Jump to content

Richard Stallman

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Bever (talk | contribs) at 02:46, 15 August 2020 (duplicate content (even an exact duplicate) in the lead). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Richard Stallman
Stallman in 2019
Born
Richard Matthew Stallman

(1953-03-16) March 16, 1953 (age 71)
New York City, New York, US
Other namesrms, RMS
Alma mater
Occupations
  • Activist
  • programmer
Known for
Awards
Websitestallman.org Edit this at Wikidata

Richard Matthew Stallman (/ˈstɔːlmən/; born March 16, 1953), often known by his initials, rms,[1] and occasionally upper-case RMS, is an American free software movement activist and programmer. He campaigns for software to be distributed in a manner such that its users receive the freedoms to use, study, distribute, and modify that software. Software that ensures these freedoms is termed free software. Stallman launched the GNU Project, founded the Free Software Foundation, developed the GNU Compiler Collection and GNU Emacs, and wrote the GNU General Public License.

Stallman launched the GNU Project in September 1983 to create a Unix-like computer operating system composed entirely of free software.[2] With this, he also launched the free software movement. He has been the GNU project's lead architect and organizer, and developed a number of pieces of widely used GNU software including, among others, the GNU Compiler Collection,[3] GNU Debugger,[4] and GNU Emacs text editor.[5] In October 1985[6] he founded the Free Software Foundation (FSF).

Stallman pioneered the concept of copyleft, which uses the principles of copyright law to preserve the right to use, modify, and distribute free software, and is the main author of free software licenses which describe those terms, most notably the GNU General Public License (GPL), the most widely used free software license.[7]

In 1989, he co-founded the League for Programming Freedom. Since the mid-1990s, Stallman has spent most of his time advocating for free software, as well as campaigning against software patents, digital rights management (which he referred to as digital restrictions management, calling the more common term misleading), and other legal and technical systems which he sees as taking away users' freedoms. This has included software license agreements, non-disclosure agreements, activation keys, dongles, copy restriction, proprietary formats, and binary executables without source code.

In September 2019, Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his ‘visiting scientist’ role at MIT after it was alleged that his remarks in a discussion of the Jeffrey Epstein scandal condoned underage prostitution.[8][9] This also followed a public letter by 33 of the developers of the GNU project asserting that GNU cannot exist as a project serving all internet users while Stallman is still heading the project.[10] Stallman remains head of the GNU Project.[11]

Early life

Stallman was born March 16, 1953,[12] in New York City, to a family of Jewish heritage. He had a troublesome relationship with his parents and didn't feel he had a proper home.[13] He was interested in computers at a young age; when Stallman was a pre-teen at a summer camp, he read manuals for the IBM 7094.[14] From 1967 to 1969, Stallman attended a Columbia University Saturday program for high school students.[14] Stallman was also a volunteer laboratory assistant in the biology department at Rockefeller University. Although he was interested in mathematics and physics, his teaching professor at Rockefeller thought he showed promise as a biologist.[15]

His first experience with actual computers was at the IBM New York Scientific Center when he was in high school. He was hired for the summer in 1970, following his senior year of high school, to write a numerical analysis program in Fortran.[14] He completed the task after a couple of weeks ("I swore that I would never use FORTRAN again because I despised it as a language compared with other languages") and spent the rest of the summer writing a text editor in APL[16] and a preprocessor for the PL/I programming language on the IBM System/360.[17]

Harvard University and MIT

As a first-year student at Harvard University in fall 1970, Stallman was known for his strong performance in Math 55.[18] He was happy: "For the first time in my life, I felt I had found a home at Harvard."[14]

In 1971, near the end of his first year at Harvard, he became a programmer at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and became a regular in the hacker community, where he was usually known by his initials, RMS, which he used in his computer accounts.[1][19] Stallman received a bachelor's degree in physics (magna cum laude) from Harvard in 1974.[20]

Stallman considered staying on at Harvard, but instead decided to enroll as a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He pursued a doctorate in physics for one year, but left that program to focus on his programming at the MIT AI Laboratory.[14][17]

While working (starting in 1975) as a research assistant at MIT under Gerry Sussman,[17] Stallman published a paper (with Sussman) in 1977 on an AI truth maintenance system, called dependency-directed backtracking.[21] This paper was an early work on the problem of intelligent backtracking in constraint satisfaction problems. As of 2009, the technique Stallman and Sussman introduced is still the most general and powerful form of intelligent backtracking.[22] The technique of constraint recording, wherein partial results of a search are recorded for later reuse, was also introduced in this paper.[22]

As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman worked on software projects such as TECO and Emacs for the Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS), as well as the Lisp machine operating system (the CONS of 1974–1976 and the CADR of 1977–1979—this latter unit was commercialized by Symbolics and Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) starting around 1980).[19] He would become an ardent critic of restricted computer access in the lab, which at that time was funded primarily by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). When MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) installed a password control system in 1977, Stallman found a way to decrypt the passwords and sent users messages containing their decoded password, with a suggestion to change it to the empty string (that is, no password) instead, to re-enable anonymous access to the systems. Around 20 percent of the users followed his advice at the time, although passwords ultimately prevailed. Stallman boasted of the success of his campaign for many years afterward.[23]

Stallman resigned from MIT in 2019 after an email exchange related to Jeffrey Epstein, and Marvin Minsky's alleged sexual exploitation of a minor.[24]

Events leading to GNU

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the hacker culture that Stallman thrived on began to fragment. To prevent software from being used on their competitors' computers, most manufacturers stopped distributing source code and began using copyright and restrictive software licenses to limit or prohibit copying and redistribution. Such proprietary software had existed before, and it became apparent that it would become the norm. This shift in the legal characteristics of software was a consequence triggered by the US Copyright Act of 1976.[25]

