Jump to content

Levomilnacipran

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by DePiep (talk | contribs) at 17:45, 2 April 2016 (Remove redundant parameters InChI, InChIKey (StdInChI, StdInChIKey are used). See Talk (via AWB script)). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Levomilnacipran
Clinical data
Trade namesFetzima
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
  • US: WARNING[1]
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability92%[2]
Protein binding22%
MetabolismHepatic (primarily by CYP3A4)
Elimination half-life12 hours
ExcretionRenal
Identifiers
  • (1S,2R)-2-(aminomethyl)-N,N-diethyl-1-phenylcyclopropanecarboxamide
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC15H22N2O
Molar mass246.348 g/mol g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
  • CCN(CC)C(=O)[C@]1(C[C@H]1CN)C2=CC=CC=C2
  • InChI=1S/C15H22N2O/c1-3-17(4-2)14(18)15(10-13(15)11-16)12-8-6-5-7-9-12/h5-9,13H,3-4,10-11,16H2,1-2H3/t13-,15+/m0/s1 ☒N
  • Key:GJJFMKBJSRMPLA-DZGCQCFKSA-N ☒N
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Levomilnacipran (brand name Fetzima) is an antidepressant approved for the treatment of major depressive disorder in the United States. It was developed by Forest Laboratories and Pierre Fabre Group, and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in July 2013.[3] Levomilnacipran is the levo- enantiomer of milnacipran, and has similar effects and pharmacology, acting as a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI).[4][5]

The FDA approved levomilnacipran in July 2013 based on the results of one 10-week phase II and four 8-week phase III clinical trials. Four of the five trials demonstrated a statistically significant superiority to placebo as measured by the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale. Superiority to placebo was also demonstrated by improvement in the Sheehan Disability Scale. Side effects seen more often than with placebo included nausea, dizziness, sweating, constipation, insomnia, increased heart rate and blood pressure, urinary hesitancy, erectile dysfunction and delayed ejaculation in males, vomiting, tachycardia, and palpitations.[3][6]

Relative to other SNRIs, levomilnacipran, as well as milnacipran, differ in that they are much more balanced reuptake inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine.[7][8][9] To demonstrate, the serotonin:norepinephrine ratios of SNRIs are as follows: venlafaxine = 30:1, duloxetine = 10:1, desvenlafaxine = 10:1, milnacipran = 1:3, and levomilnacipran = 1:2.[7] The clinical implications of more balanced elevations of serotonin and norepinephrine are unclear,[7] but may include improved effectiveness, though also increased side effects.[9][10][8]

Levomilnacipran has recently been found to act as an inhibitor of beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE-1), which is responsible for β-amyloid plaque formation, and hence may be a potentially useful drug in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.[11]

References

  1. ^ "FDA-sourced list of all drugs with black box warnings (Use Download Full Results and View Query links.)". nctr-crs.fda.gov. FDA. Retrieved 22 Oct 2023.
  2. ^ "FETZIMA™ (levomilnacipran) extended-release capsules, for oral use. Prescribing Information", Forest Laboratories Inc., 2013. Revised: July 2013. [1]
  3. ^ a b Citrome L (November 2013). "Levomilnacipran for major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the efficacy and safety profile for this newly approved antidepressant--what is the number needed to treat, number needed to harm and likelihood to be helped or harmed?". Int. J. Clin. Pract. 67 (11): 1089–104. doi:10.1111/ijcp.12298. PMID 24016209.
  4. ^ "Pierre Fabre Medicament and Forest Laboratories to Collaborate on Development and Commercialization of F2695 for Depression - FierceBiotech".
  5. ^ Deprez D, Chassard D, Baille P, Mignot A, Ung HL, Puozzo C (1998). "Which bioequivalence study for a racemic drug? Application to milnacipran". European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics. 23 (2): 166–71. doi:10.1007/bf03189334. PMID 9725476.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Sambunaris A, Bose A, Gommoll CP, Chen C, Greenberg WM, Sheehan DV (February 2014). "A phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study of levomilnacipran extended-release in patients with major depressive disorder". J Clin Psychopharmacol. 34 (1): 47–56. doi:10.1097/JCP.0000000000000060. PMC 4047313. PMID 24172209.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b c Sansone RA, Sansone LA (March 2014). "Serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors: a pharmacological comparison". Innov Clin Neurosci. 11 (3–4): 37–42. PMC 4008300. PMID 24800132.
  8. ^ a b Saraceni MM, Venci JV, Gandhi MA (December 2013). "Levomilnacipran (Fetzima): A New Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder". J Pharm Pract. 27: 389–395. doi:10.1177/0897190013516504. PMID 24381243.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ a b Kasper S, Pail G (2010). "Milnacipran: a unique antidepressant?". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 6: 23–31. doi:10.2147/NDT.S11777. PMC 2938282. PMID 20856597.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  10. ^ Bradley AJ, Lenox-Smith AJ (August 2013). "Does adding noradrenaline reuptake inhibition to selective serotonin reuptake inhibition improve efficacy in patients with depression? A systematic review of meta-analyses and large randomised pragmatic trials". J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford). 27 (8): 740–58. doi:10.1177/0269881113494937. PMID 23832963.
  11. ^ Rizvi SM, Shaikh S, Khan M, Biswas D, Hameed N, Shakil S (2014). "Fetzima (levomilnacipran), a drug for major depressive disorder as a dual inhibitor for human serotonin transporters and beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1". CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 13 (8): 1427–31. PMID 25345508.



Stub icon

This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Levomilnacipran&oldid=713215164"