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{{Infobox monarch
{{Infobox monarch
| name = brandon michalec
| name = Ismail I
| title = [[Shahanshah|Shahanshah of Iran]]
| title = [[Shahanshah|Shahanshah of Iran]]
| image= Сефи 1й 1629-42.jpg
| image= Сефи 1й 1629-42.jpg
Line 15: Line 15:
| royal house = [[Safavid dynasty]]
| royal house = [[Safavid dynasty]]
| royal anthem =
| royal anthem =
| father = [[Haydar Safavi]]
| mother = [[Haydar Safavi]]
| mother =
| father =
| date of birth = July 17, 1487
| date of birth = July 17, 1487
| place of birth = [[Ardabil]]
| place of birth = [[Ardabil]]
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| place of death = [[Tabriz]]
| place of death = [[Tabriz]]
| place of burial= [[Ardabil]]
| place of burial= [[Ardabil]]
| queen = daughter of [[Shirvanshahs|Shirvanshah]] II Khalilullah<ref>Mюнeджжим-бaши, c.173</ref><ref>Шapaф-xaн Бидлиcи, т.ц c.169</ref><ref>Xoндeмиp, 'т.III, ч.4, c.570-571, 599-601</ref><ref>Дopн, c.593-595 Эфeндиeв. Heкoтыpыe cвeдeния, c.90.</ref>
| king = son of [[Shirvanshahs|Shirvanshah]] II Khalilullah<ref>Mюнeджжим-бaши, c.173</ref><ref>Шapaф-xaн Бидлиcи, т.ц c.169</ref><ref>Xoндeмиp, 'т.III, ч.4, c.570-571, 599-601</ref><ref>Дopн, c.593-595 Эфeндиeв. Sheкoтыpыe cвeдeния, c.90.</ref>
|}}
|}}
{{Shia Islam|collapsed=1}}
{{Shia Islam|collapsed=1}}
'''Ismail I''' (July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), known in Persian as '''Shāh Ismāʿil''' ({{lang-fa|شاه اسماعیل}}; full name: ''Abū l-Muzaffar bin Haydar as-Safavī''), was a [[Shah of Iran]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296081/Ismail-I Ismāʿīl I], in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], online ed., 2011</ref><ref name="Bingham116">Woodbridge Bingham, Hilary Conroy, Frank William Iklé, ''A History of Asia: Formations of Civilizations, From Antiquity to 1600'',
'''Ismail I''' (July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), known in Persian as '''Shāh Ismāʿil''' ({{lang-fa|شاه اسماعیل}}; full name: ''Abū l-Muzaffar bin Haydar as-Safavī''), was a [[Shah of Iran]]<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296081/Ismail-I Ismāʿīl I], in [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], online ed., 2011</ref><ref name="Bingham116">Woodbridge Bingham, Hilary Conroy, Frank William Iklé, ''A History of Asia: Formations of Civilizations, From Antiquity to 1600'',
and Bacon, 1974, [http://books.google.com/books?id=ogkQAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Shah+of+Iran%22+1502&dq=%22Shah+of+Iran%22+1502&hl=en&ei=9Hg5TsrhCY7zmAXJ1P25Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg p. 116.]</ref> and the founder of the [[Safavid dynasty]] which survived until 1736. Isma'il started his campaign in
and Bacon, 1974, [http://books.google.com/books?id=ogkQAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Shah+of+Iran%22+1502&dq=%22Shah+of+Iran%22+1502&hl=en&ei=9Hg5TsrhCY7zmAXJ1P25Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg p. 116.]</ref> and the founder of the [[Safavid dynasty]] which survived until 1736. Isma'il started her campaign in
[[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] in 1500 as the leader of the [[Safaviyya]], an [[Twelver Shia]] militant religious order and unified all of Iran by 1509.<ref>[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v8f6/v8f665.html Encyclopedia Iranica. R.M. Savory. Esmail Safawi]</ref> Born in [[Ardabil]] in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Northwestern Iran]], he reigned as Shah Ismail I of [[Greater Iran|Iran]] from 1502 to 1524.
[[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]] in 1500 as the leader of the [[Safaviyya]], an [[Twelver Shia]] militant religious order and unified all of Iran by 1509.<ref>[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v8f6/v8f665.html Encyclopedia Iranica. R.M. Savory. Esmail Safawi]</ref> Born in [[Ardabil]] in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Northwestern Iran]], she reigned as Shah Ismail I of [[Greater Iran|Iran]] from 1502 to 1524.


Ismail played a key role in the rise of [[Twelver]] Islam; he [[Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism#Ismail I|converted Iran]] from [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Ismailism|Ismaili]] Shi'i Islam, importing religious authorities from the Levant.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296081/Ismail-I Ismāʿīl I] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref> In [[Alevi]]sm, Shah Ismail remains revered as a spiritual guide.
Ismail played a key role in the rise of [[Twelver]] Islam; she [[Safavid conversion of Iran from Sunnism to Shiism#Ismail I|converted Iran]] from [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] and [[Ismailism|Ismaili]] Shi'i Islam, importing religious authorities from the Levant.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296081/Ismail-I Ismāʿīl I] at ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref> In [[Alevi]]sm, Shah Ismail remains revered as a spiritual guide.