When Brian Reid in 1979 placed time bombs in the Scribe markup language and word processing system to restrict unlicensed access to the software, Stallman proclaimed it "a crime against humanity".[17] During an interview in 2008, he clarified that it is blocking the user's freedom that he believes is a crime, not the issue of charging for software.[26] Stallman's texinfo is a GPL replacement, loosely based on Scribe;[27] the original version was finished in 1986.[28]

In 1980, Stallman and some other hackers at the AI Lab were refused access to the source code for the software of a newly installed laser printer, the Xerox 9700. Stallman had modified the software for the Lab's previous laser printer (the XGP, Xerographic Printer), so it electronically messaged a user when the person's job was printed, and would message all logged-in users waiting for print jobs if the printer was jammed. Not being able to add these features to the new printer was a major inconvenience, as the printer was on a different floor from most of the users. This experience convinced Stallman of people's need to be able to freely modify the software they use.[29]

Richard Greenblatt, a fellow AI Lab hacker, founded Lisp Machines, Inc. (LMI) to market Lisp machines, which he and Tom Knight designed at the lab. Greenblatt rejected outside investment, believing that the proceeds from the construction and sale of a few machines could be profitably reinvested in the growth of the company. In contrast, the other hackers felt that the venture capital-funded approach was better. As no agreement could be reached, hackers from the latter camp founded Symbolics, with the aid of Russ Noftsker, an AI Lab administrator. Symbolics recruited most of the remaining hackers including notable hacker Bill Gosper, who then left the AI Lab. Symbolics also forced Greenblatt to resign by citing MIT policies. While both companies delivered proprietary software, Stallman believed that LMI, unlike Symbolics, had tried to avoid hurting the lab's community. For two years, from 1982 to the end of 1983, Stallman worked by himself to clone the output of the Symbolics programmers, with the aim of preventing them from gaining a monopoly on the lab's computers.[23]

Stallman argues that software users should have the freedom to share with their neighbors and be able to study and make changes to the software that they use. He maintains that attempts by proprietary software vendors to prohibit these acts are antisocial and unethical.[30] The phrase "software wants to be free" is often incorrectly attributed to him, and Stallman argues that this is a misstatement of his philosophy.[31] He argues that freedom is vital for the sake of users and society as a moral value, and not merely for pragmatic reasons such as possibly developing technically superior software.[32] Eric S. Raymond, one of the creators of the open-source movement,[33] argues that moral arguments, rather than pragmatic ones, alienate potential allies and hurt the end goal of removing code secrecy.[34]

In February 1984, Stallman quit his job at MIT to work full-time on the GNU project, which he had announced in September 1983. Since then, he has remained affiliated with MIT as an unpaid[35] visiting scientist in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.[36] Until "around 1998", he maintained an office at the Institute that doubled as his legal residence.[37]

GNU project

Main article: GNU Project

Stallman announced the plan for the GNU operating system in September 1983 on several ARPANET mailing lists and USENET.[2][38] He started the project on his own and describes: "As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to it."[39]

Stallman in 2003 at the opening ceremony of NIXAL (a GLUG) at Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Calcutta, India

In 1985, Stallman published the GNU Manifesto, which outlined his motivation for creating a free operating system called GNU, which would be compatible with Unix.[19] The name GNU is a recursive acronym for "GNU's Not Unix".[19] Soon after, he started a nonprofit corporation called the Free Software Foundation to employ free software programmers and provide a legal infrastructure for the free software movement. Stallman is the nonsalaried president of the FSF, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in Massachusetts.[40] Stallman popularized the concept of copyleft, a legal mechanism to protect the modification and redistribution rights for free software. It was first implemented in the GNU Emacs General Public License, and in 1989 the first program-independent GNU General Public License (GPL) was released. By then, much of the GNU system had been completed.

Stallman was responsible for contributing many necessary tools, including a text editor (Emacs), compiler (GCC), debugger (GNU Debugger), and a build automator (GNU make). The notable omission was a kernel. In 1990, members of the GNU project began using Carnegie Mellon's Mach microkernel in a project called GNU Hurd, which has yet to achieve the maturity level required for full POSIX compliance.

In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, used the GNU's development tools to produce the free monolithic Linux kernel. The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform. Most sources use the name Linux to refer to the general-purpose operating system thus formed, while Stallman and the FSF call it GNU/Linux. This has been a longstanding naming controversy in the free software community. Stallman argues that not using GNU in the name of the operating system unfairly disparages the value of the GNU project and harms the sustainability of the free software movement by breaking the link between the software and the free software philosophy of the GNU project.

File:Richard Matthew Stallman.jpeg
Cover picture for O'Reilly Media's book Free as in Freedom

Stallman's influences on hacker culture include the name POSIX[41] and the Emacs editor. On Unix systems, GNU Emacs's popularity rivaled that of another editor vi, spawning an editor war. Stallman's take on this was to canonize himself as St. IGNUcius of the Church of Emacs[42][43] and acknowledge that "vi vi vi is the editor of the beast", while "using a free version of vi is not a sin; it is a penance".[44] On his homepage Stallman explains what a life in the Church of Emacs means to its members: "Sainthood in the Church of Emacs requires living a life of purity—but in the Church of Emacs, this does not require celibacy (a sigh of relief is heard)".[43]

In 1992, developers at Lucid Inc. doing their own work on Emacs clashed with Stallman and ultimately forked the software into what would become XEmacs.[45] The technology journalist Andrew Leonard has characterized what he sees as Stallman's uncompromising stubbornness as common among elite computer programmers:

