawl With Anti-Fascists at Republican Club". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2019. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  126. ^ Sommer, Will (July 5, 2019). "Proud Boys Rally Rocked by Sex, Cocaine Allegations". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on July 15, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  127. ^ Herron, Elise (March 7, 2018). "Right-Wing Provocateur Roger Stone Asked Proud Boys For Protection at Dorchester Conference Last Weekend". Willamette Week. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
  128. ^ a b c Weill, Kelly; Weinstein, Adam; Sommer, Will (January 29, 2019). "How the Proud Boys Became Roger Stone's Personal Army". Daily Beast. Archived from the original on July 14, 2019. Retrieved July 17, 2019.
  129. ^ O'Sullivan, Donie; Cohen, Marshall; Polantz, Katelyn (July 8, 2020). "Facebook removes Roger Stone from Instagram after linking him to fake accounts". CNN. Archived from the original on July 8, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  130. ^ Weill, Kelly (January 29, 2019). "How the Proud Boys Became Roger Stone's Personal Army" Archived January 29, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. The Daily Beast. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  131. ^ Barnes, Luke (January 28, 2019). "Roger Stone’s Proud Boy allies are still backing him" Archived January 30, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. ThinkProgress. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  132. ^ Arciga, Julia and Sommer, Will (January 29, 2109). "Roger Stone Pleads Not Guilty, While Proud Boys and InfoWars Fight the #Resistance Outside" Archived February 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. The Daily Beast. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  133. ^ Elrink, Tom (February 19, 2019). "The chairman of the far-right Proud Boys sat behind Trump at his latest speech" Archived June 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. The Washington Post. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
  134. ^ Wolf, Colin (November 1, 2019). "Proud Boy leader Enrique Tarrio is running to represent Florida in Congress". Orlando Weekly. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
  135. ^ "Proud Boy Threatens Portland Mayor: 'I'm Coming For You'". Southern Poverty Law Center. January 25, 2019. Archived from the original on January 30, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  136. ^ Anapol, Avery (January 29, 2019). "'Proud Boys' threatens Portland mayor in Facebook video: report". TheHill. Archived from the original on January 30, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  137. ^ Wilson, Jason (January 29, 2019). "Portland: far-right activist threatens mayor as groups change tactics". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on January 30, 2019. Retrieved January 30, 2019.
  138. ^ Glaser, April (February 7, 2019) "The Swag Shop of the Far Right" Archived February 8, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Slate
  139. ^ Sommer, Will (July 29, 2019) "Far Right Proud Boys Attempt to Menace Critic With Late-Night Threat" Archived July 30, 2019, at the Wayback Machine The Daily Beast
  140. ^ a b c Sommer, Will (July 5, 2019) "Proud Boys Rally Rocked by Sex, Cocaine Allegations" Archived July 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine The Daily Beast
  141. ^ a b Sanchez, Olivia (July 6, 2019) "Far-right extremists Proud Boys outnumbered by counter-protesters at Washington, DC, rally" Archived July 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine USA Today
  142. ^ a b Somer, Will (July 6, 2019) "Proud Boys’ D.C. Free-Speech Rally Goes Off With a Whimper" Archived July 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine The Daily Beast
  143. ^ a b Herman, Peter; Jamison, Peter; Natanson; and Williams, Clarence (July 6, 2019) "Right-wing rally triggers skirmishes with antifa protesters as D.C. police work to prevent violence" Archived July 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine The Washington Post
  144. ^ Evans, Jayda (August 4, 2019) "Fans marching to Sounders match hear curses from people who pledge allegiance to Proud Boys" Archived August 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Seattle Times
  145. ^ Murphy, Paul P. (September 25, 2019). "Major League Soccer just walked back its ban of an anti-Nazi symbol at its soccer matches". CNN. Archived from the original on November 24, 2019. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  146. ^ "MLS addresses politics in fan code of conduct revisions". National Post. Toronto: Postmedia Network. Reuters. February 18, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  147. ^ Reaume, Genevieve (February 28, 2020). "Timbers fans help change MLS Fan Code of Conduct". KATU. Portland, Oregon: Sinclair Broadcast Group. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  148. ^ Staff (August 18, 2019) "Far-right groups and antifa face off in Portland" Archived August 18, 2019, at the Wayback Machine USA Today
  149. ^ a b Mathias, Christopher and Campbell, Andy (August 18, 2019) "Proud Boys, Outnumbered By Anti-fascists, Get Police Escort After 30-Minute Rally" Archived August 18, 2019, at the Wayback Machine Huff Post
  150. ^ Bernstein, Maxine (August 6, 2019). "Portland police chief to protesters intent on violence: 'Don't come. We don't want you here. I don't care what side you're on.'". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on August 13, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2019.
  151. ^ Simon, Mallory; Sidner, Sara. "Portland braces for dueling protests: What we know". CNN. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  152. ^ Turnquist, Kristi (August 15, 2019). "Fox News host warns 'all hell's going to break loose' at Portland protests this weekend". OregonLive. Archived from the original on August 15, 2019. Retrieved August 15, 2019.
  153. ^ Park, Katie (September 4, 2019) "Haverford shuts down fire company over Proud Boys controversy" Archived September 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine The Philadelphia Inquirer
  154. ^ Fieldstadt, Elisha (September 5, 2019) "Pennsylvania fire company is closed for failing to address volunteer's Proud Boys ties" Archived September 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine NBC News
  155. ^ Helsel, Phil (September 10, 2019) "Pennsylvania fire company shuttered over Proud Boys ties to reopen after resignation" Archived September 10, 2019, at the Wayback Machine NBC News
  156. ^ a b c Sardarizadeh, Shayan; Wendling, Mike (June 17, 2020). "Who are Boogaloo Bois, antifa and Proud Boys?". BBC News. Archived from the original on June 18, 2020. Retrieved June 18, 2020.