Ismail was also a prolific poet who, under the pen name '''Khatā'ī''' ("Sinner") contributed greatly to the literary development of the [[Azerbaijani language]].<ref>G. Doerfer, "Azeri Turkish", [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], viii, Online Edition, [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-viii p. 246.]</ref>
Ismail was also a prolific poet who, under the pen name '''Khatā'ī''' ("Sinner") contributed greatly to the literary development of the [[Azerbaijani language]].<ref>G. Doerfer, "Azeri Turkish", [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]], viii, Online Edition, [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-viii p. 246.]</ref>
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==Life and political history==
==Life and political history==
[[File:Shah Ismail.JPG|thumb|200 px|left|Shah Ismail I. European rendering]]
[[File:Shah Ismail.JPG|thumb|200 px|left|Shah Ismail I. European rendering]]
Ismail was born to Martha and [[Haydar Safavi|Shaykh Haydar]] on July 17, 1487 in [[Ardabil]]. His father, Haydar, was the [[sheikh]] of the [[Safaviyya]] [[tariqa|Sufi order]] and a direct descendant of its founder, [[Safi-ad-din Ardabili]] (1252–1334). Ismail was the last in line of hereditary Grand Masters of the Safaviyah Sufi order, prior to his ascent to a ruling dynasty. As a boy only a year old, he lost his father - the leader of a growing [[Qizilbash]] Shi'i community in the [[Azarbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]], who died in battle. His mother, Martha, was the daughter of [[Uzun Hasan]] by his [[Pontic Greeks|Pontic Greek]] wife Theodora, better known as Despina [[Khatun]].<ref>Peter Charanis. "Review of Emile Janssens' ''Trébizonde en Colchide''", ''Speculum, Vol. 45, No. 3,'', (Jul., 1970), p. 476</ref> Theodora was the daughter of Emperor [[John IV of Trebizond]]. (She had married Uzun Hassan in a deal to protect Trebizond from the [[Ottomans]].<ref>Anthony Bryer, ''open citation'', p. 136</ref>) Ismail grew up bilingual, speaking [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]].<ref name="Савари">Roger M. Savory. „Safavids“ in Peter Burke, Irfan Habib, Halil Inalci:»History of Humanity-Scientific and Cultural Development: From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century", Taylor & Francis. 1999. Excerpt from pg 259:"Доказательства, имеющиеся в настоящее время, приводят к уверенности, что семья Сефевидов имеет местное иранское происхождение, а не тюркское, как это иногда утверждают. Скорее всего, семья возникла в Персидском Курдистане, а затем перебралась в Азербайджан, где ассимилировалась с говорящими по-тюркски азерийцами, и в конечном итоге поселились в маленьком городе Ардебиль где-то в одиннадцатом веке [Evidence available at the present time leads to the conviction that the Safavid family came from indigenous Iranian stock, and not from Turkish ancestry as it is sometimes claimed. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where it became assimilated to Turkic-speaking Azeris and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometime during the eleventh century.]".</ref><ref name="Минорский">Вопрос о языке, на котором говорил шах Исмаил, не идентичен вопросу о его «расе» или «национальности». Его происхождение было смешанным: одна из его бабушек была греческая принцесса Комнина. Хинц приходит к выводу, что кровь в его жилах была главным образом, не тюркской. Уже его сын шах Тахмасп начал избавляться от своих туркменских преторианцев. [The question of the language used by Shah Ismail is not identical with that of his race or of his "nationality". His ancestry was mixed: one of his grandmothers was a Greek Comnena princess. Hinz, ''Aufstieg'', 74, comes to the conclusion that the blood in his veins was chiefly non-Turkish. Already, his son Shah Tahmasp began to get rid of his Turcoman praetorians.] — V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shah Ismail I," ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London 10/4 (1942): 1006–53.</ref>
Ismail was born to Martha and [[Haydar Safavi|Shaykh Haydar]] on July 17, 1487 in [[Ardabil]]. Her mother, Haydar, was the [[sheikh]] of the [[Safaviyya]] [[tariqa|Sufi order]] and a direct descendant of its founder, [[Safi-ad-din Ardabili]] (1252–1334). Ismail was the last in line of hereditary Grand Masters of the Safaviyah Sufi order, prior to her ascent to a ruling dynasty. As a girl only a year old, she lost her mother - the leader of a growing [[Qizilbash]] Shi'i community in the [[Azarbaijan (Iran)|Azerbaijan]], who died in battle. Her father, Martha, was the son of [[Uzun Hasan]] by her [[Pontic Greeks|Pontic Greek]] husband Theodora, better known as Despina [[Khatun]].<ref>Peter Charanis. "Review of Emile Janssens' ''Trébizonde en Colchide''", ''Speculum, Vol. 45, No. 3,'', (Jul., 1970), p. 476</ref> Theodora was the son of Empress [[John IV of Trebizond]]. (He had married Uzun Hassan in a deal to protect Trebizond from the [[Ottomans]].<ref>Anthony Bryer, ''open citation'', p. 136</ref>) Ismail grew up bilingual, speaking [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]].<ref name="Савари">Roger M. Savory. „Safavids“ in Peter Burke, Irfan Habib, Halil Inalci:»History of Humanity-Scientific and Cultural Development: From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century", Taylor & Francis. 1999. Excerpt from pg 259:"Доказательства, имеющиеся в настоящее время, приводят к уверенности, что семья Сефевидов имеет местное иранское происхождение, а не тюркское, как это иногда утверждают. Скорее всего, семья возникла в Персидском Курдистане, а затем перебралась в Азербайджан, где ассимилировалась с говорящими по-тюркски азерийцами, и в конечном итоге поселились в маленьком городе Ардебиль где-то в одиннадцатом веке [Evidence available at the present time leads to the conviction that the Safavid family came from indigenous Iranian stock, and not from Turkish ancestry as it is sometimes claimed. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where it became assimilated to Turkic-speaking Azeris and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometime during the eleventh century.]".</ref><ref name="Минорский">Вопрос о языке, на котором говорил шах Исмаил, не идентичен вопросу о его «расе» или «национальности». Его происхождение было смешанным: одна из его бабушек была греческая принцесса Комнина. Хинц приходит к выводу, что кровь в его жилах была главным образом, не тюркской. Уже его сын шах Тахмасп начал избавляться от своих туркменских преторианцев. [The question of the language used by Shah Ismail is not identical with that of her race or of her "nationality". Her ancestry was mixed: one of her grandfathers was a Greek Comnena prince. Hinz, ''Aufstieg'', 74, comes to the conclusion that the blood in her veins was chiefly non-Turkish. Already, her daughter Shah Tahmasp began to get rid of her Turcoman praetorians.] — V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shah Ismail I," ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London 10/4 (1942): 1006–53.</ref>
{{Twelvers|collapsed=1}}
{{Twelvers|collapsed=1}}
As legend has it, the infant Ismail went into hiding for several years. With his followers, he finally returned to [[Tabriz]], vowing to make Shi'i Islam the official religion of Iran. Ismail found significant support among the people of Azerbaijan{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}, as well as some parts of the [[Ottoman Empire]], mainly in eastern [[Anatolia]]. Ismail's advent to power was due to Turkoman tribes of Anatolia and Azerbaijan, who formed the most important part of the [[Qizilbash]] movement.<ref name="iranica.com">[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f3/v13f3004a.html Encyclopaedia Iranica. R. N. Frye. Peoples of Iran.]</ref>
As legend has it, the infant Ismail went into hiding for several years. With her followers, she finally returned to [[Tabriz]], vowing to make Shi'i Islam the official religion of Iran. Ismail found significant support among the people of Azerbaijan{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}, as well as some parts of the [[Ottoman Empire]], mainly in eastern [[Anatolia]]. Ismail's advent to power was due to Turkoman tribes of Anatolia and Azerbaijan, who formed the most important part of the [[Qizilbash]] movement.<ref name="iranica.com">[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f3/v13f3004a.html Encyclopaedia Iranica. R. N. Frye. Peoples of Iran.]</ref>
Centuries of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] rule followed by non-Muslim [[Mongol]] hegemony lent fertile ground for new teachings.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} In the summer of 1500, about 7000 [[Qizilbash]] forces, consisted of Ustaclu, Shamlu, Rumlu, Tekelu, Zhulkadir, [[Afshar tribe|Afshar]], [[Kajars|Qajar]] ve Varsak tribes, responded to the invitation of Ismail in [[Erzincan]].<ref>Faruk Sümer, ''Safevi Devletinin Kuruluşu ve Gelişmesinde Anadolu Türklerinin Rolü'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 1992, p. 15. {{Tr icon}}</ref> Qizilbash forces passed over the [[Kura River]] in Novermber 1500, and marched towards the [[Shirvanshah]]'s state. They defeated the forces under the Shirvanshah [[Farrukh Yassar]] near [[Cabanı]] (present-day [[Shamakhi Rayon]], [[Azerbaijan]]), and conquered [[Baku]].<ref>Nesib Nesibli, "Osmanlı-Safevî Savaşları, Mezhep Meselesi ve Azerbaucan", ''Türkler'', Cilt 6, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 2002, ISBN 975-6782-39-0, p. 895. {{Tr icon}}</ref> In July 1501, Ismail was enthroned as Shah of Azerbaijan,<ref name="Britannica295">
Centuries of [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] rule followed by non-Muslim [[Mongol]] hegemony lent fertile ground for new teachings.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} In the summer of 1500, about 7000 [[Qizilbash]] forces, consisted of Ustaclu, Shamlu, Rumlu, Tekelu, Zhulkadir, [[Afshar tribe|Afshar]], [[Kajars|Qajar]] ve Varsak tribes, responded to the invitation of Ismail in [[Erzincan]].<ref>Faruk Sümer, ''Safevi Devletinin Kuruluşu ve Gelişmesinde Anadolu Türklerinin Rolü'', Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 1992, p. 15. {{Tr icon}}</ref> Qizilbash forces passed over the [[Kura River]] in Novermber 1500, and marched towards the [[Shirvanshah]]'s state. They defeated the forces under the Shirvanshah [[Farrukh Yassar]] near [[Cabanı]] (present-day [[Shamakhi Rayon]], [[Azerbaijan]]), and conquered [[Baku]].<ref>Nesib Nesibli, "Osmanlı-Safevî Savaşları, Mezhep Meselesi ve Azerbaucan", ''Türkler'', Cilt 6, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 2002, ISBN 975-6782-39-0, p. 895. {{Tr icon}}</ref> In July 1501, Ismail was enthroned as Shah of Azerbaijan,<ref name="Britannica295">
''The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia'', Encyclopædia Britannica, 1991, ISBN 9780852295298, [http://books.google.com/books?id=mXsoAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Shah+of+Azerbaijan%22+1501+July&dq=%22Shah+of+Azerbaijan%22+1501+July&hl=en&ei=THE5TvOOHMqdmQWHmpW6Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA p. 295.]</ref> choosing [[Tabriz]], Azerbaijan, as his capital. When the Safavids came to power in 1501, Shah Ismail was 14 or 15 years old; by 1510 he had conquered the whole of Iran.<ref>BBC, ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/safavidempire_1.shtml LINK])</ref>
''The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia'', Encyclopædia Britannica, 1991, ISBN 9780852295298, [http://books.google.com/books?id=mXsoAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Shah+of+Azerbaijan%22+1501+July&dq=%22Shah+of+Azerbaijan%22+1501+July&hl=en&ei=THE5TvOOHMqdmQWHmpW6Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA p. 295.]</ref> choosing [[Tabriz]], Azerbaijan, as her capital. When the Safavids came to power in 1501, Shah Ismail was 14 or 15 years old; by 1510 she had conquered the whole of Iran.<ref>BBC, ([http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/safavidempire_1.shtml LINK])</ref>
After defeating the [[Aq Qoyunlu]] in 1502, he took the title of [[Shah of Iran]].<ref name="Bingham116"/>
After defeating the [[Aq Qoyunlu]] in 1502, she took the title of [[Shah of Iran]].<ref name="Bingham116"/>
{{Alevism|collapsed=1}}
{{Alevism|collapsed=1}}