There's something comforting about Stallman's intransigence. Win or lose, Stallman will never give up. He'll be the stubbornest mule on the farm until the day he dies. Call it fixity of purpose, or just plain cussedness, his single-minded commitment and brutal honesty are refreshing in a world of spin-meisters and multimillion-dollar marketing campaigns.[46]

In 2018, Stallman instituted "Kind Communication Guidelines" for the GNU project to help its mailing list discussions remain constructive while avoiding explicitly promoting diversity.[47]

Activism

Stallman has written many essays on software freedom, and has been an outspoken political campaigner for the free software movement since the early 1990s.[19] The speeches he has regularly given are titled The GNU Project and the Free Software Movement,[48] The Dangers of Software Patents,[49] and Copyright and Community in the Age of Computer Networks.[50] In 2006 and 2007, during the eighteen month public consultation for the drafting of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, he added a fourth topic explaining the proposed changes.[51]

Stallman's staunch advocacy for free software inspired the creation of the Virtual Richard M. Stallman (vrms), software that analyzes the packages currently installed on a Debian GNU/Linux system, and reports those that are from the non-free tree.[52] Stallman disagrees with parts of Debian's definition of free software.[53]

In 1999, Stallman called for development of a free online encyclopedia through the means of inviting the public to contribute articles.[54] The resulting GNUPedia was eventually retired in favour of the emerging Wikipedia, which had similar aims and was enjoying greater success.[55]

Stallman is a world traveler and has visited at least 65 countries, mostly to speak about free software and the GNU project.[56] According to Stallman, the free software movement has much in common with that of Mahatma Gandhi.[57] Stallman is also highly critical of the effect that drug patents have had on developing countries.[58][59]

Stallman giving a speech on "Free Software and Your Freedom" at the biennale du design of Saint-Étienne (2008)

In Venezuela, Stallman has delivered public speeches and promoted the adoption of free software in the state's oil company (PDVSA), in municipal government, and in the nation's military. In meetings with Hugo Chávez and in public speeches, Stallman criticised some policies on television broadcasting, free speech rights, and privacy.[60][61] Stallman was on the Advisory Council of Latin American television station teleSUR from its launch[62] but resigned in February 2011, criticizing pro-Gaddafi propaganda during the Arab Spring.[63]

In August 2006, at his meetings with the government of the Indian State of Kerala, he persuaded officials to discard proprietary software, such as Microsoft's, at state-run schools. This has resulted in a landmark decision to switch all school computers in 12,500 high schools from Windows to a free software operating system.[64]

After personal meetings, Stallman obtained positive statements about the free software movement from the then-president of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam,[65] French 2007 presidential candidate Ségolène Royal,[66] and the president of Ecuador Rafael Correa.[67]

Stallman has participated in protests about software patents,[68] digital rights management,[69][70] and proprietary software.

Protesting against proprietary software in April 2006, Stallman held a "Don't buy from ATI, enemy of your freedom" placard at a speech by an ATI representative in the building where Stallman worked, resulting in the police being called.[71] ATI has since merged with AMD Corporation and has taken steps to make their hardware documentation available for use by the free software community.[72]

In response to Apple's Macintosh look and feel lawsuits against Microsoft and Hewlett-Packard in 1988, Stallman called for a boycott of Apple products on the grounds that a successful look and feel lawsuit would "put an end to free software that could substitute for commercial software".[73] The boycott was lifted in 1995, which meant the FSF started to accept patches to GNU software for Apple operating systems.[74]

Stallman using his Lemote machine at Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai

Stallman has characterized Steve Jobs as having a "malign influence" on computing because of Jobs' leadership in guiding Apple to produce closed platforms.[75][76] In 1993, while Jobs was at NeXT, Jobs asked Stallman if he could distribute a modified GCC in two parts, one part under GPL and the other part, an Objective-C preprocessor under a proprietary license. Stallman initially thought this would be legal, but since he also thought it would be "very undesirable for free software", he asked a lawyer for advice. The response he got was that judges would consider such schemes to be "subterfuges" and would be very harsh toward them, and a judge would ask whether it was "really" one program, rather than how the parts were labeled. Therefore, Stallman sent a message back to Jobs which said they believed Jobs' plan was not allowed by the GPL, which resulted in NeXT releasing the Objective-C front end under GPL.[77]

For a period of time, Stallman used a notebook from the One Laptop per Child program. Stallman's computer is a refurbished ThinkPad T400s with Libreboot, a free BIOS replacement, and the GNU/Linux distribution Trisquel.[78] Before the ThinkPad T400s, Stallman used a Thinkpad X60 with Libreboot and Trisquel GNU/Linux.[79] And before the X60, Stallman used the Lemote Yeeloong netbook (using the same company's Loongson processor) which he chose because, like the X60 and the T400s, it could run with free software at the BIOS level, stating "freedom is my priority. I've campaigned for freedom since 1983, and I am not going to surrender that freedom for the sake of a more convenient computer."[80] Stallman's Lemote was stolen from him in 2012 while in Argentina.[81] Before Trisquel, Stallman has used the gNewSense operating system.[82][83]

Stallman has regularly given a talk entitled "Copyright vs. Community" where he reviews the state of digital rights management (DRM) and names many of the products and corporations which he boycotts. His approach to DRM is best summed up by the FSF Defective by Design campaign. In the talks, he makes proposals for a "reduced copyright" and suggests a 10-year limit on copyright. He suggests that, instead of restrictions on sharing, authors be supported using a tax, with revenues distributed among them based on cubic roots of their popularity to ensure that "fairly successful non-stars" receive a greater share than they do now (compare with private copying levy which is associated with proponents of strong copyright), or a convenient anonymous micropayment system for people to support authors directly. He indicates that no form of non-commercial sharing of copies should be considered a copyright violation.[84][85] He has advocated civil disobedience in a comment on Ley Sinde.[85][86]

