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Vellore

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Vellore
City
Nickname: 
Fort City
CountryIndia
StateTamil Nadu
RegionTondai Nadu
DistrictVellore
Government
 • BodyVellore Municipal Corporation
 • MayorP. Karthiyayini (AIADMK)
 • MayorP. Karthiyayini Ph.D
 • MLAV. S. Vijay,Ex Minister of Health in Jayalalithaa's cabinet
Area
 • City87.915 km2 (33.944 sq mi)
Elevation
216 m (709 ft)
Population
 • City501,966 (2,011)
 • Density701/km2 (1,820/sq mi)
 • Metro
800,000 (2,011)
Languages
 • OfficialTamil
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
632001 632002 632003 632004 632005 632006 632007 632008 632009 632010 632011 632012 632013 632014 632055 632057 632059
Telephone code91- 416
Vehicle registrationTN 23, TN 73 website=vellorecorp.tn.gov.in/
Planning agencyVellore Municipal Corporation
Avg. summer temperature45 °C (113 °F)
Avg. winter temperature10 °C (50 °F)

Vellore pronounced [veːluːr] ⓘ) is a municipal corporation in the Vellore district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It became a municipal corporation in August 2008.[1]

Vellore lies on the banks of the Palar River on the site of Vellore Fort. The city is located between Chennai (145 km), Bangalore (215 km) and the temple towns of Thiruvannamalai and Tirupati. Vellore has many colleges, ancient temples, a renowned hospital (the Christian Medical College & Hospital) and a well-known technical institute (the Vellore Institute of Technology).

Demographics

The city spans approximately 10 km and is developed around the Fort, which is considered as the center of the city. The total city area is 87.915 km².[2]

Vellore city is administrated by a mayor, a deputy mayor and a corporation commissioner. The Vellore Municipal Corporation consists of 60 wards and is divided into four zones: Katpadi, Sathuvachari, Vellore Fort and Shenbakkam. Each zones consists of 15 wards.[3][4]

Tamil is the official and most widely spoken language. Other languages include Telugu, Urdu, Malayalam and Kannada. Most residents can converse in English.

Climate

Climate data for Vellore (2000–2012)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.3
(95.5) 		39.8
(103.6) 		42.8
(109.0) 		44.4
(111.9) 		45.0
(113.0) 		44.3
(111.7) 		40.9
(105.6) 		39.4
(102.9) 		39.6
(103.3) 		39.2
(102.6) 		35.8
(96.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		45.0
(113.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.2
(84.6) 		32.0
(89.6) 		35.0
(95.0) 		37.1
(98.8) 		38.5
(101.3) 		36.3
(97.3) 		34.6
(94.3) 		34.0
(93.2) 		34.0
(93.2) 		33.0
(91.4) 		29.5
(85.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		33.5
(92.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		19.2
(66.6) 		21.3
(70.3) 		24.8
(76.6) 		26.3
(79.3) 		26.0
(78.8) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.1
(75.4) 		22.9
(73.2) 		20.8
(69.4) 		19.2
(66.6) 		22.7
(72.9)
Record low °C (°F) 10.2
(50.4) 		12.0
(53.6) 		12.1
(53.8) 		13.8
(56.8) 		18.1
(64.6) 		19.6
(67.3) 		18.8
(65.8) 		18.7
(65.7) 		18.7
(65.7) 		15.6
(60.1) 		12.1
(53.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		10.2
(50.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 9.0
(0.35) 		7.1
(0.28) 		5.9
(0.23) 		21.8
(0.86) 		83.9
(3.30) 		71.0
(2.80) 		117.0
(4.61) 		124.9
(4.92) 		149.6
(5.89) 		176.9
(6.96) 		155.2
(6.11) 		78.6
(3.09) 		1,000.9
(39.41)
Average precipitation days 0.8 0.5 0.4 1.3 4.7 5.3 6.6 7.8 7.6 9.4 7.7 3.9 56
Source: India Meteorological Department,[5]

Vellore has a tropical wet-and-dry climate, reaching high temperatures during summer.[6] The city experiences wet winters and dry summers; it has an elevation of about 224 meters, with the northeast monsoon the highest contributor to rainfall. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures during summer and winter vary between 38.5°C and 18.95°C. The highest temperature ever recorded is 45°C, and the lowest is 10°C.