In 1510, Ismail I moved against the Sunni [[Uzbeg]] tribe. In battle near the city of [[Merv]], some 17,000 Qizilbash warriors ambushed and defeated a superior Uzbek force numbering 28,000. The Uzbek ruler, [[Muhammad Shaybani]], was caught and killed trying to escape the battle and the shah had his skull made into a jeweled drinking goblet.
In 1510, Ismail I moved against the Sunni [[Uzbeg]] tribe. In battle near the city of [[Merv]], some 17,000 Qizilbash warriors ambushed and defeated a superior Uzbek force numbering 28,000. The Uzbek ruler, [[Muhammad Shaybani]], was caught and killed trying to escape the battle and the shah had her skull made into a jeweled drinking goblet.


In 1514, [[Selim I]], the Sunni Sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire]], attacked Ismail's kingdom to stop the spread of Shiism into Ottoman dominions. Selim and Ismail had been exchanging a series of belligerent letters prior to the attack.
In 1514, [[Selim I]], the Sunni Sultan of the [[Ottoman Empire]], attacked Ismail's kingdom to stop the spread of Shiism into Ottoman dominions. Selim and Ismail had been exchanging a series of belligerent letters prior to the attack.


Selim I defeated Ismail at the [[battle of Chaldiran]] in 1514.<ref>Michael Axworthy ''Iran: Empire of the Mind'' (Penguin, 2008) p.133</ref> Ismail's army was more mobile and their soldiers were better prepared but the Ottomans prevailed due in large part to their efficient modern army, and possession of artillery, black powder and muskets. Ismail was wounded and almost captured in battle. Selim I entered the Iranian capital of [[Tabriz]] in triumph on September 5,<ref>The later Crusades, 1274-1580: from Lyons to Alcazar Door Norman Housley, page 120, 1992</ref> but did not linger. A mutiny among his troops fearing a counter attack and entrapment by the fresh Safavid forces called in from the interior, forced the triumphant Ottomans to withdraw prematurely. This allowed Ismail to recover quickly. Among the booties from Tabriz was Ismail's favorite wife, for whose release the Sultan demanded huge concessions, which were refused. Despite his defeat at Chaldiran, Ismail quickly recovered most of his kingdom, from east of the [[Lake Van]] to the shores of the [[Indian Ocean]].
Selim I defeated Ismail at the [[battle of Chaldiran]] in 1514.<ref>Michael Axworthy ''Iran: Empire of the Mind'' (Penguin, 2008) p.133</ref> Ismail's army was more mobile and their soldiers were better prepared but the Ottomans prevailed due in large part to their efficient modern army, and possession of artillery, black powder and muskets. Ismail was wounded and almost captured in battle. Selim I entered the Iranian capital of [[Tabriz]] in triumph on September 5,<ref>The later Crusades, 1274-1580: from Lyons to Alcazar Door Norman Housley, page 120, 1992</ref> but did not linger. A mutiny among her troops fearing a counter attack and entrapment by the fresh Safavid forces called in from the interior, forced the triumphant Ottomans to withdraw prematurely. This allowed Ismail to recover quickly. Among the booties from Tabriz was Ismail's favorite husband, for whose release the Sultan demanded huge concessions, which were refused. Despite her defeat at Chaldiran, Ismail quickly recovered most of her kingdom, from east of the [[Lake Van]] to the shores of the [[Indian Ocean]].