Stallman has also helped and supported the International Music Score Library Project in getting back online, after it had been taken down on October 19, 2007, following a cease and desist letter from Universal Edition.[87]

Stallman at Swatantra 2014, a conference organized by ICFOSS in Kerala, India

Stallman mentions the dangers some e-books bring compared to paper books, with the example of the Amazon Kindle e-reader that prevents the copying of e-books and allows Amazon to order automatic deletion of a book. He says that such e-books present a big step backward with respect to paper books by being less easy to use, copy, lend to others or sell, also mentioning that Amazon e-books cannot be bought anonymously. His short story "The Right to Read" provides a picture of a dystopian future if the right to share books is impeded. He objects to many of the terms within typical end-user license agreements that accompany e-books.[85][87][88]

Stallman discourages the use of several storage technologies such as DVD or Blu-ray video discs because the content of such media is encrypted. He considers manufacturers' use of encryption on non-secret data (to force the user to view certain promotional material) as a conspiracy.[89]

He recognized the Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal to be a criminal act by Sony. Stallman supports a general boycott of Sony for its legal actions against George Hotz.[90]

Stallman has suggested that the United States government may encourage the use of software as a service because this would allow them to access users' data without needing a search warrant.[91][92][93][94]

He denies being an anarchist despite his wariness of some legislation and the fact that he has "advocated strongly for user privacy and his own view of software freedom".[95]

Terminologies

Stallman, in costume as St. IGNUcius, wears a halo consisting of the platter of an old hard disk drive.[43] (Monastir, Tunisia, 2012)

Stallman places great importance on the words and labels people use to talk about the world, including the relationship between software and freedom. He asks people to say free software and GNU/Linux, and to avoid the terms intellectual property and piracy (in relation to copying not approved by the publisher). One of his criteria for giving an interview to a journalist is that the journalist agrees to use his terminology throughout the article.[96] He has been known to turn down speaking requests over some terminology issues.[97]

Stallman argues that the term intellectual property is designed to confuse people, and is used to prevent intelligent discussion on the specifics of copyright, patent, trademark, and other areas of law by lumping together things that are more dissimilar than similar.[98] He also argues that by referring to these laws as property laws, the term biases the discussion when thinking about how to treat these issues, writing:

These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues. Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the details of a work of authorship or art. Patent law was intended to encourage publication of ideas, at the price of finite monopolies over these ideas – a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others. Trademark law was not intended to promote any business activity, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.[99]

An example of cautioning others to avoid other terminology while also offering suggestions for possible alternatives is this sentence of an e-mail by Stallman to a public mailing list:

I think it is ok for authors (please let's not call them creators, they are not gods) to ask for money for copies of their works (please let's not devalue these works by calling them content) in order to gain income (the term compensation falsely implies it is a matter of making up for some kind of damages).[100]

Open source and Free software

His requests that people use certain terms, and his ongoing efforts to convince people of the importance of terminology, are a source of regular misunderstanding and friction with parts of the free software and open-source communities. After initially accepting the concept,[101] Stallman rejects a common alternative term, open-source software, because it does not call to mind what Stallman sees as the value of the software: freedom.[102] He wrote, "Free software is a political movement; open source is a development model."[103] Thus, he believes that the use of the term will not inform people of the freedom issues, and will not lead to people valuing and defending their freedom.[104] Two alternatives which Stallman does accept are software libre and unfettered software, but free software is the term he asks people to use in English. For similar reasons, he argues for the term proprietary software rather than closed-source software, when referring to software that is not free software.

Linux and GNU
Main article: GNU/Linux naming controversy

Stallman asks that the term GNU/Linux, which he pronounces /ɡnuː slæʃ ˈlɪnəks/ GNOO SLASH LIN-əks, be used to refer to the operating system created by combining the GNU system and the kernel Linux. Stallman refers to this operating system as "a variant of GNU, and the GNU Project is its principal developer".[97] He claims that the connection between the GNU project's philosophy and its software is broken when people refer to the combination as merely Linux.[105] Starting around 2003, he began also using the term GNU+Linux, which he pronounces /ɡnuː plʌs ˈlɪnəks/ GNOO PLUS LIN-əks, to prevent others from pronouncing the phrase GNU/Linux as /ɡnuː ˈlɪnəks/ GNOO LIN-əks, which would erroneously imply that the kernel Linux is maintained by the GNU project.[106] The creator of Linux, Linus Torvalds, has publicly stated that he objects to modification of the name, and that the rename "is their [the FSF] confusion not ours".[107][108]

Surveillance resistance

Stallman professes admiration for whistleblowers Julian Assange[109] and Edward Snowden.[110] He has spoken against government and corporate surveillance on many occasions.[111][112][113]

He refers to mobile phones as "portable surveillance and tracking devices",[114] refusing to own a cell phone due to the lack of phones running entirely on free software.[115] He also avoids using a key card to enter his office building[56] since key card systems track each location and time that someone enters the building using a card. He usually does not browse the web directly from his personal computer. Instead, he uses GNU Womb's grab-url-from-mail utility, an email-based proxy which downloads the web page content and then emails it to the user.[116][117] More recently, he stated that he accesses all web sites via Tor, except for Wikipedia (which generally disallows editing from Tor unless users have an IP block exemption).[118][119]