The humidity ranges from 40%–63% during summer and 67%–86% during winter. The average annual rainfall is 996.7 millimetres (39.24 in). The maximum rainfall occurs during October and November, with the northeast monsoon. The area experiences rainfall during the southwest monsoon as well.[7]

Economy

The city and its nearby industrial towns have seen steady industrial growth following the development of South Asia's second railway line between Chennai, Royapuram and Walajapet.[8] The Golden Quadrilateral road has significantly increased the region's industrial activity.[9]

Leather

Hundreds of leather and tannery facilities are located around Vellore and its nearby towns, such as Ranipet, Ambur and Vaniyambadi. The Vellore district is the top exporter of finished leather goods in the country. Vellore leather accounts for more than 37 percent[10] of the country's export of leather and leather-related products (such as finished leathers, shoes, garments and gloves).

Manufacturing

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) is one of the nine major federal-government-owned enterprises in the nation. The area is home to the Boiler Auxiliaries Plant of BHEL located in Ranipet (the industrial hub of Vellore).

Chemical plants in the Ranipet-SIPCOT economic zone are a major source of income.[citation needed] EID Parry is a sanitary-ware manufacturing company with 38 percent of the world's market share in bathroom accessories.[11] Tirumalai Chemicals and Greaves are among the international brands located in the area. Automobile and mechanical companies of Global Brands, including SAME Deutz-Fahr, TVS–Brakes India, Mitsubishi, Greaves Cotton and MRF, are in the area.

Arakonam (near Vellore) is the home of companies such as Madras Rubber Factory, and TVS Brakes India[clarification needed] has a manufacturing facility in Sholingur, 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Vellore. Brakes India Sholingur's foundry division is located at Vellore-Sholingur and is a major employer in the area.[12]

Asia's biggest explosives manufacturing company, Tamil Nadu Explosives Limited (TEL), is located in Vellore at Katpadi. This is India's only government explosives company with more than a thousand employees.[clarification needed] The company is headed by a senior Indian Administrative Service officer. R. P. Sinha (who was recruited from a multinational explosives corporation for his knowledge of best practices) was the first general manager of the company retired since. During his tenure, TEL reached its maximum production.[13]

Kramski Stamping and Molding India Pvt Ltd. (a German precision metal and plastic integrated-component manufacturing company with automotive, telecommunications, electronics and medical applications) is located in Erayankadu, near Vellore.[14]

Retail

Major businesses in the city center are located on Officer's Line, Town Hall Road, Long Bazaar and Bangalore, Scudder, Arni, Gandhi and Katpadi Roads. Many boarding and lodging houses are located in and around Scudder and Gandhi Roads.

Medical centers

Christian Medical College & Hospital (CMCH), on Ida Scudder Road in the heart of the city, is Vellore's largest private employer and has a large floating population from other parts of India and abroad. Lodging, hospitals and allied businesses are among the major sources of income generated in the central part of the city. The Government Vellore Medical College and Hospital (VMCH) is located at Adukamparai in Vellore city. With the advent of hospitals such as Apollo KH Hospitals in Melvisharam and Sri Narayani Medical Research Center in Sripuram, coupled with colleges such as CMC & VIT and other engineering and science colleges, the healthcare industry is growing rapidly.[15]

Agriculture

The mainstay for people in the rural areas, more than agriculture, is industries such as weaving, beedi and match-stick rolling. The Indian Army has a number of recruits from the Vellore district (especially from Kammavanpet, which is known as "the military village") and military spending is a major sources of income for the region.[16]

Microsoft Innovation Centre (MIC)

Microsoft Corporation (India) Pvt. Ltd. announced the launch of 14 Microsoft Innovation Centers (MICs) in India. Trichy, Vellore, Coimbatore, Madurai and Salem in Tamil Nadu.[17]

Education

Main article: List of educational institutions in Vellore

Vellore is considered a good destination for medical and technological education in India.[18][19] It has a state-government university, a private technological university, one government and one private medical school and several engineering colleges.

