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Voiceless bilabial fricative

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This article is about the consonantal sound. For the Greek letter, see Phi (letter). For the Cyrillic letter, see Ef (Cyrillic).
Voiceless bilabial fricative
ɸ
IPA Number126
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɸ
Unicode (hex)U+0278
X-SAMPAp\
Braille⠨ (braille pattern dots-46)⠋ (braille pattern dots-124)

The voiceless bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɸ⟩. For English-speakers, it is easiest to think of the sound as an f-sound made only with the lips, instead of the upper teeth and lower lip, or a blowing sound.

Features

Features of the voiceless bilabial fricative:

  • Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
  • Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Ainu[citation needed] フチ [ɸu̜tʃi] 'grandmother'
Angor[citation needed] [fi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɸi] 'body'
Bengali Eastern dialects ফল/fol [ɸɔl] 'fruit' Allophone of /f/ in Bangladesh and Tripura, /pʰ/ used in Western dialects.
Ewe[1] [éƒá] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [é ɸá] 'he polished' Contrasts with /f/
Italian Tuscan[2] [i capitani] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [iˌhäɸiˈθäːni] 'the captains' Intervocalic allophone of /p/.[2] See Italian phonology
Itelmen чуфчуф [tʃuɸtʃuɸ] 'rain'
Japanese[3] 腐敗/[[[Romanization of Japanese|fuhai]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɸɯhai] 'decay' Allophone of /h/ before /ɯ/. See Japanese phonology
Kaingang [fy] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɸɨ] 'seed'
Kwama[citation needed] [kòːɸɛ́] 'basket'
Mao[citation needed] [ʔɑ̄ˈɸɑ́ŋ] 'empty'
Māori [whakapapa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɸakapapa] 'genealogy'
Odoodee[citation needed] [pagai] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɸɑɡɑi] 'coconut'
Spanish Some dialects [4][5] [[[Spanish orthography|fuera]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɸwe̞ɾa̠] 'outside' Non-standard variant of /f/. See Spanish phonology
Standard European[6] [pub] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈpa̠ɸ̞] 'pub' An approximant; allophone of /b/ before a pause.[6]
North-Central Peninsular[7] [[[Spanish orthography|abdicar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [a̠ɸðiˈka̠ɾ] 'abdicate' Allophone of /b/ in the coda. In this dialect, the unvoiced coda obstruents - /p, t, k/ - are realized as fricatives only if they precede a voiced consonant; otherwise, they emerge as stops.
Southern Peninsular[8] [[[Spanish orthography|los vuestros]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [lɔʰ ˈɸːwɛʰtːɾɔʰ] 'yours' It varies with [βː] in some accents. Allophone of /b/ after /s/.
Tahitian ['ōfī] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʔoːɸiː] 'snake' Allophone of /f/
Turkish Some speakers[9] [ufuk] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [uˈɸuk] 'horizon' Allophone of /f/ before rounded vowels and, to a lesser extent, word-finally after rounded vowels.[9] See Turkish phonology
Turkmen [[[Turkmen alphabet|fabrik]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɸabrik] 'factory'

See also

References

  1. ^ Ladefoged (2005:156)
  2. ^ a b Hall (1944:75)
  3. ^ Okada (1991:95)
  4. ^ Boyd-Bowman (1953:229)
  5. ^ Cotton & Sharp (1988:15)
  6. ^ a b Wetzels & Mascaró (2001), p. 224.
  7. ^ [1]
  8. ^ Pérez, Aguilar & Jiménez (1998:225–228)
  9. ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6)

Bibliography

  • Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
  • Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography". Italica. 21 (2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. doi:10.2307/475860. JSTOR 475860. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
  • Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
  • Pérez, Ramón Morillo-Velarde; Aguilar, Rafael Cano; Jiménez, Antonio Narbona (1998), El Español hablado en Andalucía, ISBN 84-344-8225-8
  • Wetzels, W. Leo; Mascaró, Joan (2001), "The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing" (PDF), Language, 77 (2): 207–244, doi:10.1353/lan.2001.0123
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