Voiceless dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
This article needs additional citations for verification. (November 2008) |
Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɬ | |||
IPA Number | 148 | ||
Audio sample | |||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ɬ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+026C | ||
X-SAMPA | K | ||
|
The voiceless alveolar lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral fricatives is [ɬ], and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is [K]
. The symbol [ɬ] is called "belted l" and should not be confused with "l with tilde", [ɫ], which transcribes a different sound, the velarized alveolar lateral approximant. It should also be distinguished from a voiceless alveolar lateral approximant, although the fricative is sometimes incorrectly described as a "voiceless l", a description fitting only of the approximant.
Several Welsh names beginning with this sound (e.g. Llwyd [ɬʊɨd], Llywelyn [ɬəˈwɛlɨn]) have been borrowed into English, where they either retain the Welsh ⟨ll⟩ spelling but are pronounced with an /l/ (Lloyd, Llewellyn), or are substituted with ⟨fl⟩ (pronounced /fl/) (Floyd, Fluellen).
Features
Features of the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative:[citation needed]
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Although the sound is rare among European languages outside the Caucasus (being found notably in Welsh, where it is written ⟨ll⟩),[1] it is fairly common among indigenous languages of the Americas such as Nahuatl, Navajo,[2] and North Caucasian languages, such as Avar.[3] It is also found in African languages like Zulu, Asian languages like Chukchi and some Yue dialects like Taishanese, and several Formosan languages and a number of dialects in Taiwan.[4]
The sound is found in one of the artificial languages invented by J.R.R. Tolkien, Sindarin (inspired by Welsh).[5][6]
Dental or denti-alveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mapudungun[7] | kagüḻ | [kɜˈɣɘɬ̪] | 'phlegm that is spit' | Interdental; possible utterance-final allophone of /l̪/.[7] | |
Norwegian | Trondheim dialect[8] | sælt | [s̪aɬ̪t̪] | 'sold' | Laminal denti-alveolar; allophone of /l/. Also described as an approximant [l̪̊].[9] See Norwegian phonology |
Alveolar
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahtna | dzeł | [tsəɬ] | 'mountain' | ||
Aleut | Atkan dialect | hlax̂ | [ɬɑχ] | 'boy' | |
Amis | Southern dialect | kudiwis | [kuɬiwis] | 'rabbit' | |
Avar | лъабго | [ˈɬabɡo] | 'three' | ||
Basay | lanum | [ɬanum] | 'water' | ||
Berber | Ait Seghrouchen | altu | [æˈɬʊw] | 'not yet' | Allophone of /lt/ |
Bunun | Isbukun | ludun | [ɬuɗun] | 'mountain' | |
Bura[10] | [example needed] | Contrasts with [ɮ] and [ʎ̝̊].[10] | |||
Cherokee | Some speakers | ᎥᏝ | [ə̃ʔɬa] | 'no' | Corresponds to [tɬ] in the speech of most speakers |
Chickasaw | lhinko | [ɬiŋko] | 'to be fat' | ||
Chinese | Taishanese[11] | 三 | [ɬam˧] | 'three' | Corresponds to [s] in Standard Cantonese |
Pinghua | |||||
Pu-Xian Min | 沙 | [ɬua˥˧˧] | 'sand' | ||
Chipewyan | łue | [ɬue] | 'fish' | ||
Chukchi | ԓевыт | [ɬeβət] | 'head' | ||
Circassian | плъыжь | 'red' | |||
Creek (Mvskoke) | rakkē | [ɬakkiː] | 'big' | Historically transcribed thl or tl by English speakers | |
Dahalo | [ʡáɬi] | 'fat' | |||
Dogrib | ło | [ɬo] | 'smoke' | ||
Eyak | qeł | [qʰɛʔɬ] | 'woman' | ||
Fali | [paɬkan] | 'shoulder' | |||
Faroese | hjálp | [jɔɬp] | 'help' | ||
Forest Nenets | хару | [xaɬʲu] | 'rain' | Forest Nenets has both plain /ɬ/ and palatalized /ɬʲ/ | |
Greenlandic | illu | [iɬːu] | 'house' | Realization of geminated /l/ | |
Hadza | sleme | [ɬeme] | 'man' | ||
Haida | tla'únhl | [tɬʰʌʔʊ́nɬ] | 'six' | ||
Halkomelem | ɬ'eqw | [ɬeqw] | 'wet' | ||
Hebrew | Biblical | Template:Hebrew | [ɬɑːtˤɑːn] | 'Satan' | |
Hla'alua | hla | [ɬɑ] | 'and' | ||
Hmong | hli | 'moon' | |||
Icelandic | siglt | [sɪɬt] | 'have sailed' | Allophone of /l̥/. See Icelandic phonology. | |
Inuktitut | akłak | [akɬak] | 'grizzly bear' | See Inuit phonology | |
Kabardian | лъы | 'blood' | |||
Kaska | tsį̄ł | [tsʰĩːɬ] | 'axe' | ||
Lushootseed | łukʷał | [ɬukʷaɬ] | 'sun' | ||
Mapudungun[7] | kaül | [kɜˈɘɬ] | 'a different song' | Possible utterance-final allophone of /l/.[7] | |
Mochica | paxllær | [paɬøɾ] | Phaseolus lunatus | ||
Moloko | sla | [ɬa] | 'cow' | ||
Mongolian | лхагва | [ɬaʁʷ] | 'Wednesday' | Only in loanwords from Tibetan;[12] here from ལྷག་པ (lhag-pa) | |
Nahuatl | āltepētl | [aːɬˈtɛpɛːt͡ɬ] | 'city' | Allophone of /l/ | |
Navajo | łaʼ | [ɬaʔ] | 'some' | See Navajo phonology | |
Nisga'a | hloks | [ɬoks] | 'sun' | ||
