Automotive industry

A video showing new Škoda & Volkswagen cars being transported by rail at Kutná Hora město train station in the Czech Republic

The automotive industry is a wide range of companies and organizations involved in the design, development, manufacturing, marketing, and selling of motor vehicles. It is one of the world's most important economic sectors by revenue. The automotive industry does not include industries dedicated to the maintenance of automobiles following delivery to the end-user, such as automobile repair shops and motor fuel filling stations.

The term automotive was created from Greek autos (self), and Latin motivus (of motion) to represent any form of self-powered vehicle. This term was proposed by SAE member Elmer Sperry.

History

Main article: History of the automobile

Thomas B. Jeffery automobile factory in Kenosha, Wisconsin, c.1916

Citroën assembly line in 1918

The automotive industry began in the 1890s with hundreds of manufacturers that pioneered the horseless carriage. For many decades, the United States led the world in total automobile production. In 1929 before the Great Depression, the world had 32,028,500 automobiles in use, and the U.S. automobile industry produced over 90% of them. At that time the U.S. had one car per 4.87 persons. After World War II, the U.S. produced about 75 percent of world's auto production. In 1980, the U.S. was overtaken by Japan and became world's leader again in 1994. In 2006, Japan narrowly passed the U.S. in production and held this rank until 2009, when China took the top spot with 13.8 million units. With 19.3 million units manufactured in 2012, China almost doubled the U.S. production, with 10.3 million units, while Japan was in third place with 9.9 million units. From 1970 (140 models) over 1998 (260 models) to 2012 (684 models), the number of automobile models in the U.S. has grown exponentially.

Safety

Main article: Automobile safety

Safety is a state that implies to be protected from any risk, danger, damage or cause of injury. In the automotive industry, safety means that users, operators or manufacturers do not face any risk or danger coming from the motor vehicle or its spare parts. Safety for the automobiles themselves, implies that there is no risk of damage.

Safety in the automotive industry is particularly important and therefore highly regulated. Automobiles and other motor vehicles have to comply with a certain number of norms and regulations, whether local or international, in order to be accepted on the market. The standard ISO 26262, is considered as one of the best practice framework for achieving automotive functional safety.

In case of safety issues, danger, product defect or faulty procedure during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle, the maker can request to return either a batch or the entire production run. This procedure is called product recall. Product recalls happen in every industry and can be production-related or stem from the raw material.

Product and operation tests and inspections at different stages of the value chain are made to avoid these product recalls by ensuring end-user security and safety and compliance with the automotive industry requirements. However, the automotive industry is still particularly concerned about product recalls, which cause considerable financial consequences.

Economy

See also: Automotive industry by country

Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007, consuming over 980 billion litres (980,000,000 m³) of gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The automobile is a primary mode of transportation for many developed economies. The Detroit branch of Boston Consulting Group predicts that, by 2014, one-third of world demand will be in the four BRIC markets (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Meanwhile, in the developed countries, the automotive industry has slowed down. It is also expected that this trend will continue, especially as the younger generations of people (in highly urbanized countries) no longer want to own a car anymore, and prefer other modes of transport. Other potentially powerful automotive markets are Iran and Indonesia. Emerging auto markets already buy more cars than established markets. According to a J.D. Power study, emerging markets accounted for 51 percent of the global light-vehicle sales in 2010. The study, performed in 2010 expected this trend to accelerate. However, more recent reports (2012) confirmed the opposite; namely that the automotive industry was slowing down even in BRIC countries. In the United States, vehicle sales peaked in 2000, at 17.8 million units.

World motor vehicle production

World Motor Vehicle Production

Production volume (1000 vehicles)

1960s; Post war increase

1970s; Oil crisis and tighter safety and emission regulation.

1990s; production started in NICs

2000s; rise of China as top producer

Automotive industry crisis of 2008–2010

to 1950; USA had produced more than 80% of motor vehicles.

1950s; UK, Germany and France restarted production.

1960s; Japan started production and increased volume through the 1980s. US, Japan, Germany, France and UK produced about 80% of motor vehicles through the 1980s.