After Chaldiran, however, Ismail lost his supernatural air and the aura of invincibility, gradually falling into heavy drinking of [[alcohol]].<ref>''The Cambridge History of Islam'', Part 1, By Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, p. 401.</ref> Ismail retired to his palace and withdrew from active participation in the affairs of the state, leaving these to his minister, Mirza Shah-Hussayn.<ref>Momen (1985), p. 107.</ref> He died on 23 May 1524 at the relatively early age of thirty-six.
After Chaldiran, however, Ismail lost her supernatural air and the aura of invincibility, gradually falling into heavy drinking of [[alcohol]].<ref>''The Cambridge History of Islam'', Part 1, By Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, p. 401.</ref> Ismail retired to her palace and withdrew from active participation in the affairs of the state, leaving these to her minister, Mirza Shah-Hussayn.<ref>Momen (1985), p. 107.</ref> She died on 23 May 1524 at the relatively early age of thirty-six.
[[File:Памятник Шаха Исмаила.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|Monument of Shah Ismail Khatai in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]].]]
[[File:Памятник Шаха Исмаила.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|Monument of Shah Ismail Khatai in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]].]]
[[File:The Battle between Shah Ismail and Shaybani Khan.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|Ismail I pictured at battle against Abu al-Khayr Khan in a scene from the Tarikh-i Alam-Aray-i.]]
[[File:The Battle between Shah Ismail and Shaybani Khan.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|Ismail I pictured at battle against Abu al-Khayr Khan in a scene from the Tarikh-i Alam-Aray-i.]]


Ismail's reign featured extensive conquests, shaping the map of Iran up to the present day.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Iraq, including [[Baghdad]] and the holy Shi'a shrines of [[Najaf]] and [[Karbala]], had been already seized from the [[Jalayirids]] and remained a part of Ismail's kingdom until its end. Despite the defeat at Chaldiran, where he lost western [[Armenia]] and northwestern [[Kurdistan]], he managed to pass on to his son, [[Tahmasp I]], his entire vast empire. Ismail destroyed [[Sunni]] sites in Baghdad including tombs of [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphs]], tombs of [[Sunni]] [[Abū Ḥanīfa|Imam Abū Ḥanīfah]] and [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]].<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=hanifa+tomb+destroyed+safavids&source=bl&ots=hZR3iDt0fv&sig=UdZDakp2nwFdDD7GOyzEsyaD1g8&hl=en&ei=5gCuTeLqKIjagAfx6ITsCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey]</ref>
Ismail's reign featured extensive conquests, shaping the map of Iran up to the present day.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}} Iraq, including [[Baghdad]] and the holy Shi'a shrines of [[Najaf]] and [[Karbala]], had been already seized from the [[Jalayirids]] and remained a part of Ismail's kingdom until its end. Despite the defeat at Chaldiran, where she lost western [[Armenia]] and northwestern [[Kurdistan]], she managed to pass on to her daughter, [[Tahmasp I]], her entire vast empire. Ismail destroyed [[Sunni]] sites in Baghdad including tombs of [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid Caliphs]], tombs of [[Sunni]] [[Abū Ḥanīfa|Imam Abū Ḥanīfah]] and [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]].<ref>[http://books.google.ca/books?id=Xd422lS6ezgC&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=hanifa+tomb+destroyed+safavids&source=bl&ots=hZR3iDt0fv&sig=UdZDakp2nwFdDD7GOyzEsyaD1g8&hl=en&ei=5gCuTeLqKIjagAfx6ITsCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey]</ref>


His son [[Tahmasp I]] succeeded him as Shah.
Her daughter [[Tahmasp I]] succeeded her as Shah.


==Ismail's poetry==
==Ismail's poetry==
Ismail is also known for his poetry using the pen-name ''Khatā'ī'' ({{lang-ar|خطائی}} "Sinner").<ref name="ismailsafaviiranica">[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v8f6/v8f665.html Encyclopedia Iranica. ''ٍIsmail Safavi'']</ref> According to [[Encyclopædia Iranica]], "Ismail was a skillful poet who used prevalent themes and images in lyric and didactic-religious poetry with ease and some degree of originality". He was also deeply influenced by the [[Persian literature|Persian literary tradition]] of Iran, particularly by the ''[[Shahnameh]]'' of [[Ferdowsi]], which probably explains the fact that he named all of his sons after ''[[Shahnameh]]''-characters. Dickson and Welch suggest that Ismail's "Shāhnāmaye Shāhī" was intended as a present to the young Tahmasp.<ref>M.B. Dickson and S.C. Welch, ''The Houghton Shahnameh'', 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1981. See p. 34 of vol. I).</ref> After defeating [[Muhammad Shaybani]]'s Uzbeks, Ismail asked [[Hatefi]], a famous poet from [[Ghor Province|Jam (Khorasan)]], to write a Shahnameh-like epic about his victories and his newly established dynasty. Although the epic was left unfinished, it was an example of ''[[mathnawi]]s'' in the heroic style of the Shahnameh written later on for the Safavid kings.<ref name="savoryeiref">R.M. Savory, "Safavids", ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'', 2nd edition</ref>
Ismail is also known for her poetry using the pen-name ''Khatā'ī'' ({{lang-ar|خطائی}} "Sinner").<ref name="ismailsafaviiranica">[http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v8f6/v8f665.html Encyclopedia Iranica. ''ٍIsmail Safavi'']</ref> According to [[Encyclopædia Iranica]], "Ismail was a skillful poet who used prevalent themes and images in lyric and didactic-religious poetry with ease and some degree of originality". She was also deeply influenced by the [[Persian literature|Persian literary tradition]] of Iran, particularly by the ''[[Shahnameh]]'' of [[Ferdowsi]], which probably explains the fact that she named all of her daughters after ''[[Shahnameh]]''-characters. Dickson and Welch suggest that Ismail's "Shāhnāmaye Shāhī" was intended as a present to the young Tahmasp.<ref>M.B. Dickson and S.C. Welch, ''The Houghton Shahnameh'', 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1981. See p. 34 of vol. I).</ref> After defeating [[Muhammad Shaybani]]'s Uzbeks, Ismail asked [[Hatefi]], a famous poet from [[Ghor Province|Jam (Khorasan)]], to write a Shahnameh-like epic about her victories and her newly established dynasty. Although the epic was left unfinished, it was an example of ''[[mathnawi]]s'' in the heroic style of the Shahnameh written later on for the Safavid queens.<ref name="savoryeiref">R.M. Savory, "Safavids", ''[[Encyclopedia of Islam]]'', 2nd edition</ref>