Personal life

Stallman resides in Cambridge, Massachusetts.[37] He speaks English, French, Spanish and some Indonesian.[37] He has said that he is "an atheist of Jewish ancestry"[13] and often wears a button that reads "Impeach God".[18][120]

Stallman has written a collection of filk and parody songs.[121]

He is childfree and antinatalist.[122] In April, 2018, Stallman was criticized for electing to keep a joke about American federal policies toward abortion in the documentation for glibc.[123]

He denies having Asperger's, but speculates that he may have a "shadow version" of it.[13]

Resignation from MIT and FSF

In August and September 2019 it was learned that Jeffrey Epstein had made controversial donations to MIT, and in the wake of this, MIT Media Lab Director's Joi Ito resigned. Students and others users started an internal MIT CSAIL listserv mailing list thread to protest the coverup of MIT's connections to Epstein.[124] In the thread, discussion had turned to deceased MIT professor Marvin Minsky, who was named by Virginia Giuffre, a victim in the underage sex trafficking ring run by Epstein, as one of the people that Epstein had directed her to have sex with as a minor. In response to a comment where one reply stated that Minsky "is accused of assaulting one of Epstein's victims", Stallman defended Minsky by claiming that "the most plausible scenario is that she presented herself to him as entirely willing", and asserted that the use of "assault" or "rape" in Minsky's case should not apply when further challenged by other members of the mailing list.[125] Stallman remained critical of Epstein and his role, stating "We know that Giuffre was being coerced into sex – by Epstein. She was being harmed."[126]

Stallman's posts were published to the public via Medium, and Vice published a copy of the email chain to that point on September 13, 2019, drawing attention to Stallman's comments.[124][127] Many people started to look into Stallman's past writings over the following days to find what were considered troubling statements related to underage sex and laws relating to child pornography from 2013 and earlier.[125] Tied to his comments regarding Minsky, this led to several calling for Stallman's resignation.[127][124] Stallman acknowledged on September 14 that he had since learned his past writings that there were problems with underage sex, stating on his blog "Through personal conversations in recent years, I've learned to understand how sex with a child can harm her psychologically. This changed my mind about the matter: I think adults should not do that."[125]

On September 16, Stallman announced his resignation from both MIT and FSF, "due to pressure on MIT and me over a series of misunderstandings and mischaracterizations".[128] In a post on his website, Stallman asserted that his posts to the email lists were not to defend Epstein, stating "Nothing could be further from the truth. I've called him a 'serial rapist,' and said he deserved to be imprisoned. But many people now believe I defended him—and other inaccurate claims—and feel a real hurt because of what they believe I said. I'm sorry for that hurt. I wish I could have prevented the misunderstanding."[125] Stallman remains head of the GNU Project.[11]

Honors and awards

Selected publications

Manuals
  • Stallman, Richard M (1980). EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT: MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory publication. AIM-519A.
  • Stallman, Richard M (2002). GNU Emacs Manual. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-85-X.
  • Stallman, Richard M; McGrath, Roland; Smith, Paul D (2004). GNU Make: A Program for Directed Compilation. Boston, Massachusetts: GNU Press. ISBN 1-882114-83-3.
Selected essays