1990s; Korea became a volume producer. In 2004, Korea became No. 5 passing France.

2000s; China increased its production drastically, and 2009 became the world largest producing country.

2013; The share of China (25.4%), Korea, India, Brazil and Mexico rose to 43%, while the share of USA (12.7%), Japan, Germany, France and UK fell to 34%.

By year

See also: List of countries by motor vehicle production

Automobile Export Gross value Treemap (2012)
This map showing only gross export amount. USA was the largest net importer, also UK and France are net importers.

By country

Main article: Automotive industry by country

By manufacturer

Rank of manufacturers by production in 2013

Rank	Group	Country	Total	Cars	LCV	HCV	Heavy Bus
1	Toyota	Japan	10,324,995	8,565,176	1,481,722	272,411	5,686
2	General Motors	United States	9,628,912	6,733,192	2,890,958	4,762
3	Volkswagen	Germany	9,379,229	9,259,506	119,723
4	Hyundai	South Korea	7,233,080	6,909,194	242,021	67,290	14,575
5	Ford	United States	6,077,126	3,317,048	2,667,220	92,858
6	Nissan	Japan	4,950,924	4,090,677	837,331	22,916
7	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	Italy	4,681,704	2,163,040	2,350,697	124,131	43,836
8	Honda	Japan	4,298,390	4,263,239	35,151
9	Suzuki	Japan	2,842,133	2,452,573	389,560
10	Groupe PSA	France	2,833,781	2,445,889	387,892
11	Renault	France	2,704,675	2,347,913	356,762
12	BMW	Germany	2,006,366	2,006,366
13	SAIC	China	1,992,250	1,685,392	231,374	74,431	1,053
14	Daimler	Germany	1,781,507	1,631,502	150,005
15	Mazda	Japan	1,264,173	1,175,443	88,730
16	Dongfeng	China	1,238,948	642,092	226,319	357,414	13,123
17	Mitsubishi	Japan	1,229,441	1,090,571	135,306	3,564
18	Changan	China	1,109,889	873,794	166,056	70,039
19	Tata	India	1,062,654	650,708	279,511	117,425	15,010
20	Geely	China	969,896	969,896
21	BAIC	China	918,879	243,437	285,947	384,425	5,070
22	Fuji	Japan	808,919	808,919
23	Brilliance	China	782,904	479,335	264,210	39,359
24	FAW	China	717,883	448,290	61,822	203,895	3,876
25	Mahindra & Mahindra	India	584,534	407,563	173,398	2,2337	1,236
26	Great Wall	China	557,564	430,423	127,141
27	Isuzu	Japan	532,966		36,094	494,907	1,965
28	JAC	China	517,577	206,132	120,588	174,571	16,286
29	BYD	China	510,950	510,950
30	AvtoVAZ	Russia	507,242	495,013	12,229

OICA defines these entries as follows:

• Passenger cars are motor vehicles with at least four wheels, used for the transport of passengers, and comprising no more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat.
• Light commercial vehicles (LCV) are motor vehicles with at least four wheels, used for the carriage of goods. Mass given in tons (metric tons) is used as a limit between light commercial vehicles and heavy trucks. This limit depends on national and professional definitions and varies between 3.5 and 7 tons. Minibuses, derived from light commercial vehicles, are used for the transport of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat and having a maximum mass between 3.5 and 7 tons.
• Heavy trucks (HCV) are vehicles intended for the carriage of goods. Maximum authorised mass is over the limit (ranging from 3.5 to 7 tons) of light commercial vehicles. They include tractor vehicles designed for towing semi-trailers.
• Buses and coaches are used for the transport of passengers, comprising more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat, and having a maximum mass over the limit (ranging from 3.5 to 7 tones) of light commercial vehicles.

Company relationships

It is common for automobile manufacturers to hold stakes in other automobile manufacturers. These ownerships can be explored under the detail for the individual companies.