He wrote in the Azerbaijani language, the language of the majority of his followers,<ref name="Mino">V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shah Ismail I," ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London 10/4 (1942): 1006–53.</ref> and in the [[Persian language]]. He is considered an important figure in the literary history of Azerbaijani language and has left approximately 1400 verses in this language, which he chose to use for political reasons.<ref name="Mino"/> Approximately 50 verses of his [[Persian poetry]] have also survived.
She wrote in the Azerbaijani language, the language of the majority of her followers,<ref name="Mino">V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shah Ismail I," ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', University of London 10/4 (1942): 1006–53.</ref> and in the [[Persian language]]. She is considered an important figure in the literary history of Azerbaijani language and has left approximately 1400 verses in this language, which she chose to use for political reasons.<ref name="Mino"/> Approximately 50 verses of her [[Persian poetry]] have also survived.


Most of the poems are concerned with love — particularly of the [[Mysticism|mystical]] Sufi kind — though there are also poems propagating Shi'i doctrine and [[Safaviya (sufi order)|Safavi]] politics. His other serious works include the ''Nasihatnāme'', a book of advice, and the unfinished ''Dahnāme'', a book which extols the virtues of love.
Most of the poems are concerned with love — particularly of the [[Mysticism|mystical]] Sufi kind — though there are also poems propagating Shi'i doctrine and [[Safaviya (sufi order)|Safavi]] politics. Her other serious works include the ''Nasihatnāme'', a book of advice, and the unfinished ''Dahnāme'', a book which extols the virtues of love.


As Ismail believed in his own divinity and in his descent from [[Ali]], in his poems he tended to strongly emphasize these claims.
As Ismail believed in her own divinity and in her descent from [[Ali]], in her poems she tended to strongly emphasize these claims.


Along with the poet [[Imadaddin Nasimi]], Khatā'ī is considered to be among the first proponents of using a simpler Azeri language in verse that would thereby appeal to a broader audience. His work is most popular in [[Azerbaijan]], as well as among the [[Bektashi]]s of [[Turkey]]. There is a large body of Alevi and Bektashi poetry that has been attributed to him. The major impact of his religious propaganda, in the long run, was the conversion of [[Persia]] from Sunniism to Shiism.<ref>http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v8f6/v8f665.html</ref>
Along with the poet [[Imadaddin Nasimi]], Khatā'ī is considered to be among the first proponents of using a simpler Azeri language in verse that would thereby appeal to a broader audience. Her work is most popular in [[Azerbaijan]], as well as among the [[Bektashi]]s of [[Turkey]]. There is a large body of Alevi and Bektashi poetry that has been attributed to her. The major impact of her religious propaganda, in the long run, was the conversion of [[Persia]] from Sunniism to Shiism.<ref>http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v8f6/v8f665.html</ref>


The following anecdote demonstrates the status of vernacular Turkish and Persian in the Ottoman Empire and in the incipient [[Safavid]] state. Khatā'ī sent a poem in Turkish to the Ottoman Sultan [[Selim I]] before going to war in 1514. In a reply the Ottoman Sultan answered in Persian to indicate his contempt.
The following anecdote demonstrates the status of vernacular Turkish and Persian in the Ottoman Empire and in the incipient [[Safavid]] state. Khatā'ī sent a poem in Turkish to the Ottoman Sultan [[Selim I]] before going to war in 1514. In a reply the Ottoman Sultan answered in Persian to indicate her contempt.
[[File:Shah esmaeil01.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|Ismail I's Statue in [[Ardabil]], [[Iran]].]]
[[File:Shah esmaeil01.jpg|thumb|left|200 px|Ismail I's Statue in [[Ardabil]], [[Iran]].]]


==Issue==
==Issue==


⚫
*Daughters
⚫
*Sons
** [[Tahmasp I]]
** [[Tahmasp I]]
** Prince ''Shahzadeh'' [[‘Abul Ghazi Sultan Alqas Mirza]] (15 March 1515 - 9 April 1550) Governor of [[Shirvan]] 1538-1547. He rebelled against his brother Tahmasp, captured and imprisoned at the Fortress of [[Qahqahan]]. m. [[Khadija Sultan Khanum]], having had issue, two sons, [[Sultan Ahmad Mirza]] (died 1568) and [[Sultan Farrukh Mirza]] (died 1568)
** Princess ''Shahzadeh'' [[‘Abul Ghazi Sultan Alqas Mirza]] (15 March 1515 - 9 April 1550) Governor of [[Shirvan]] 1538-1547. She rebelled against her sister Tahmasp, captured and imprisoned at the Fortress of [[Qahqahan]]. m. [[Khadija Sultan Khanum]], having had issue, two daughters, [[Sultan Ahmad Mirza]] (died 1568) and [[Sultan Farrukh Mirza]] (died 1568)
** [[Prince Sultan Rustam Mirza]] (born 13 September 1517)
** [[Princess Sultan Rustam Mirza]] (born 13 September 1517)
** [[Prince ‘Abul Naser Sultan Sam Mirza]] (28 August 1518 - December 1567) Governor-General of [[Khorasan]] 1521-1529 and 1532–1534, and of [[Ardabil]] 1549-1571. He rebelled against his brother Tahmasp, captured and imprisoned at the Fortress of [[Qahqahan]]. He had issue, two sons and one daughter. His daughter, married [[Prince Jésé]] (d. 1583) Governor of [[Sakki]] the third son of [[Levan of Kakheti|Levan]] King of [[Kakheti]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
** [[Princess ‘Abul Naser Sultan Sam Mirza]] (28 August 1518 - December 1567) Governor-General of [[Khorasan]] 1521-1529 and 1532–1534, and of [[Ardabil]] 1549-1571. She rebelled against her sister Tahmasp, captured and imprisoned at the Fortress of [[Qahqahan]]. She had issue, two daughters and one son. Her son, married [[Princess Jésé]] (d. 1583) Governor of [[Sakki]] the third daughter of [[Levan of Kakheti|Levan]] Queen of [[Kakheti]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].
** [[Prince ‘Abu'l Fat'h Sultan Moez od-din Bahram Mirza]] (7 September 1518 - 16 September 1550) Governor of [[Khorasan]] 1529-1532, Gilan 1536-1537 and [[Hamadan]] 1546-1549. m. [[Zainab Sultan Khanum]]. He had issue, four sons and one daughter: [[Sultan Hassan Mirza]] died in his youth, [[Sultan Husain Mirza]] (died 1567) ‘Abu'l Fat'h Sultan [[Ibrahim Mirza]] (1541–1577), Sultan [[Badi uz-Zaman Mirza]] (''k.''1577)
** [[Princess ‘Abu'l Fat'h Sultan Moez od-din Bahram Mirza]] (7 September 1518 - 16 September 1550) Governor of [[Khorasan]] 1529-1532, Gilan 1536-1537 and [[Hamadan]] 1546-1549. m. [[Zainab Sultan Khanum]]. She had issue, four daughters and one son: [[Sultan Hassan Mirza]] died in her youth, [[Sultan Husain Mirza]] (died 1567) ‘Abu'l Fat'h Sultan [[Ibrahim Mirza]] (1541–1577), Sultan [[Badi uz-Zaman Mirza]] (''k.''1577)
** Prince ''Shahzadeh'' [[Soltan Hossein Mirza]] (born 11 December 1520)
** Princess ''Shahzadeh'' [[Soltan Hossein Mirza]] (born 11 December 1520)