Norwegian | Trøndersk | tatl / tasl | [tʰɑɬ] | 'sissiness' | See Norwegian phonology |
Nuxalk | lhm | [ɬm] | 'to stand' | ||
Saanich | ȽNIṈEȽ | [ɬníŋəɬ] | 'we, us' | ||
Saaroa | rahli | [raɬi] | 'chief' | ||
Sahaptin | łp’úł | [ˈɬpʼuɬ] | 'tears' | ||
Sandawe | lhaa | [ɬáː] | 'goat' | ||
Sassarese | morthu | 'dead' | |||
Sawi | ɬo | [ɬo] | 'three' | Developed out of the earlier tr consonant clusters[13] | |
Shuswap | ɬept | [ɬept] | 'fire is out' | ||
Sotho | ho hlahloba | [ho ɬɑɬɔbɑ] | 'to examine' | See Sotho phonology | |
St’át’imcets | lhésp | [ɬə́sp] | 'rash' | ||
Swedish | Jämtlandic | kallt | [kaɬt] | 'cold' | See Swedish phonology |
Taos | łiwéna | [ɬìˈwēnæ] | 'wife' | See Taos phonology | |
Tera[14] | tleebi | [ɬè̞ːbi] | 'side' | ||
Thao | kilhpul | [kiɬpul] | 'star' | ||
Tlingit | lingít | [ɬɪ̀nkɪ́tʰ] | 'Tlingit' | ||
Tsez | лъи | 'water' | |||
Welsh | llall | [ɬaːɬ] | '(the) other' | See Welsh phonology | |
Yi | ꆧꁨ hlop-bbop | [ɬo˧˩bo˧˩] | 'moon' | ||
Xhosa | sihlala | [síˈɬaːla] | 'we stay' | ||
Zulu | isihlahla | [isíˈɬaːɬa] | 'tree' | ||
Zuni | asdemła | [ʔastemɬan] | 'ten' |
Semitic languages
The sound is conjectured as a phoneme for Proto-Semitic language, usually transcribed as ś; it has evolved into Arabic [ʃ], Hebrew [s]:
Proto-Semitic | Akkadian | Arabic | Phoenician | Hebrew | Aramaic | Ge'ez | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ś | s̠ | ش | š | ![]() |
š | Template:Hebrew | s | ܫ | s | ሠ | ś |
Amongst Semitic languages, the sound still exists in contemporary Soqotri[citation needed] and Mehri.[15] In Ge'ez, it is written with the letter Śawt.[citation needed]
Capital letter
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/%D0%9C%D0%A4%D0%90_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2.svg/100px-%D0%9C%D0%A4%D0%90_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2.svg.png)
Since the IPA letter "ɬ" has been adopted into the standard orthographies for many native North American languages, a capital letter L with belt "Ɬ" was requested by academics and added to the Unicode Standard version 7.0 in 2014 at U+A7AD.[16][17]
See also
- Voiced dental and alveolar lateral fricatives
- Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate
- Index of phonetics articles
Notes
- ^ Ladefoged, Peter (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 203. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- ^ McDonough, Joyce (2003). The Navajo Sound System. Cambridge: Kluwer. ISBN 1-4020-1351-5.
- ^ Laver, John (1994). Principles of Phonetics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 257–258. ISBN 0-521-45655-X.
- ^ Henry Y., Chang (2000). 噶瑪蘭語參考語法 (Kavalan Grammar). Taipei: 遠流 (Yuan-Liou). pp. 43–45. ISBN 9573238985.
- ^ Helge, Fauskanger. "Sindarin – the Noble Tongue". Ardalambion. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- ^ Helge, Fauskanger. "Quenya Course". Ardalambion. Retrieved 2 January 2019.
- ^ a b c d Sadowsky et al. (2013:88, 91)
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000:79)
- ^ Vanvik (1979:36)
- ^ a b Grønnum (2005:154–155)
- ^ Taishanese Dictionary & Resources
- ^ Svantesson et al. (2005:30–33)
- ^ Liljegren, Henrik (2009). "The Dangari Tongue of Choke and Machoke: Tracing the proto-language of Shina enclaves in the Hindu Kush". Acta Orientalia (70): 7–62.
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(help) - ^ Tench (2007:228)
- ^ Howe, Darin (2003). Segmental Phonology. University of Calgary. p. 22.
- ^ Joshua M Jensen, Karl Pentzlin, 2012-02-08, Proposal to encode a Latin Capital Letter L with Belt
- ^ "Unicode Character 'LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH BELT' (U+A7AD)". www.fileformat.info. FileFormat.Info. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
References
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Sadowsky, Scott; Painequeo, Héctor; Salamanca, Gastón; Avelino, Heriberto (2013), "Mapudungun", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 87–96, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000369
- Svantesson, Jan-Olof; Tsendina, Anna; Mukhanova Karlsson, Anastasia; Franzen, Vivan (2005), The phonology of Mongolian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0199260176
- Tench, Paul (2007), "Tera", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 228–234, doi:10.1017/s0025100307002952
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
Further reading
- Beth am y llall? John Wells's phonetic blog, 1 July 2009. (How the British phonetician John Wells would teach the sound [ɬ].)
- A chance to share more than just some sounds of languages walesonline.co.uk, 3 May 2012 (Article by Dr Paul Tench including information on transcribing [ɬ] in Chadic languages.)