  157. ^ Bernton, Hal (October 1, 2020). "Proud Boys in Northwest savor a boost from Trump's callout during presidential debate". The Seattle Times. Retrieved October 2, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  158. ^ "Warrant issued for Vancouver 'Proud Boy' busted at Seattle protest". KOMO. August 12, 2020. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  159. ^ a b Wilson, Conrad (August 29, 2020). "Proud Boy Tusitala "Tiny" Toese arrested in Clark County". OPB. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  160. ^ a b "Tusitala 'Tiny' Toese arrested on probation violation". The Columbian. June 25, 2020. Archived from the original on August 23, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  161. ^ Wilson, Conrad (January 14, 2020). "Patriot Prayer's Tusitala 'Tiny' Toese Pleads Guilty To Assault Charge". OPB. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  162. ^ Wilson, Conrad (September 30, 2020). "Police arrest far-right protester who pointed gun at Portland rally". OPB. Retrieved October 1, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  163. ^ Wilson, Jason (September 3, 2020). "Breadth of rightwing Portland protest network reveals energized Trump base". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  164. ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-eAIKBspVEQ Archived October 1, 2020, at the Wayback Machine The Oregonian, 29 September 2020
  165. ^ "Alt-right group Proud Boys share Trump's words on social media". MSNBC. September 30, 2020. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  166. ^ "Trump's debate comments give an online boost to a group social media companies have long struggled against". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  167. ^ "Indiana's senators respond to President Trump's remarks to extremist group Proud Boys". wthr.com. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  168. ^ Subramanian, John Fritze and Courtney. "Trump says he doesn't know Proud Boys, but 'they need to stand down,' as he faces backlash for not criticizing white supremacists". USA TODAY. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  169. ^ Samuels, Brett (October 1, 2020). "Trump: 'I condemn all white supremacists'". TheHill. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  170. ^ Choi, Matthew. "Trump condemns white supremacist groups 48 hours after debate". POLITICO. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  171. ^ Martin, Jeffery (October 1, 2020). "Donald Trump says "I condemn the Proud Boys" after Republican backlash". Newsweek. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved October 2, 2020.
  172. ^ a b Kennedy, Merrit (February 5, 2019) "Proud Boys Founder Files Defamation Lawsuit Against Southern Poverty Law Center" Archived February 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine NPR
  173. ^ Jackson, Daniel (February 5, 2019). "Proud Boys Founder Sues Over Hate-Group Label". Courthouse News Service. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
  174. ^ McLaughlin, Aidan (February 5, 2019). "Gavin McInnes Hired By Conservative Canadian Network Rebel Media". Mediaite. Archived from the original on February 7, 2019. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  175. ^ Tim Cushing, SPLC Asks Court To Toss Proud Boy Founder's Defamation Lawsuit By Asking 'Where's The Lie?' Archived November 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, TechDirt (July 11, 2019).
  176. ^ Morris, Conor (May 19, 2019). "Victim of Charlottesville attack sues racist groups, organizers of rally". The Athens NEWS. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  177. ^ "Docket for Burke v. Fields Jr., 2:19-cv-02006". CourtListener. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  178. ^ "Ohio man sues white supremacists over 2017 Virginia rally". Associated Press. May 17, 2019. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  179. ^ "Irish American sues neo-Nazi groups after suffering injuries at Charlottesville". IrishCentral.com. May 22, 2019. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
  180. ^ Greig, Finlay (September 30, 2020). "Proud Boys: 'Western chauvinist' far-right group explained - and their reaction to Trump's statement 'Stand back and stand by'". The Scotsman. Retrieved October 2, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  181. ^ Beery, Zoë. "How Fred Perry polos came to symbolize hate". The Outline. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  182. ^ Miller-Idriss, Cynthia (August 29, 2019). "Why does the far right love Fred Perry? Mainstream fashion is its new camouflage". The Guardian. Archived from the original on August 25, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2018.
  183. ^ a b Woolf, Jake (July 11, 2017). "Fred Perry Wants Alt-Right Bros to Stop Wearing Their Polos". GQ Magazine. Archived from the original on August 31, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  184. ^ Matthers, Matt (September 26, 2020). "Proud Boys Portland rally: Fred Perry tells right-wing group to stop wearing its iconic T-shirts". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 26, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  185. ^ Swenson, Kyle (July 10, 2017). "Proud Boys love Fred Perry polo t-shirts. The feeling is not mutual". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
  186. ^ Fred Perry chairman says he wants nothing to do with Gavin McInnes and his Proud Boys Archived September 1, 2017, at the Wayback Machine CBC Radio (July 7, 2017)
  187. ^ Demopoulos, Alaina (September 28, 2020). "Fred Perry Pulls Polo Shirts Embraced by Proud Boys". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 30, 2020.
  188. ^ Belam, Martin; Gabbatt, Adam (September 30, 2020). "Proud Boys: who are the far-right group that backs Donald Trump?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 1, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  189. ^ Raja, Tasneem (October 2017). "Decoding the Language of Extremist Clothing". Topic. Illustrated by Julia Rothman. Archived from the original on May 25, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
  190. ^ "White, male and millennial: Hate groups tap bro culture to recruit members". Center for Public Integrity. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proud_Boys&oldid=981814047"