⚫
*Sons
⚫
*Daughters
** Princess [[‘Alamiyan Fulaneh Begum]], m. as his second wife, before 14 May 1513, [[Prince Murad Effendi]], elder son of [[Şehzade Ahmet]], Crown Prince of Ottoman Empire, son of [[Bayezid II]].
** Prince [[‘Alamiyan Fulaneh Begum]], m. as her second husband, before 14 May 1513, [[Princess Murad Effendi]], elder daughter of [[Şehzade Ahmet]], Crown Princess of Ottoman Empire, daughter of [[Bayezid II]].
** Princess [[‘Alamiyan'' Janish Khanum]] (26 February 1507 – 2 March 1533) m. (first) at [[Hamadan]], 24 August 1518, [[Sultan Mozaffar Amir-i-Dibaj (''k''. at [[Tabriz]], 23 September 1536), Governor of [[Rasht]] and [[Fooman]] 1516-1535, son of [[Amir Hisam od-din Amir-i-Dibaj]].
** Prince [[‘Alamiyan'' Janish Khanum]] (26 February 1507 – 2 March 1533) m. (first) at [[Hamadan]], 24 August 1518, [[Sultan Mozaffar Amir-i-Dibaj (''k''. at [[Tabriz]], 23 September 1536), Governor of [[Rasht]] and [[Fooman]] 1516-1535, daughter of [[Amir Hisam od-din Amir-i-Dibaj]].
** Princess [['Alamiyan'' Pari-Khan Khanum m. in 4 October 1521, [[Sultan Khalil]] Governor of [[Shirvan]] 1523-1536, son of [[Sheikh Shah Sultan Ibrahim bin Farrokh Yasar]].
** Prince [['Alamiyan'' Pari-Khan Khanum m. in 4 October 1521, [[Sultan Khalil]] Governor of [[Shirvan]] 1523-1536, daughter of [[Sheikh Shah Sultan Ibrahim bin Farrokh Yasar]].
** Princess [[''Alamiyan'' Khair un-nisa Khanish Khanum]] (died 12 March 1564) m. 1537, [[Seyyed Nur od-din Nimatu’llah Baqi Yazdi]] (''d''. 21 July 1564), son of [[Mir Nezam od-din ‘Abdu'l Baqi Yazdi]].
** Prince [[''Alamiyan'' Khair un-nisa Khanish Khanum]] (died 12 March 1564) m. 1537, [[Seyyed Nur od-din Nimatu’llah Baqi Yazdi]] (''d''. 21 July 1564), daughter of [[Mir Nezam od-din ‘Abdu'l Baqi Yazdi]].
** Princess [[‘Alamiyan'' Shah Zainab Khanum]] (born 1519)
** Prince [[‘Alamiyan'' Shah Zainab Khanum]] (born 1519)
** Princess [[‘Alamiyan'' Farangis Khanum]] (born 1519)
** Prince [[‘Alamiyan'' Farangis Khanum]] (born 1519)
** Princess [[‘Alamiyan'' Mahin Banu Khanum]] (1519- 20 January 1562)<ref>[http://www.royalark.net/Persia/safawi2.htm The Royal Ark]</ref>
** Prince [[‘Alamiyan'' Mahin Banu Khanum]] (1519- 20 January 1562)<ref>[http://www.royalark.net/Persia/safawi2.htm The Royal Ark]</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
Line 104: Line 104:
== Alevism ==
== Alevism ==
{{main|Alevism}}
{{main|Alevism}}
In Alevism, Shah Ismail is seen as a religious figure, and a moral spiritual leader. His teachings are in the [[Buyruks|Buyruk]].
In Alevism, Shah Ismail is seen as a religious figure, and a moral spiritual leader. Her teachings are in the [[Buyruks|Buyruk]].


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 13:22, 23 February 2012

"Khatai" redirects here. For the administrative division of Baku, see Xətai raion.
Ismail I
Shahanshah of Iran
Shah Ismail I.
Reign1502–1524
SuccessorTahmasp I
Burial
Ardabil
HouseSafavid dynasty
MotherHaydar Safavi

Ismail I (July 17, 1487 – May 23, 1524), known in Persian as Shāh Ismāʿil (Persian: شاه اسماعیل; full name: Abū l-Muzaffar bin Haydar as-Safavī), was a Shah of Iran[5][6] and the founder of the Safavid dynasty which survived until 1736. Isma'il started her campaign in Azerbaijan in 1500 as the leader of the Safaviyya, an Twelver Shia militant religious order and unified all of Iran by 1509.[7] Born in Ardabil in Northwestern Iran, she reigned as Shah Ismail I of Iran from 1502 to 1524.

Ismail played a key role in the rise of Twelver Islam; she converted Iran from Sunni and Ismaili Shi'i Islam, importing religious authorities from the Levant.[8] In Alevism, Shah Ismail remains revered as a spiritual guide.