Notable current relationships include:

• AB Volvo and Eicher Motors has a 50-50% joint venture called VE Commercial Vehicles.
• Anadolu Group and Isuzu have a 50-50% joint venture called Anadolu Isuzu.
• Beijing Automotive Group has a joint venture with Daimler called Beijing Benz, both companies hold a 50-50% stake. both companies also have a joint venture called Beijing Foton Daimler Automobile. BAG also has a joint venture with Hyundai called Beijing Hyundai, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
• BMW and Brilliance have a joint venture called BMW Brilliance. BMW owns a 50% stake, Brilliance owns a 40.5% stake, and the Shenyang municipal government owns a 9.5% stake.
• Chang'an Automobile Group has three joint ventures, one with PSA Peugeot Citroen(CAPSA), both hold a 50-50% stake, one with Suzuki(Changan Suzuki), both hold a 50-50% stake, and one with Ford and Mazda(Changan Ford Mazda), CAG holds a 50% stake, Ford holds a 35% stake, and Mazda holds a 15% stake. Chang'an and Ford have a joint venture called Chang'an Ford Nanjing. Jiangling and Chang'an have a joint venture called Jiangxi Jiangling.
• Chery has a joint venture with Tata Motors called Chery Jaguar Land Rover, both companies hold a 50-50% stake. Chery and Israel Corporation has a joint venture called Qoros, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
• Daimler AG holds a 20% stake in Eicher Motors, a 10.0% stake in KAMAZ, an 89.29% stake in Mitsubishi Fuso Truck and Bus Corporation, a 6.75% stake in Tata Motors and a 3.1% in the Renault-Nissan Alliance, a 12% stake in Beijing Automotive Group, and an 85% stake in Master Motors. Daimler and BYD Auto have a joint venture called Denza, both companies hold a 50-50% stake.
• Dongfeng Motor Corporation and Nissan have a 50-50% joint venture called Venucia, and another 50-50% joint venture called Dongfeng Motor Company. Dongfeng and PSA Group have a 50-50% joint venture called Dongfeng Peugeot-Citroen, a 50-50% joint venture with Honda called Dongfeng Honda, a joint venture with AB Volvo called Dongfeng Nissan-Diesel,a 50-50% joint venture with Renault named Dongfeng Renault in Wuhan, which was founded in the end of 2013
• FCA holds a 90% stake in Ferrari, a 67% stake in Fiat Automobili Srbija and 37.8% of Tofaş with another 37.8% owned by Koç Holding.
• Fiat Automobili Srbija owns a 54% stake in Zastava Trucks.
• Fiat Industrial owns a 46% stake in Zastava Trucks.
• Ford Motor Company holds a 3% stake in Mazda, a 12.1% share in Aston Martin, a 49% share in Jiangling Motors. Ford and Navistar International have a 50-50 joint venture called Blue Diamond Truck. Ford and Sollers JSC have a 50-50 joint venture called Ford Sollers. Both Ford and Koç Holding own a 41% stake in Ford Otosan. Ford and Lio Ho Group hanve a joint venture called Ford Lio Ho, Ford owns 70% and Lio Ho Group owns 30%.
• FAW Group and GM has a 50-50 joint venture called FAW-GM, a 50-50 joint venture with Volkswagen Group called FAW-Volkswagen, and a 50-50 joint venture with Toyota called Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor and both companies also have another joint venture called Ranz. FAW Group owns 49% of Haima Automobile
• Fujian Motors Group holds a 15% stake in King Long. FMG, China Motor, and Daimler has a joint venture called Fujian Benz. FMG, China Motor, and Mitsubishi Motors has a joint venture called Soueast, FMG holds a 50% stake, and both China Motor and Mitsubishi Motors holds an equal 25% stake.