Research centres

The country's first stem-cell translational research centre was established in Vellore in December 2005.[20] The central government's biotechnology department selected the Christian Medical College (CMC) as the first in a series of centers, since it already had world-class clinical hematology and biochemistry departments.[21] The college has made a breakthrough which attracted the attention of the country's medical and scientific community: the Centre for Stem Cell Research at the Christian Medical College succeeded in reprogramming cells from adult mice to make them function like stem cells found in the human embryo.[22]

The agricultural research station at Virinjipuram is in the Northeastern Zone of Tamil Nadu. It is one of 32 research stations of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU).[citation needed] Another research station is located in the Virinjipuram village of Katpadi Taluk in Vellore District. It is about 15 km from the Vellore bus station on the Chennai-Bangalore National Highway and 21 km from the Katpadi railway station.[citation needed]

The Government of India-sponsored National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas (NWDPRA) scheme has been in operation since October 1997, with the main objective being trials of conservation measures conducted in water and soil of 18 watersheds in the Vellore and Tiruvannamalai districts.[citation needed]

Universities & Colleges

Thiruvalluvar University

The Thiruvalluvar University was split off from the University of Madras, previously located earlier in the Vellore Fort campus. The foundation stone for a multi-core university campus was laid at Serkaadu (near Katpadi in Vellore) by Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi on 16 February 2008. It opened on 27 November 2010.[23] Nearly all the government-run arts and science colleges in Vellore, Tiruvannamalai, Villupuram and Cuddalore districts are affiliated with Thiruvalluvar University.[23] [24]

Government Engineering College

Thanthai Periyar Government Institute of Technology is the only Government Engineering College in Vellore.

Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT)

The Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) is in Katpadi, Vellore. VIT has been ranked best private engineering university in India by the magazine India Today.[25][26]

Medical Colleges
Three-story building with central column, framed with palm trees
Main building of the Christian Medical College Hospital

Christian Medical College & Hospital (CMCH) is one of the largest hospitals in India and also Asia,[citation needed] located in the heart of Vellore city. It is a major health-care provider for the surrounding districts.[27]

Arts and sciences

Auxilium Women's College (founded in 1954) is the first women's college in Vellore district;[28] other arts and sciences colleges in the area are the Dhanabakyam Krishnaswamy Mudhaliar Women's College (DKM) near Sainathapuram and the Muthurangam Government Arts College (MGAC) in Otteri, near Bagayam. Voorhees College (founded 1898) is the oldest college in the district and known as the institution where S. Radhakrishnan (former president of India) studied; a commemorative stamp for the centenary of the college was issued by the government of India. C. Abdul Hakeem College is located in Melvisharam. Arignar Anna Arts College for Women(AAA) is located in Walajapet. Sacred Heart College is in Tirupattur.[29]

Law

The Government Law College in Vellore was established in 2008. It offers a three-year Bachelor of Laws (BL) degree with an annual intake of 80 students. The college is located in Katpadi, Vellore.[30]

Arabic

There are several Arabic colleges in Vellore such as the Madrasa Al-Baqiyathus Salihath (Arabic: مدرسة الباقيات الصالحات), popularly known as Baaqiyaath, founded by A'la Hadrat Maulana Shah Abdul Wahab, which is the second oldest Arabic college [31][32] in India after Darul Uloom Deoband in Uttar Pradesh.

Correctional institutions and training schools

One of the two permanent schools in Tamil Nadu for the training of police recruits operates from Vellore Fort. In addition, the city has training centres for prison warders and itself has a prison, which is authorised to hold 2,130 people and is the second-largest prison in Tamil Nadu. Aside from this, the Central Prison, Vellore also has a separate prison for women. Both were established in the British Raj period.

