Voiceless bilabial fricative
Appearance
Voiceless bilabial fricative | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɸ | |||
IPA Number | 126 | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ɸ | ||
Unicode (hex) | U+0278 | ||
X-SAMPA | p\ | ||
Braille | ![]() ![]() | ||
|
The voiceless bilabial fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɸ⟩. For English-speakers, it is easiest to think of the sound as an f-sound made only with the lips, instead of the upper teeth and lower lip, or a blowing sound.
Features
Features of the voiceless bilabial fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is bilabial, which means it is articulated with both lips.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ainu[citation needed] | フチ | [ɸu̜tʃi] | 'grandmother' | ||
Angor[citation needed] | [fi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɸi] | 'body' | ||
Bengali | Eastern dialects | ফল/fol | [ɸɔl] | 'fruit' | Allophone of /f/ in Bangladesh and Tripura, /pʰ/ used in Western dialects. |
Ewe[1] | [éƒá] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [é ɸá] | 'he polished' | Contrasts with /f/ | |
Italian | Tuscan[2] | [i capitani] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [iˌhäɸiˈθäːni] | 'the captains' | Intervocalic allophone of /p/.[2] See Italian phonology |
Itelmen | чуфчуф | [tʃuɸtʃuɸ] | 'rain' | ||
Japanese[3] | 腐敗/[[[Romanization of Japanese|fuhai]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɸɯhai] | 'decay' | Allophone of /h/ before /ɯ/. See Japanese phonology | |
Kaingang | [fy] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɸɨ] | 'seed' | ||
Kwama[citation needed] | [kòːɸɛ́] | 'basket' | |||
Mao[citation needed] | [ʔɑ̄ˈɸɑ́ŋ] | 'empty' | |||
Māori | [whakapapa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɸakapapa] | 'genealogy' | ||
Odoodee[citation needed] | [pagai] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɸɑɡɑi] | 'coconut' | ||
Spanish | Some dialects [4][5] | [[[Spanish orthography|fuera]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɸwe̞ɾa̠] | 'outside' | Non-standard variant of /f/. See Spanish phonology |
Standard European[6] | [pub] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈpa̠ɸ̞] | 'pub' | An approximant; allophone of /b/ before a pause.[6] | |
North-Central Peninsular[7] | [[[Spanish orthography|abdicar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [a̠ɸðiˈka̠ɾ] | 'abdicate' | Allophone of /b/ in the coda. In this dialect, the unvoiced coda obstruents - /p, t, k/ - are realized as fricatives only if they precede a voiced consonant; otherwise, they emerge as stops. | |
Southern Peninsular[8] | [[[Spanish orthography|los vuestros]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [lɔʰ ˈɸːwɛʰtːɾɔʰ] | 'yours' | It varies with [βː] in some accents. Allophone of /b/ after /s/. | |
Tahitian | ['ōfī] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʔoːɸiː] | 'snake' | Allophone of /f/ | |
Turkish | Some speakers[9] | [ufuk] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [uˈɸuk] | 'horizon' | Allophone of /f/ before rounded vowels and, to a lesser extent, word-finally after rounded vowels.[9] See Turkish phonology |
Turkmen | [[[Turkmen alphabet|fabrik]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɸabrik] | 'factory' |
See also
References
- ^ Ladefoged (2005:156)
- ^ a b Hall (1944:75)
- ^ Okada (1991:95)
- ^ Boyd-Bowman (1953:229)
- ^ Cotton & Sharp (1988:15)
- ^ a b Wetzels & Mascaró (2001), p. 224.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Pérez, Aguilar & Jiménez (1998:225–228)
- ^ a b Göksel & Kerslake (2005:6)
Bibliography
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014
- Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography". Italica. 21 (2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. doi:10.2307/475860. JSTOR 475860.
{{cite journal}}
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(help) - Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
- Okada, Hideo (1991), "Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
- Pérez, Ramón Morillo-Velarde; Aguilar, Rafael Cano; Jiménez, Antonio Narbona (1998), El Español hablado en Andalucía, ISBN 84-344-8225-8
- Wetzels, W. Leo; Mascaró, Joan (2001), "The Typology of Voicing and Devoicing" (PDF), Language, 77 (2): 207–244, doi:10.1353/lan.2001.0123