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Stallman, Richard (n.d.). "Humorous Bio". Richard Stallman's 1983 biography. First edition of "The Hacker's Dictionary". Retrieved November 20, 2008. 'Richard Stallman' is just my mundane name; you can call me 'rms'
  2. ^ a b Stallman, Richard (September 27, 1983). "Initial GNU announcement". Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  3. ^ "GCC Contributors".
  4. ^ "Richard Stallman lecture at the Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden". gnu.org. October 30, 1986. Retrieved September 21, 2006.
  5. ^ Greenberg, Bernard S. (April 8, 1996). "Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation".; "GNU Emacs FAQ".; Zawinski, Jamie. "Emacs Timeline".
  6. ^ Stallman, Richard (March 7, 2011). "The Free Software Foundation Management". Free Software Foundation. Richard M. Stallman, President. Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  7. ^ Wheeler, David A. "Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else". Retrieved November 20, 2008.
  8. ^ Musil, Steven. "Computer scientist Richard Stallman resigns from MIT after Jeffrey Epstein comments". CNET. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
  9. ^ Bort, Julie (October 10, 2019). "A programmer explains why he's willing to quit rather than work with industry legend Richard Stallman, who resigned from MIT after controversial remarks on Jeffrey Epstein". businessinsider.com. Business Insider. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  10. ^ "Joint statement on the GNU Project". guix.gnu.org. October 7, 2019. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  11. ^ a b "Richard Stallman To Continue As Head Of The GNU Project".
  12. ^ Stallman, Richard. "Biography". stallman.org. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  13. ^ a b c "The Basement Interviews-Freeing the Code" (PDF). IA. March 21, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2013.
  14. ^ a b c d e Gross, Michael (1999). "Richard Stallman: High School Misfit, Symbol of Free Software, MacArthur-Certified Genius" (interview transcript). The More Things Change. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
  15. ^ Williams, Sam (2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0-596-00287-4. Chapter 3. Available under the GFDL in both the initial O'Reilly edition (accessed on October 27, 2006) and the updated FAIFzilla edition Archived November 16, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 27, 2006.
  16. ^ Stallman, Richard M. "RMS Berättar". Retrieved September 22, 2009.
  17. ^ a b c d Williams, Sam (2002). "Chapter 6 – The Emacs Commune". Free as in freedom : Richard Stallman's crusade for free software (2nd ed.). Beijing: O'Reilly. ISBN 0-596-00287-4.
  18. ^ a b Williams, Sam (2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0-596-00287-4.
  19. ^ a b c d e Lih, Andrew (2009). The Wikipedia Revolution. New York City: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-4013-0371-6. OCLC 232977686.
  20. ^ Stallman, Richard. "Serious Bio". Retrieved July 17, 2015.
  21. ^ Stallman, Richard M; Sussman, Gerald J. (1977). "Forward Reasoning and Dependency-Directed Backtracking in a System for Computer-Aided Circuit analysis" (PDF). Artificial Intelligence 9. pp. 135–196.
  22. ^ a b Russell, Stuart; Norvig, Peter (2009). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (3rd ed.). p. 229.
  23. ^ a b Levy, S: Hackers. Penguin, 1984
  24. ^ Stallman, Richard (September 16, 2019). "Resignation". Retrieved September 16, 2019. I am resigning effective immediately from my position in CSAIL at MIT. I am doing this due to pressure on MIT and me over a series of misunderstandings and mischaracterizations.
  25. ^ Robert X. Cringely's interview with Brewster Kahle, around the 46th minute
  26. ^ "Richard Stallman, Live and Unplugged". Archived from the original on June 29, 2017. Retrieved June 4, 2014. Q: You once said "the prospect of charging money for software was a crime against humanity". Do you still believe this? A: Well, I was not distinguishing the two meanings of free.
  27. ^ "Texinfo – GNU Documentation System – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF)". Gnu.org. February 19, 2015. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  28. ^ Gnu Status, by Richard M. Stallman. 5. Documentation system. I now have a truly compatible pair of programs which can convert a file of texinfo format documentation into either a printed manual or an Info file. Documentation files are needed for many utilities., February 1986, GNU'S BULLETIN, Volume 1 No.1
  29. ^ Williams, Sam (2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0-596-00287-4. Chapter 1. Available under the GFDL in both the initial O'Reilly edition (accessed on October 27, 2006) and the updated FAIFzilla edition Archived October 9, 2018, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 27, 2006.
  30. ^ Various (1999). "Stallman chapter". Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 1-56592-582-3. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ "The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin- by Peter H. Salus". Groklaw.net. May 13, 2005. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  32. ^ "Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism". Gnu.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  33. ^ "History of the Open Source Initiative". Opensource.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  34. ^ "Why I think RMS is a fanatic, and why that matters". Esr.ibiblio.org. June 11, 2012. Archived from the original on March 24, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2013.
  35. ^ "Stallman shares Takeda award of nearly $1M". MIT News.
  36. ^ "Richard Stallman – MIT CSAIL". www.csail.mit.edu. Archived from the original on September 17, 2019. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  37. ^ a b c Stallman, Richard (2018). "Lifestyle". Richard Stallman's Personal Site. Retrieved August 30, 2018.
  38. ^ "new UNIX implementation". Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  39. ^ Stallman, Richard (1998). "The GNU Project". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved July 7, 2012.
  40. ^ DuBois, Steven (October 15, 2010). "Free Software Foundation". Retrieved July 21, 2011.
  41. ^ "POSIX 1003.1 FAQ Version 1.12". February 2, 2006. Retrieved July 16, 2006.
  42. ^ "Richard Stallman: GNU/Linux and a free society" article by Takver Sunday October 10, 2004 on Melbourne Indymedia site. Hosted on the Wayback machine.
  43. ^ a b c "St IGNUcius web page at www.stallman.org". Stallman.org. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  44. ^ Williams, Sam (March 15, 2002). Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 0-596-00287-4. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  45. ^ "The Lemacs/FSFmacs Schism". Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved December 12, 2009.
  46. ^ Leonard, Andrew. "Code free or die". Salon.com. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
  47. ^ Melendez, Steven (October 22, 2018). "Linus Torvalds is back at Linux while GNU's Stallman unveils a "kindness policy"". Fast Company. Retrieved September 24, 2019.
  48. ^ "Transcript of Richard Stallman on the Free Software movement, Zagreb; 2006-03-09". FSFE. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  49. ^ "IFSO: Richard Stallman: The Dangers of Software Patents; 2004-05-24 (transcript)". Ifso.ie. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  50. ^ "GPLv3 – GNU General Public License, version 3". FSFE. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  51. ^ "The Virtual Richard M. Stallman package". Debian. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2008.