Tourism

Vellore Fort

Main article: Vellore Fort
"Roads inside the fort"
Fort Front View

During British rule the Tippu Sultan's family and the last king of Sri Lanka, Vikrama Rajasinha, were held as royal prisoners in the fort. The fort houses a church, a mosque and a Hindu temple, the latter known for its carvings. The first rebellion against British rule erupted at this fort in 1806, and it also witnessed the massacre of the Vijayanagara royal family of Emperor Sriranga Raya.[33]

The fortifications consist of a main rampart, broken at irregular intervals by round towers and rectangular projections. The main walls are built of massive granite stones, surrounded by a broad moat fed with water by subterranean pipes from the Suryagunta reservoir. Within the fort is the similarly-aged Jalakanteswara Temple. The fort is a noteworthy example of military architecture in South India. The Fort also houses the Tipu Mahal where Tipu Sultan is believed to have stayed with his family during the war with the British; the graves of Tipu's sons are found at Vellore.[34] The fort is administered by the Archeological Survey of India. Vellore Fort has been declared a Monument of National Importance and is a noted tourist attraction. [35]

State Government Museum

The State Government Museum is inside the fort, and was opened to the public in 1985. It consists of objects of art, archaeology, prehistory, weapons, sculptures, bronzes, wood carvings, handicrafts, numismatics, philately, botany, geology and zoology. Historical monuments of the erstwhile composite North Arcot District are contained in the gallery.[36]

Special exhibits include a bronze double sword from Vellore Taluk dating to 400 BC, stone sculptures from the late Pallava to Vijayanagar periods, ivory chess boards and coins used by the last Kandian King of Sri Lanka, Vikrama Raja Singha. Educational activities at the museum include an art camp for school students and the study of inscriptions and iconography for college students.[37]

Sripuram Golden Temple

Main article: Sripuram

Sri Lakshmi Temple, popularly known as Golden Temple,[38] is a newly built temple ad spiritual park in Thirumalaikodi, Vellore.It is approximately 8 km from the Vellore Town Bus Terminus, near the fort. The temple is located on 100 acres, and has been constructed by Vellore-based Sri Narayani Peedam headed by Sakthi Amma. The temple has intricate carvings, hand-made by hundreds of gold artisans specializing in temple architecture. The exterior of the temple is laid with gold sheets and plates, with construction reported to have cost Rs.300 crores (US$65 million). About 1,500 kg of gold was used for the temple, the largest amount in the world. The lighting is arranged in such a way that the temple glitters even at night. It was completed on August 24, 2007. The outer pathway of the temple is star-shaped, 1.8 km in length, and its walls are inscribed with the teachings of Sakthi Amma.This is the second golden temple in India.

Places of worship

"Sri Jalagandeeswarar Temple Main Gopuram, Feb 2012
"Srilakshmi Golden Temple surrounded by Water

Jalakandeswarar Temple, Srilakshmi Golden Temple, and the Wallajapet Dhanvantri Temple and Ponnai Navagraha Kottai Temple are among the temples in the area. The district is also known for Murugan temples, such as the Rathinagiri Balamurugan Temple. The city also has churches and mosques. Assumption Cathedral and the 150-year-old St. John's Church inside the fort are among the churches in Vellore. The Big Mosque, in the heart of the city, houses the largest Arabic college in India.

Ratnagiri Temple

Main article: Ratnagiri Murugan Temple

Rathnagiri Temple is devoted to Lord Balamurugan. Balamurugan Adimaigal developed the hilltop temple in 1968, also founding a hospital and school with community involvement.

Map routes

Road

NH 46 Green Circle Junction (Central Bus Terminus) flyover in Vellore City

Major National Highways passing through Vellore are:

Vellore city is on NH46 (which connects Bangalore and Chennai), NH4 from Ranipet to Chennai and the Cuddalore-Chittoor highway, making it a transit hub. The Golden Quadrilateral (the largest express highway project in India) makes the city easy to reach from Bangalore and Chennai (on average, 2.1 hours from Chennai and 3 hours from Bangalore).