• Geely Automobile holds a 23% stake in The London Taxi Company.
• General Motors holds a 20% stake in Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines. General Motors and Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC), and has two joint ventures in Shanghai General Motors and SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile. Both also hold an equal 50% stake in General Motors India Private Limited. And General Motors holds a 94% stake in GM Korea and SAIC Group holds a 6% stake. General Motors and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called GM Uzbekistan, UzAvtosanoat owns 75% and General Motors owns 25%. General Motors and UzAvtosanoat also have a joint venture called UzDaewooAvto both each hold a 50-50 stake. GM, AvtoVAZ, and EBRD have a joint venture called GM-AvtoVAZ, Both GM and AvtoVAZ owns 41.61% and EBRD owns 16.76%.
• Hyundai Motor Group and Kibar Holding has a joint venture called Hyundai Assan Otomotiv, Hyundai Motor Group owns 70% and Kibar Holding owns 30%.
• Isuzu and General Motors has a 50-50% joint venture called Isuzu Truck South Africa. Isuzu owns 10% of Industries Mécaniques Maghrébines. Isuzu, Sollers JSC, and Imperial Sojitz have a joint venture called Sollers-Isuzu, Sollers JSC owns66%, Isuzu owns 29%, and Imperial Sojitz owns 5%.
• Mahindra & Mahindra and Navistar International has a joint venture called Mahindra Trucks and Buses Limited. Mahindra & Mahindra owns 51% and Navistar International owns 49%.
• MAN SE holds a 17.01% voting stake in Scania. MAN and UzAvtosanoat have a joint venture called MAN Auto-Uzbekistan, UzAvtosanoat owns 51% and MAN owns 49%.
• Marcopolo owns 19% of New Flyer Industries.
• Navistar International and JAC has a joint venture called Anhui Jianghuai Navistar.
• Nissan owns 43% of Nissan Shatai.
• Porsche Automobil Holding SE has a 50.74% voting stake in Volkswagen Group. The Porsche automotive business is fully owned by the Volkswagen Group.
• PSA Groupe and Toyota have a 50-50% joint venture called Toyota Peugeot Citroen Automobile Czech, and another joint venture with Chang'an called Chang'an PSA automobile.
• Renault and Nissan Motors have an alliance( Renault-Nissan Alliance ) involving two global companies linked by cross-shareholding, with Renault holding 44.3% of Nissan shares, and Nissan holding 15% of (non-voting) Renault shares. The alliance holds a 3.1% share in Daimler AG.
• Renault holds a 25% stake in AvtoVAZ and an 80.1% stake in Renault Samsung.
• SAIPA holds a 51% stake in Pars Khodro.
• Sollers JSC is involved in Joint ventures with Ford(Ford Sollers) and Mazda to produce cars.
• Toyota holds a 51% stake in Daihatsu, 16.7% in Fuji Heavy Industries, parent company of Subaru, and a 10% stake in Tesla, .
• Volkswagen Group holds a 37.73% stake in Scania (68.6% voting rights), a 53.7% stake in MAN SE (55.9% voting rights), and a 99.55% stake in the Audi Group. Volkswagen is integrating Scania, MAN and its own truck division into one division.
• Paccar inc. has a 19% stake in Tatra.
• Tata Motors also formed a joint venture with Fiat and gained access to Fiat's diesel engine technology. Tata Motors sells Fiat cars in India through a 50/50 joint venture Fiat Automobiles India Limited, and is looking to extend its relationship with Fiat and Iveco to other segments. Tata and Marcopolo have a Tata Marcopolo, Tata owns 51% and Marcopolo owns 49%.
• ZAP owns 51% of Zhejiang Jonway.