  52. ^ "#221807 – "vrms and RMS disagree sometimes... AND depends on non-free section presence..." – Debian Bug report logs". Bugs.debian.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  53. ^ Stallman, Richard. "The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource". Retrieved October 15, 2006.
  54. ^ Stallman, Richard. "The Free Encyclopedia Project". Retrieved October 15, 2011.
  55. ^ a b "The Shaggy God". Bostonmagazine.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  56. ^ "FSF India: A Q & A session with Richard M. Stallman". Free Software Foundation of India. Archived from the original on October 15, 2006. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  57. ^ Stallman, Richard (2013). "Patent law is, at best, not worth keeping". Loy. U. Chi. L. J. 45 (389).
  58. ^ Stallman, Richard (April 22, 2009). "Biopiracy or bioprivateering?". Vegan Animal Liberation Alliance. Retrieved September 13, 2018.
  59. ^ "Encounter with President Chavez (2004-12-01 to 2004-12-06) — Free Software Foundation — working together for free software". Fsf.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  60. ^ "Chavez threatens dignitaries". Stallman.org.
  61. ^ Daniels, Alfonso (July 26, 2005). "Chavez TV beams into South America". The Guardian. London. Retrieved May 22, 2010.
  62. ^ Stallman, Richard. "26 February 2011 (Telesur Propaganda)". Political notes from 2010: November–February. Stallman.org. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  63. ^ "Kerala logs Microsoft out". The Financial Express. Archived from the original on December 8, 2006. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  64. ^ "Richard Stallman Meets the President of India". Archived from the original on October 16, 2007.
  65. ^ "Meeting between Ségolène Royal and Richard Stallman". Fsf.org. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  66. ^ "Success for free software in Latin America!". Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved April 20, 2014.
  67. ^ "Protest in Brussels against software patents". Wien.kpoe.at. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  68. ^ "Protest outside and inside MPAA meeting on DRM". Mccullagh.org. Archived from the original on August 3, 2002. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  69. ^ "Protest in France against DRM". Stopdrm.info. Archived from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  70. ^ "Protest against ATI nearly led to the arrest of RMS". Free Software Foundation page.
  71. ^ "AMD will deliver open graphics drivers". Itknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com. May 9, 2007. Archived from the original on December 5, 2018. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  72. ^ "GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 5 – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation". Gnu.org. June 11, 1988. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  73. ^ "GNU's Bulletin, vol. 1 no. 18 – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation". Gnu.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  74. ^ Clarke, Gavin (October 10, 2011). "Stallman: Jobs exerted 'malign influence' on computing". Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  75. ^ Stallman, Richard. "06 October 2011 (Steve Jobs)". Political notes from 2011: July–October. Stallman.org. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  76. ^ "I hate to have to play this role with a fellow hacker, but ..." Clisp.cvs.sourceforge.net. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
  77. ^ "How I do my Computing". stallman.org. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  78. ^ "How I do my Computing". April 10, 2016. Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved September 16, 2018.
  79. ^ "the setup is a bunch of nerdy interviews: What do people use to get the job done?". Richard.stallman.usesthis.com. January 23, 2010. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  80. ^ Rauch, Guillermo (June 9, 2012). "Richard Stallman has his bag stolen in Argentina". Devthought.com. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  81. ^ "An interview with Richard Stallman". Richard.stallman.usesthis.com. January 23, 2010. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2011.
  82. ^ "GNU/Linux Meeting 2014: Richard Stallman è approdato a Palermo". HTML.it (in Italian). April 3, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  83. ^ Stallman, Richard (April 17, 2012). "Technology should help us share, not constrain us". The Guardian: Guardian News and Media Limited.
  84. ^ a b c Mora, Miguel (June 8, 2011). "La 'ley Sinde' es tan injusta que debería ser desobedecida". El País (in Spanish). Ediciones El País, S.L. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
  85. ^ "Richard Stallman Opts to Disobey Anti-Piracy Law". TorrentFreak.com. June 10, 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  86. ^ a b "Main page of the IMSLP". wikidot.com. December 6, 2011. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  87. ^ Stallman, Richard (2011–2013). "The Danger of E-Books". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved March 27, 2013.
  88. ^ Stallman, Richard. "Why Upgrade to GPLv3". GNU Project. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved October 16, 2014. Under the [DMCA] and similar laws, it is illegal ... to distribute DVD players unless they restrict the user according to the official rules of the DVD conspiracy
  89. ^ "Boycott Sony". Defectivebydesign.org. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  90. ^ Arthur, Charles (December 14, 2010). "Google's ChromeOS means losing control of data, warns GNU founder Richard Stallman". guardian.co.uk. Guardian. Retrieved February 16, 2012.
  91. ^ Adhikari, Richard. "Why Richard Stallman Takes No Shine to Chrome" LinuxInsider, December 15, 2010.
  92. ^ Stallman, Richard (September 20, 2011). "Who does that server really serve?". GNU, Boston Review. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
  93. ^ Hill, Benjamin Mako (February 1, 2009). "Show Me the Code". Revealing Errors. Retrieved January 15, 2012. Assange, Julian (April 9, 2011). "Interview Assange and RMS". London: RT. Retrieved January 15, 2012. Facebook, Google, Yahoo– all these major U.S. organizations have built-in interfaces for US intelligence. It's not a matter of serving a subpoena. They have an interface that they have developed for U.S. intelligence to use.
  94. ^ "Stallman joins the Internet, talks net neutrality, patents and more". Network World. March 23, 2015.
  95. ^ "Leader of the Free World, Wired Magazine, Issue 11.11, November 2003". Wired.com. September 17, 1991. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  96. ^ a b "Linux, GNU, Freedom by Richard M. Stallman". Gnu.org. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  97. ^ "Transcript of Richard Stallman speaking on GPLv3 in Torino". March 18, 2006. Everyone who uses the term intellectual property is either confused himself or trying to confuse you.
  98. ^ "Did You Say "Intellectual Property"? It's a Seductive Mirage by Richard M. Stallman". Gnu.org. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  99. ^ "Email "IP Justice Comment on Top Policy Issues for Athens"". Mail.fsfeurope.org. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  100. ^ Tiemann, Michael. "History of the OSI". Open Source Initiative. Archived from the original on April 12, 2014. Retrieved April 16, 2014.