Bus

Vellore is connected with major cities in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Bus service is available to Chennai, Coimbatore, Bangalore, Tirupathi, Salem, Chittoor, Hosur, Nagercoil, Cuddalore, Kurnool, Trichy, Thiruvannamalai, Villupuram, Kanyakumari, Arani, Madurai, Tirunelveli, Kanchipuram, Kalpakkam, Gudiyatham, Dharmapuri, Erode, Tirupur, Palakkad, Krishnagiri, Gingee and other major towns and cities in South India. Vellore is served by the city bus service, which connects the city, suburbs and other places of interest. The bus service extends about 30 km from the city center. The city has two bus terminals: the Town Bus Terminus (opposite the fort and near CMC Hospital) and the Central Bus Terminus (Near Green Circle), Other bus terminals are located at Chittor Bus Stand (near VIT Road), Bagayam and Katpadi(Junction bus stop). All above bus stands are maintained by the Vellore Municipal Corporation.

Rail

Main articles: Katpadi Junction and Vellore Cantonment

Vellore city has three main railway stations. The largest is Vellore-Katpadi Junction, 5 km north of CMC hospital. This is a major railway junction on the Chennai-Bangalore broad-gauge line running to Chennai, Bangalore, Tirupati and Trichy. There are direct rail links to Vijayawada Junction, Tirupati, Bhubaneswar, Nagpur, Bangalore, Bhopal Junction, Mumbai, Mangalore, Tiruchchirapalli, Bilaspur, Korba, Patna, Ernakulam, Trivandrum, Kanniyakumari, Shirdi, Kanpur, Gaya, Dhanbad, Jammu Tawi, Madurai, Bhilai, Gwalior, Chennai Central, Howrah Station, New Delhi Railway Station, Coimbatore, Guwahati, Thiruvananthapuram, Kozhikode, Jaipur and other major cities. More than 150 trains cross the Vellore-Katpadi Junction daily.[39]

The second-big station, Vellore Cantonment, is in Suriyakulam on the Villupuram-Tirupati broad gauge line, 8 km from Katpadi Junction. EMU and passenger trains to Tirupati, Chennai and Arakonnam depart from here.[40] The 150-km broad gauge line was extended to Villupuram in January 2010, and connects Vellore and South Tamil Nadu; however, as of October 2010 it was not serviced by passenger trains.[41][42] An EMU from Vellore Cantonment to Chennai Central was introduced on December 22, 2008.

The third-big and smallest station, Vellore Town Station, is in Konavattam on the line connecting Katpadi Junction with Villipuram Junction via Tiruvannamalaijunction.

Air

The city has an airport near Abdullapuram; as of 2010 it was not open to the public, and was used for aeronautical training programmes. The nearest international airports are Chennai International Airport (130 km) and Bengaluru International Airport (200 km); the nearest domestic airport is Tirupati Airport (100 km).

Media and communications

Newspapers

Leading Tamil, English, Telugu, Kannada and other regional-language newspapers are available in Vellore; English-language dailies such as the Deccan Chronicle, The New Indian Express (Vellore city edition), The Hindu, The Times of India and the Deccan Herald also available here. The Tamil dailies Thinaththanthi, Dinamalar, Dinakaran, Dinamani, Tamil Oosai, Tamil Murasu, Maalai Murasu and Malai Malar are printed in Vellore.

TV and radio

U & Me TV, Palar TV, Success TV, Arun TV, Vstar TV, Rainbow TV, Brave TV and Thulir TV are the principal local TV channels available in Vellore city. A station of All India Radio is located at Viruthampet, in Vellore city.

Telephone

Vellore Telecom Circle is run by Tamil Nadu Telecom. The administrative offices are on Infantry Road, near the Vellore Cantonment railway station.

Cuisine

Vellore cuisine is similar to the Tamil Nadu style; however, the city also features non-vegetarian biryanis (made with basmati rice) for the Muslim communities in Ambur, Vaniyambadi and Arcot.[citation needed]

Politics

Vellore has its own Vellore State Assembly Constituency

Vellore is part of the Vellore Lok Sabha constituency.[43]