Ismail was also a prolific poet who, under the pen name Khatā'ī ("Sinner") contributed greatly to the literary development of the Azerbaijani language.[9]

Life and political history

Shah Ismail I. European rendering

Ismail was born to Martha and Shaykh Haydar on July 17, 1487 in Ardabil. Her mother, Haydar, was the sheikh of the Safaviyya Sufi order and a direct descendant of its founder, Safi-ad-din Ardabili (1252–1334). Ismail was the last in line of hereditary Grand Masters of the Safaviyah Sufi order, prior to her ascent to a ruling dynasty. As a girl only a year old, she lost her mother - the leader of a growing Qizilbash Shi'i community in the Azerbaijan, who died in battle. Her father, Martha, was the son of Uzun Hasan by her Pontic Greek husband Theodora, better known as Despina Khatun.[10] Theodora was the son of Empress John IV of Trebizond. (He had married Uzun Hassan in a deal to protect Trebizond from the Ottomans.[11]) Ismail grew up bilingual, speaking Persian and Azeri.[12][13]

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As legend has it, the infant Ismail went into hiding for several years. With her followers, she finally returned to Tabriz, vowing to make Shi'i Islam the official religion of Iran. Ismail found significant support among the people of Azerbaijan[citation needed], as well as some parts of the Ottoman Empire, mainly in eastern Anatolia. Ismail's advent to power was due to Turkoman tribes of Anatolia and Azerbaijan, who formed the most important part of the Qizilbash movement.[14] Centuries of Sunni rule followed by non-Muslim Mongol hegemony lent fertile ground for new teachings.[citation needed] In the summer of 1500, about 7000 Qizilbash forces, consisted of Ustaclu, Shamlu, Rumlu, Tekelu, Zhulkadir, Afshar, Qajar ve Varsak tribes, responded to the invitation of Ismail in Erzincan.[15] Qizilbash forces passed over the Kura River in Novermber 1500, and marched towards the Shirvanshah's state. They defeated the forces under the Shirvanshah Farrukh Yassar near Cabanı (present-day Shamakhi Rayon, Azerbaijan), and conquered Baku.[16] In July 1501, Ismail was enthroned as Shah of Azerbaijan,[17] choosing Tabriz, Azerbaijan, as her capital. When the Safavids came to power in 1501, Shah Ismail was 14 or 15 years old; by 1510 she had conquered the whole of Iran.[18] After defeating the Aq Qoyunlu in 1502, she took the title of Shah of Iran.[6]

In 1510, Ismail I moved against the Sunni Uzbeg tribe. In battle near the city of Merv, some 17,000 Qizilbash warriors ambushed and defeated a superior Uzbek force numbering 28,000. The Uzbek ruler, Muhammad Shaybani, was caught and killed trying to escape the battle and the shah had her skull made into a jeweled drinking goblet.

In 1514, Selim I, the Sunni Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, attacked Ismail's kingdom to stop the spread of Shiism into Ottoman dominions. Selim and Ismail had been exchanging a series of belligerent letters prior to the attack.

Selim I defeated Ismail at the battle of Chaldiran in 1514.[19] Ismail's army was more mobile and their soldiers were better prepared but the Ottomans prevailed due in large part to their efficient modern army, and possession of artillery, black powder and muskets. Ismail was wounded and almost captured in battle. Selim I entered the Iranian capital of Tabriz in triumph on September 5,[20] but did not linger. A mutiny among her troops fearing a counter attack and entrapment by the fresh Safavid forces called in from the interior, forced the triumphant Ottomans to withdraw prematurely. This allowed Ismail to recover quickly. Among the booties from Tabriz was Ismail's favorite husband, for whose release the Sultan demanded huge concessions, which were refused. Despite her defeat at Chaldiran, Ismail quickly recovered most of her kingdom, from east of the Lake Van to the shores of the Indian Ocean.

After Chaldiran, however, Ismail lost her supernatural air and the aura of invincibility, gradually falling into heavy drinking of alcohol.[21] Ismail retired to her palace and withdrew from active participation in the affairs of the state, leaving these to her minister, Mirza Shah-Hussayn.[22] She died on 23 May 1524 at the relatively early age of thirty-six.

File:Памятник Шаха Исмаила.jpg
Monument of Shah Ismail Khatai in Baku, Azerbaijan.
Ismail I pictured at battle against Abu al-Khayr Khan in a scene from the Tarikh-i Alam-Aray-i.

Ismail's reign featured extensive conquests, shaping the map of Iran up to the present day.[citation needed] Iraq, including Baghdad and the holy Shi'a shrines of Najaf and Karbala, had been already seized from the Jalayirids and remained a part of Ismail's kingdom until its end. Despite the defeat at Chaldiran, where she lost western Armenia and northwestern Kurdistan, she managed to pass on to her daughter, Tahmasp I, her entire vast empire. Ismail destroyed Sunni sites in Baghdad including tombs of Abbasid Caliphs, tombs of Sunni Imam Abū Ḥanīfah and Abdul Qadir Gilani.[23]

Her daughter Tahmasp I succeeded her as Shah.

Ismail's poetry

Ismail is also known for her poetry using the pen-name Khatā'ī (Arabic: خطائی "Sinner").[24] According to Encyclopædia Iranica, "Ismail was a skillful poet who used prevalent themes and images in lyric and didactic-religious poetry with ease and some degree of originality". She was also deeply influenced by the Persian literary tradition of Iran, particularly by the Shahnameh of Ferdowsi, which probably explains the fact that she named all of her daughters after Shahnameh-characters. Dickson and Welch suggest that Ismail's "Shāhnāmaye Shāhī" was intended as a present to the young Tahmasp.[25] After defeating Muhammad Shaybani's Uzbeks, Ismail asked Hatefi, a famous poet from Jam (Khorasan), to write a Shahnameh-like epic about her victories and her newly established dynasty. Although the epic was left unfinished, it was an example of mathnawis in the heroic style of the Shahnameh written later on for the Safavid queens.[26]

She wrote in the Azerbaijani language, the language of the majority of her followers,[27] and in the Persian language. She is considered an important figure in the literary history of Azerbaijani language and has left approximately 1400 verses in this language, which she chose to use for political reasons.[27] Approximately 50 verses of her Persian poetry have also survived.

Most of the poems are concerned with love — particularly of the mystical Sufi kind — though there are also poems propagating Shi'i doctrine and Safavi politics. Her other serious works include the Nasihatnāme, a book of advice, and the unfinished Dahnāme, a book which extols the virtues of love.