  101. ^ "Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source"". Gnu.org. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  102. ^ "Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing". Free Software Foundation. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  103. ^ Stallman, Richard (April 24, 1992). "Why Software Should Be Free". gnu.org.
  104. ^ "What's in a name? by Richard Stallman". Gnu.org. September 20, 2000. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  105. ^ Andrews, Jeremy (2005). "Interview with Richard Stallman, KernelTrap.org, 2005". GNU. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
  106. ^ Torvalds, Linus. "LKML: Linus Torvalds: Re: GPLv3 Position Statement". lkml.org. Linux Kernel Mailing List. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
  107. ^ "Black and white". Linus' blog. November 2, 2008. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
  108. ^ "'Join fight for privacy now!' Stallman on Snowden & how to escape surveillance". RT News. July 17, 2013. Retrieved July 17, 2014.
  109. ^ "Richard Stallman: surveillance is incompatible with democracy". Livemint.com. January 22, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  110. ^ Facebook is surveillance monster feeding on our personal data, Richard Stallman, Russia Today Youtube Channel.
  111. ^ Stallman, Richard M. (October 14, 2013). "Stallman: How Much Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand?". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  112. ^ Stallman, Richard (April 3, 2018). "A radical proposal to keep your personal data safe | Richard Stallman". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved August 3, 2020.
  113. ^ "GPLv3 – Transcript of Richard Stallman from the third international GPLv3 conference, Barcelona; 2006-06-22" (in Catalan). Fsfeurope.org. June 22, 2006. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  114. ^ "A Rare Glimpse into Richard Stallman's World". Informationweek.com. January 6, 2006. Retrieved July 22, 2012.
  115. ^ "How I do my computing". Archived from the original on April 10, 2016. Retrieved June 11, 2016.
  116. ^ Stallman, Richard (December 15, 2007). "Real men don't attack straw men". OpenBSD 'misc' Mailing List. Archived from the original on November 16, 2018. Retrieved March 24, 2009. For personal reasons, I do not browse the web from my computer
  117. ^ "Richard Stallman: Apple fanboys are foolish people". February 22, 2016 – via YouTube.
  118. ^ Schüssler, Matthias (February 17, 2016). "Freiheitskämpfer, Rebell und Papst" – via www.tagesanzeiger.ch.
  119. ^ François Proulx. "Richard Stallman". Flickr. Retrieved September 2, 2011.
  120. ^ "Doggerel – Richard Stallman". www.stallman.org.
  121. ^ Stallman, Richard (September 2012). "Why It Is Important Not to Have Children". Stallman.org. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
  122. ^ "You have GNU sense of humor! Glibc abortion 'joke' diff tiff leaves Richard Stallman miffed". theregister.co.uk. May 9, 2018. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  123. ^ a b c "Famed Computer Scientist Richard Stallman Described Epstein Victims As 'Entirely Willing'". www.vice.com. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  124. ^ a b c d Lee, Timothy B. (September 17, 2019). "Richard Stallman leaves MIT after controversial remarks on rape". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 5, 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  125. ^ Bekiempis, Victoria (September 17, 2019). "MIT scientist resigns over emails discussing academic linked to Epstein". The Guardian. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  126. ^ a b Svrluga, Susan (September 13, 2019). "Computer scientist Richard Stallman resigns from MIT after comments about Epstein scandal". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 5, 2020.
  127. ^ Levy, Steven (September 18, 2019). "Richard Stallman and the fall of the clueless nerd". Wired. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
  128. ^ "Event details: Talk by Richard rms Stallman". Chalmers University of Technology. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  129. ^ [1] Archived March 7, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  130. ^ a b "Richard Stallman – Award Winner". ACM Awards. Association for Computing Machinery. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
  131. ^ "KTH | Honorary doctors at KTH". Kth.se. November 19, 2014. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  132. ^ "EFF: Torvalds, Stallman, Simons Win 1998 Pioneer Awards". W2.eff.org. Archived from the original on November 8, 2017. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  133. ^ "ahref.com > Guides > Industry > WWW8 Notes: Open-Source Software and Software Patents". Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved April 2, 2015.
  134. ^ "The Takeda Foundation". Takeda-foundation.jp. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  135. ^ "Stallman shares Takeda award of nearly $1M". MIT. October 17, 2001. Retrieved November 26, 2006.
  136. ^ "University of Glasgow :: University news :: Archive of news :: 2001 :: February :: University announces honorary degrees to celebrate 550th anniversary". Gla.ac.uk. February 1, 2001. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  137. ^ "NAE Website – Dr. Richard M. Stallman". Nae.edu. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  138. ^ "Vrije Universiteit Brussel". Vub.ac.be. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  139. ^ "RESOLUCIÓN CS N° 204/04". Bo.unsa.edu.ar. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2010.
  140. ^ "Richard Matthew Stallman ofrecerá conferencia orientada al uso del software libre". Nota de Prensa. Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería del Perú. Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  141. ^ "Universidad Garcilaso realizó Conferencia Magistral a cargo del Dr. Richard Stallman". Noticias Garcilasinas. Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2012.
  142. ^ "El padre del software libre, Premio Internacional Extremadura". 20minutos.es. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  143. ^ Steele, Guy L. Jr. The Hacker's Dictionary: A Guide to the World of Computer Wizards.
  144. ^ "Laurea in Ingegneria Informatica a Richard Stallman". University of Pavia. Archived from the original on October 4, 2011. Retrieved April 26, 2008.
  145. ^ "RMS Given Honorary Degree at Lakehead". YouTube.com. May 31, 2009. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  146. ^ "Honorary Degree Recipients". Agora.lakeheadu.ca. May 21, 2009. Archived from the original on August 21, 2013. Retrieved March 27, 2015.
  147. ^ "Honoris Causa para Richard Stallman, el gurú del software libre" [Honoris Causa for Richard Stallman, Free Software guru]. National University of Córdoba (in Spanish). August 16, 2011. Archived from the original on October 24, 2011.
  148. ^ "Concordia awards 3 new honorary doctorates". www.concordia.ca.
  149. ^ "Cérémonie des docteurs honoris causa 2016".
  150. ^ "GNU Health CON 2016 – I International GNU Health Conference". www.gnuhealthcon.org. Archived from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved August 30, 2017.

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Lee2019" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "FSF-resign-2019" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Ellement2019" is not used in the content (see the help page).

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Stallman-2019-sex-between" is not used in the content (see the help page).
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Stallman&oldid=973046334"