Notable residents

See also

References

  1. ^ "About Vellore City Municipal Corporation – History Of The Vellore City Municipal Corporation". Department Of Municipal Administration And Water Supply, Govt. of Tamil Nadu.
  2. ^ Tamil Nadu government G.O.(Rt).No. 221 dated 28.09.2010
  3. ^ Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2011. p. 13. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  4. ^ "About Vellore City Municipal Corporation". Vellore City Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 28 February 2012.
  5. ^ "Climatological Information for Tirupattur,India". India Meteorological Department.
  6. ^ Hot climate report on The Hindu: http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/23/stories/2009082350350200.htm
  7. ^ Vellore climate on Vellore Corporation website: http://vellorecorp.tn.gov.in/abs_Corporation.htm
  8. ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royapuram_Railway_Station
  9. ^ http://www.velloreonline.com/Economy.php
  10. ^ "ACTIVITIES AND SCHEMES OPERATED BY DISTRICT INDUSTRIES CENTRE, VELLORE DISTRICT". Vellore District Administration. Retrieved 22 January 2011.
  11. ^ EID Parry Analysis Report: http://www.eidparry.com/analysisreport.asp
  12. ^ Brakes India Foundry Division Official Website: http://www.brakesindia.com/brakesfoundry/index.html
  13. ^ Welcome to TNIEL
  14. ^ KARMSKI Official Website for Vellore operations: http://gmbh.kramski.com/846.html
  15. ^ Maninder Kaur, "Vellore—the town with the "healing touch". The Tribune, April 28, 2002 Archived from the original 2012-05-05.
  16. ^ Rao, Smitha (12 May 2006). "Vellore". Times of India. Retrieved 30 June 2010.
  17. ^ [1]
  18. ^ Outlook ranking of colleges in Vellore (CMC): http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265892
  19. ^ India Today Ranking of VIT: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Photo/1366/3/India/India%27s+Top+Engineering+Colleges.htm
  20. ^ "Stem cell research centre to come up at CMC, Vellore". Hindu Times. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  21. ^ CMC Hospitals Central Government's proposal
  22. ^ Menon, Jaya (9). "Vellore research centre makes stem cell breakthrough". Times of India. Retrieved 1 July 2010. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  23. ^ a b "Karunanidhi renames Officers' Line in Vellore Anna Salai". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 28 November 2010.
  24. ^ Thiruvalluvar University Official Website: http://www.tvuni.in/
  25. ^ VIT Ranking in India Today: http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Photo/3308/3/best-engineering-colleges-in-india,-2010.html
  26. ^ "Vellore Institute of Technology". The Times Of India.
  27. ^ "India's mushrooming medical cities: will it mean affordable treatment?". Rediff. 28 July 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  28. ^ "Auxilium College". FMA Chennai. Retrieved 2008-04-17.
  29. ^ Sacred Heart College website
  30. ^ "BCI's approval for Vellore law college questioned". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 28 June 2008. Retrieved 1 July 2010.
  31. ^ Abdul Majeed Khatib, அண்ணல் அஃலா ஹள்ரத்(ரஹ்)அழகிய சரிதை - Beautiful History of A'la Hadrath, Pages 31-48, Vellore - 632004, Darul Khatib,1992
  32. ^ J.B.P. More, Political Evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras 1930–1947, Page 54, Orient Blackswan, 1997, ISBN 978-81-250-1192-7
  33. ^ "Vellore sepoys rebelled". The Hindu.
  34. ^ "Heritage Site - Tipu Sultans". Deccan Chronicle.
  35. ^ "Vellore fort to turn tourists' beacon". The HINDU.
  36. ^ "Numismatics expo begins at Vellore Museum". The Hindu.
  37. ^ "Sculptural splendour of India at Vellore Museum". The Hindu.
  38. ^ Welcome to the official site of Sripuram
  39. ^ Katpadi Station arrival and departure status: http://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/36
  40. ^ New Broad gauge line Vellore Cantonment Station: http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/11/stories/2008111154950500.htm
  41. ^ Opening of BG track between Vellore Cantonment, Villupuram awaited in The Hindu. 2010-10-06. Accessed 2010-12-06.
  42. ^ The line was opened for goods trains in June 2010. Goods trains operated on newly laid track in The Hindu. 2010-06-26. Accessed 2010-12-06.
  43. ^ "List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies" (PDF). Tamil Nadu. Election Commission of India. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
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