Top vehicle manufacturing groups by volume

The table below shows the world's largest motor vehicle manufacturing groups, along with the marques produced by each one. The table is ranked by 2013 production figures from the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers (OICA) for the parent group, and then alphabetically by marque. Joint ventures are not reflected in this table. Production figures of joint ventures are typically included in OICA rankings, which can become a source of controversy.

Marque	Country of origin	Ownership	Markets
1. Toyota Motor Corporation (Japan)
Daihatsu		Subsidiary	Europe, Asia (except South Korea), Africa, South America
Hino		Subsidiary	South East Asia, Japan, North America (except United States), South America
Lexus		Business Unit	South East Asia, Japan, Middle East, United States, Canada, Europe, Brazil, Costa Rica, Panama, Chile, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, North Korea
Ranz		Business Unit	China
Scion		Division	United States, Canada
Toyota		Division	Global, except Iran
2. General Motors Company (United States)
Buick		Business Unit	North America, China, Israel
Cadillac		Business Unit	North America, Europe, Middle East, China, Japan, South Korea
Chevrolet		Business Unit	Global, except Australia, New Zealand
GMC		Business Unit	North America, Middle East (except Israel)
Holden		Subsidiary	Australia, New Zealand
JieFang		Business Unit	China
Opel		Business Unit	Europe (except United Kingdom), North Africa, South Africa, Middle East, China, Singapore, Chile
Vauxhall		Business Unit	United Kingdom
UzDaewoo		Business Unit	Central Asia, Russia
Wuling		Business Unit	China
3. Volkswagen Group AG (Germany)
Audi		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran
Bentley		Subsidiary	Global
Bugatti		Subsidiary	Global
Lamborghini		Subsidiary	Global
MAN		Subsidiary	Global, except North America, Australia
Porsche		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran
SEAT		Subsidiary	Europe, Mexico, Central America, South America, Middle East, Northern Africa
Škoda		Subsidiary	Europe, Asia, Central America, South America, Dominican Republic, Northern Africa, Western Africa, Australia, New Zealand
Volkswagen		Division	Global
Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles		Subsidiary	Europe, Central America, South America, Australia, China
VTB		Business Unit	Brazil, Mexico, Nigeria, South Africa
4. Hyundai Motor Group (South Korea)
Genesis		Business Unit	South Korea, China, North America, Middle East
Hyundai		Division	Global
Kia		Subsidiary	Global, except Japan
5. Ford Motor Company (United States)
Ford		Division	Global
Lincoln		Business Unit	North America, Middle East, Japan, South Korea, China
Troller		Subsidiary	South America, Africa
6. Nissan (Japan)
Datsun		Division	Indonesia, India, Russia, South Africa
Infiniti		Subsidiary	Global, except Japan, Korea, South America, Africa
Nissan		Division	Global
Venucia		Business Unit	China
7. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Italy / United States)
Abarth		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran
Alfa Romeo		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran, China, Taiwan, the Philippines
Chrysler		Division	Global, except Europe (excluding United Kingdom, Ireland), Africa (excluding South Africa, Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia
Dodge		Division	Global, except Europe, Africa (excluding South Africa, Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia
Ferrari		Subsidiary	Global, except Iran
Fiat		Subsidiary	Global, except Africa (excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia
Fiat Professional		Business Unit	Global, except Africa (excluding South Africa), Iran, South East Asia, United States, Canada
Jeep		Division	Global, except Africa (excluding South Africa, Egypt), South Asia, South East Asia
Lancia		Division	Europe (excluding United Kingdom, Ireland)
Maserati		Subsidiary	Global
Ram		Division	North America, Brazil, Middle East, Peru
8. Honda Motor Company (Japan)
Acura		Division	North America, China
Everus		Business Unit	China
Honda		Division	Global
9. Suzuki Motor Corporation (Japan)
Suzuki		Division	Global, except United States, Canada, North Korea, South Korea
Maruti Suzuki		Subsidiary	India, Middle East, South America
10. PSA Peugeot Citroën S.A. (France)
Citroën		Subsidiary	Europe, Central America, South America, Northern Africa, Western Africa, South Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, Asia (except India, Pakistan, Bangladesh)
Peugeot		Subsidiary	Global, except United States, Canada, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
DS		Subsidiary	Global, except North America, South Asia (excluding Malaysia)

Car makes and their parent companies

The table below lists most car makes and their parent companies.