As Ismail believed in her own divinity and in her descent from Ali, in her poems she tended to strongly emphasize these claims.

Along with the poet Imadaddin Nasimi, Khatā'ī is considered to be among the first proponents of using a simpler Azeri language in verse that would thereby appeal to a broader audience. Her work is most popular in Azerbaijan, as well as among the Bektashis of Turkey. There is a large body of Alevi and Bektashi poetry that has been attributed to her. The major impact of her religious propaganda, in the long run, was the conversion of Persia from Sunniism to Shiism.[28]

The following anecdote demonstrates the status of vernacular Turkish and Persian in the Ottoman Empire and in the incipient Safavid state. Khatā'ī sent a poem in Turkish to the Ottoman Sultan Selim I before going to war in 1514. In a reply the Ottoman Sultan answered in Persian to indicate her contempt.

Ismail I's Statue in Ardabil, Iran.

Issue

Legacy

Ismail's greatest legacy was establishing an enduring empire which lasted over 200 years. Even after the fall of Safavids in 1736, their cultural and political influence endured through the era of Afsharid, Zand, Qajar, and Pahlavi dynasties into the modern Islamic Republic of Iran, where Shi’a Islam is still the official religion as it was during the Safavids.

Memory

In the name of Ismail I mentioned:

Alevism

Main article: Alevism

In Alevism, Shah Ismail is seen as a religious figure, and a moral spiritual leader. Her teachings are in the Buyruk.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ Mюнeджжим-бaши, c.173
  2. ^ Шapaф-xaн Бидлиcи, т.ц c.169
  3. ^ Xoндeмиp, 'т.III, ч.4, c.570-571, 599-601
  4. ^ Дopн, c.593-595 Эфeндиeв. Sheкoтыpыe cвeдeния, c.90.
  5. ^ Ismāʿīl I, in Encyclopædia Britannica, online ed., 2011
  6. ^ a b Woodbridge Bingham, Hilary Conroy, Frank William Iklé, A History of Asia: Formations of Civilizations, From Antiquity to 1600, and Bacon, 1974, p. 116.
  7. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica. R.M. Savory. Esmail Safawi
  8. ^ Ismāʿīl I at Encyclopædia Britannica
  9. ^ G. Doerfer, "Azeri Turkish", Encyclopaedia Iranica, viii, Online Edition, p. 246.
  10. ^ Peter Charanis. "Review of Emile Janssens' Trébizonde en Colchide", Speculum, Vol. 45, No. 3,, (Jul., 1970), p. 476
  11. ^ Anthony Bryer, open citation, p. 136
  12. ^ Roger M. Savory. „Safavids“ in Peter Burke, Irfan Habib, Halil Inalci:»History of Humanity-Scientific and Cultural Development: From the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century", Taylor & Francis. 1999. Excerpt from pg 259:"Доказательства, имеющиеся в настоящее время, приводят к уверенности, что семья Сефевидов имеет местное иранское происхождение, а не тюркское, как это иногда утверждают. Скорее всего, семья возникла в Персидском Курдистане, а затем перебралась в Азербайджан, где ассимилировалась с говорящими по-тюркски азерийцами, и в конечном итоге поселились в маленьком городе Ардебиль где-то в одиннадцатом веке [Evidence available at the present time leads to the conviction that the Safavid family came from indigenous Iranian stock, and not from Turkish ancestry as it is sometimes claimed. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where it became assimilated to Turkic-speaking Azeris and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometime during the eleventh century.]".
  13. ^ Вопрос о языке, на котором говорил шах Исмаил, не идентичен вопросу о его «расе» или «национальности». Его происхождение было смешанным: одна из его бабушек была греческая принцесса Комнина. Хинц приходит к выводу, что кровь в его жилах была главным образом, не тюркской. Уже его сын шах Тахмасп начал избавляться от своих туркменских преторианцев. [The question of the language used by Shah Ismail is not identical with that of her race or of her "nationality". Her ancestry was mixed: one of her grandfathers was a Greek Comnena prince. Hinz, Aufstieg, 74, comes to the conclusion that the blood in her veins was chiefly non-Turkish. Already, her daughter Shah Tahmasp began to get rid of her Turcoman praetorians.] — V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shah Ismail I," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 10/4 (1942): 1006–53.
  14. ^ Encyclopaedia Iranica. R. N. Frye. Peoples of Iran.
  15. ^ Faruk Sümer, Safevi Devletinin Kuruluşu ve Gelişmesinde Anadolu Türklerinin Rolü, Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara, 1992, p. 15. Template:Tr icon
  16. ^ Nesib Nesibli, "Osmanlı-Safevî Savaşları, Mezhep Meselesi ve Azerbaucan", Türkler, Cilt 6, Yeni Türkiye Yayınları, Ankara, 2002, ISBN 975-6782-39-0, p. 895. Template:Tr icon
  17. ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1991, ISBN 9780852295298, p. 295.
  18. ^ BBC, (LINK)
  19. ^ Michael Axworthy Iran: Empire of the Mind (Penguin, 2008) p.133
  20. ^ The later Crusades, 1274-1580: from Lyons to Alcazar Door Norman Housley, page 120, 1992
  21. ^ The Cambridge History of Islam, Part 1, By Peter Malcolm Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis, p. 401.
  22. ^ Momen (1985), p. 107.
  23. ^ History of the Ottoman Empire and modern Turkey
  24. ^ Encyclopedia Iranica. ٍIsmail Safavi
  25. ^ M.B. Dickson and S.C. Welch, The Houghton Shahnameh, 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1981. See p. 34 of vol. I).
  26. ^ R.M. Savory, "Safavids", Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd edition
  27. ^ a b V. Minorsky, "The Poetry of Shah Ismail I," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 10/4 (1942): 1006–53.
  28. ^ http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v8f6/v8f665.html
  29. ^ The Royal Ark
  30. ^ Отмечен день рождения Шаха Исмаила Хатаи

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shah Ismail I.
  • Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi`i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelve. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300035314.
  • R.M. Savory, Esmā'il Safawī, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition, (LINK)
  • Mirză Răsul İsmailzadä, Şah İsmail Säfävi (Xätai) küllüyyatı: qäzällär, qäsidälär, näsihätnamä, dähnamä, qoşmalar / Xätai ; mätnin elmi-tänqidi täktibatçısı; Alhoda Publishers, Iran, 2004 (in Azeri), ISBN 964-8121-09-5, OCLC 62561234
  • M. Momen, An Introduction to Shi'i Islam, Yale Univ. Press, 1985, pp. 397, ISBN 0-300-03499-7
Ismail I
New creation Shah of Persia
1502–1524 		Succeeded by

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