Make	Parent (Owner)	Parent Country
Abarth	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	Italy
Acura	Honda	Japan
Alfa Romeo	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	Italy/United States
Alpine	Renault	France
Alpheon	General Motors	United States
Aston Martin	Aston Martin	United Kingdom
Audi	Volkswagen Group	Germany
Baojun	SAIC-GM-Wuling	China/United States
Bentley	Volkswagen Group	Germany
BMW	BMW	Germany
Brilliance	Brilliance	China
Bugatti	Volkswagen Group	Germany
Buick	General Motors	United States
BYD	BYD	China
Cadillac	General Motors	United States
Caterham	Caterham	United Kingdom
Chang'an	Chang'an	China
Chevrolet	General Motors	United States
Chrysler	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	Italy/United States
Citroën	PSA Peugeot Citroën	France
Dacia	Renault	France
Daihatsu	Toyota	Japan
Datsun	Nissan	Japan
Dodge	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	Italy/United States
Dongfeng	Dongfeng	China
DS	PSA Peugeot Citroën	France
Fengshen	Dongfeng	China
Ferrari	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	Italy/United States
Fiat	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	Italy/United States
Fisker	Wanxiang	China
Ford	Ford	United States
Geely	Geely	China
Genesis	Hyundai Motor Group	South Korea
GMC	General Motors	United States
Hino Motors	Toyota	Japan
Holden (HSV)	General Motors	United States
Honda	Honda	Japan
Hyundai	Hyundai Motor Group	South Korea
Infiniti	Nissan	Japan
Isuzu	Isuzu Motors	Japan
Jaguar	Tata Motors	India
Jeep	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	Italy/United States
Jie Fang	FAW Jie Fang / FAW-GM	China/United States
Kantanka	Kantanka Group Conglomerate	Ghana
Koenigsegg	Koenigsegg	Sweden
Kia	Hyundai Motor Group	South Korea
Lada	AvtoVAZ	Russia
Lamborghini	Volkswagen Group	Germany
Lancia	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	Italy/United States
Land Rover	Tata Motors	India
Lexus	Toyota	Japan
Lincoln	Ford	United States
Lotus	PROTON	Malaysia
LTI	Geely	China
Luxgen	Yulon Motor	Taiwan
Maserati	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	Italy/United States
Mastretta	Mastretta	Mexico
Maybach	Daimler AG	Germany
Mazda	Mazda	Japan
McLaren	McLaren Automotive	United Kingdom
Mercedes-Benz	Daimler AG	Germany
MG	SAIC Motor	China
Mini	BMW	Germany
Mitsubishi	Mitsubishi	Japan
Morgan	Morgan Motor Company	United Kingdom
Nissan	Nissan	Japan
Noble	Peter Dyson	United Kingdom
Opel	General Motors	United States
Pagani	Pagani Automobili	Italy
Perodua	Perodua	Malaysia
Peugeot	PSA Peugeot Citroën	France
Porsche	Volkswagen Group	Germany
PROTON	PROTON	Malaysia
Ram	Fiat Chrysler Automobiles	Italy/United States
Renault	Renault	France
Roewe	SAIC Motor	China
Rolls Royce	BMW	Germany
Saleen	Saleen	United States
Samand	Iran Khodro (IKCO)	Iran
Renault Samsung Motors	Renault	France
Saab	National Electric Vehicle Sweden (NEVS)	Sweden
Scion	Toyota	Japan
SEAT	Volkswagen Group	Germany
Senova	BAIC Motor	China
Škoda	Volkswagen Group	Germany
Smart	Daimler AG	Germany
SsangYong	Mahindra & Mahindra	India
Subaru	Fuji Heavy Industries	Japan
Suzuki	Suzuki	Japan
Tata	Tata Motors	India
Tesla	Tesla	United States
Tiba/Miniator	Saipa	Iran
Toyota	Toyota	Japan
Vauxhall	General Motors	United States
Venucia	Dongfeng-Nissan	China/Japan
Volkswagen	Volkswagen Group	Germany
Volvo Cars	Geely	China
Wuling	SAIC-GM-Wuling	China/United States

See also

• Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
• Automotive industry by country
• Automotive industry crisis of 2008–10
• Automotive market in the United States
• Big Three (automobile manufacturers)
• Effects of the 2008–10 automotive industry crisis on the United States
• List of countries by motor vehicle production
• Motocycle
• List of largest automotive companies by revenue

External links

• Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers