Haryana: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
|||
| Line 76: | Line 76: | ||
* The [[Aravalli Range]] in the south |
* The [[Aravalli Range]] in the south |
||
'''Rivers of Haryana''': The river Yamuna flows along its eastern boundary. The ancient Saraswati river was thought to have flowed throw Haryana but it has now disappeared. The river Ghaggar is its main seasonal river. It rises up in the outer Himalayas between the Yamuna and the [[Sutluj]] and enters Haryana near Pinjore, district [[Panchkula]]. Passing through Ambala and Hissar it reaches [[Bikaner]] in [[Rajasthan]] and runs a course of 290 miles before disappearing in the deserts of [[Rajasthan]]. The Markanda river's ancient name was Aruna. A seasonal stream like the Ghaggar, it originates from the lower Shivalik hills and enters Haryana near [[Ambala]]. During monsoons, this stream swells up into a raging torrent notorious for its devastating power. The surplus water is carried on to the Sanisa lake where the Markanda joins the [[Saraswati]]. An important tributary is the Tangri. The Sahibi originates in the Mewat hills near Jitgarh and Manoharpur in [[Rajasthan]]. Gathering volume from about a hundred tributaries, it reaches voluminous proportions, forming a broad stream around [[Alwar]] and Patan. On reaching [[Rohtak]] it branches off into two smaller streams, finally reaching the outskirts of [[Delhi]] and flowing into the [[Yamuna]]. There are three other rivulets in and around the Mewat hills – Indori, Dohan and Kasavati and they all flow northwards from the south.<ref>http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm</ref> |
|||
The majority of the state is an agricultural plain, with the southern and western edge being more dry and arid. the plain of Haryana is also known for water divider of the himalayan rivers. |
|||
== Demographics == |
== Demographics == |
||
Revision as of 11:03, 7 February 2008
Haryana
Haryana हरियाणा ਹਰਿਆਣਾ | |
|---|---|
state | |
| • Rank | 20th |
| Population | |
| • Total | 21,082,989 |
| • Rank | 16th |
| Website | haryana.gov.in |
Haryana (Hindi: हरियाणा, Punjabi: ਹਰਿਆਣਾ, IPA: [hərɪjaːɳaː]) is a state in north India. It was carved out of the state of Punjab in 1966. It is bordered by Punjab and Himachal Pradesh to the north, and Rajasthan to the west and south. Eastern border to Uttarakhand & Uttar Pradesh is defined by river Yamuna. Haryana also surrounds Delhi on three sides, forming the northern, western and southern borders of Delhi. Consequently, a large area of Haryana is included in the National Capital Region. The capital of Haryana is Chandigarh which is administered as a union territory and is also the capital of Punjab.
Haryana have the third highest per capita income in the country at Rs 29,887(year 2006) after capital delhi and state of Goa.[1] Haryana is the leading industralized state of india and its share in National Production is: 50% passenger cars,50% motorcycles,30% refrigerators,25% tractors, 25% bicycles and sanitary wares,20% of the country`s export of scientific instrument,3rd among states in software exports from india.[2] The city of Gurgaon is emerging as a major hub for the information technology and automobile industry. It is a leading manufacturing hub as it is also home to Maruti Udyog Limited, India's largest automobile manufacturer, and Hero Honda Limited, the world's largest manufacturer of two-wheelers. Panipat, Panchkula and Faridabad are also industrial hubs, with the Panipat Refinery being the second largest refinery in South Asia. There is also an established steel and textile industry in the state of Haryana. The name Haryana itself means “The Abode of God” from Hari (the Hindu god Vishnu) and ayana (home)[3].
History
Although Haryana is no longer a part of the state of Punjab, it was for a long time part of the Punjab province of British India and played a vital role in the history of the Punjab region.
Vedic period
river bed to be that of the Saraswati. Many settlements dating back to the Indus Valley Civilization have been found along this river bed, at Naurangabad and Mittathal in Bhiwani District, Kunal, in Fatehabad District, Agroha and Rakhigarhi in Hisar District, Rukhi in Rohtak District and Banawali in Sirsa District. The ancient Vedic civilization also flourished on the banks of the Saraswati, and the hymns of Rigveda were composed here.
In some ancient Hindu texts, the boundaries of Kurukshetra correspond roughly to the state of Haryana. Thus according to the Taittiriya Aranyaka 5.1.1., the Kurukshetra region is south of Turghna (Srughna/Sugh in Sirhind, Punjab), north of Khandava (Delhi and Mewat region), east of Maru (desert) and west of Parin.[4]
Mahabharata, the great epic of India mentions Haryana as Bahudhhanyaka, 'land of plentiful grains' and Bahudhana, 'land of immense riches'. Several places mentioned in Mahabharata correspond to modern day cities in Haryana: Prithudaka (Pehowa), Tilprastha (Tilput), Panprastha (Panipat) and Sonprastha (Sonipat).Gurgaon refers to the village of the Guru Dronacharya . The great battle between the Kauravas and the Pandavas took place near the city of Kurukshetra. Krishna preached the Bhagvad Gita to the reluctant Arjuna there. .For eighteen days following that, armies from all over India battled in the plains of Kurukshetra to decide who sits on the throne of Hastinapur. Maharaja Agrasen is said to have established a flourishing city of merchants at Agroha near modern Hisar. Legend has it that anyone wishing to settle in the city was given a brick and a rupee by each of the city's lakh residents. Thus, they would have enough bricks to build a house and enough money to start a business of their own.
Medieval period
After ousting the Huns, king Harshavardhana established his capital at Thanesar near Kurukshetra in the 7th century AD. After his death, the kingdom disintegrated. The region, however, remained strategically important for the rulers of Delhi, as it lay in the path of invaders from the northwest. Prithviraj Chauhan established a fort at Hansi in the 12th century. Muhammad Ghori conquered this area in the Second Battle of Tarain. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate was established that ruled much of India for several centuries. The earliest reference to 'Hariana' occurs in a Sanskrit inscription dated 1328 AD kept in Delhi Museum which refers to this region as The heaven on earth, indicating that it was fertile and relatively peaceful at that time. Firoz Shah Tughlaq established a fort at Hisar in 1354 to further fortify the region.
The three famous battles of Panipat took place near the modern town of Panipat. The first battle took place in 1526, where Babur, the ruler of Kabul defeated Ibrahim Lodi of the Delhi Sultanate, through the use of field artillery. This battle marked the beginning of the Mughal empire in India. In the second battle of Panipat (November 5, 1556), Akbar's general Bairam Khan defeated Hemu, and paved the way for Akbar's reign. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between the Afghan warlord Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marathas under Sadashivrao Bhau of Pune. Ahmad Shah won decisively, on January 13, 1761.
British Raj
During the British Raj, most of Haryana formed part of the Punjab province. Some parts were ruled by the princely states of Loharu, Nabha, Jind and Patiala. During the Indian rebellion of 1857, several leaders from this region, including Rao Tula Ram, participated actively. Later,during the Indian Freedom fight people from Haryana took part actively and fought a lot of battles with them. A lot of battles were fought by not only the Kings of territories but by the farmers also. British army was defeated at a lot of places. Some most important fights were from Sonipat , Rohtak , Sirsa and Hissar. In Sirsa the famous battle of Chormar was fought.Later, leaders like Sir Chhotu Ram played an important role in the politics of the Punjab province.
Formation of Haryana
On 1 November, 1966, Haryana was carved out on the basis of that the parts of Punjab which were to be Haryana's "Hindi-speaking areas."Same example was followed in creation of Himachal Pradesh as well. Haryana state was formed on the recommendation of the Sardar Hukam Singh Parliamentary Committee. The formation of this committee was announced in the Parliament on 23 September 1965. On 23 April, 1966, acting on the recommendation of the Hukam Singh Committee, the Indian government set up the Shah Commission under the chairmanship of Justice J. C. Shah, to divide and set up the boundaries of Panjab and Haryana.The commission gave its report on 31 May, 1966. According to this report the then districts of Hissar, Mahendergarh, Gurgaon, Rohtak, and Karnal were to be a part of the new state of Haryana. Further the Tehsils of Jind (district Sangrur), Narwana (district Sangrur) Naraingarh, Ambala and Jagadhari were also included. The commission recommended that Tehsil Kharar (including Chandigarh) should also be a part fo Haryana.[5] The city of Chandigarh, also a Punjabi speaking area of district Rupnagar was made a union territory to serve as capital of both these states. Chandigarh was due to transfer to state of Punjab in 1986, according to the Rajiv-Longowal Accord, but the transfer has been delayed pending an agreement on which parts of the supposedly Hindi speaking areas of Abohar and Fazilka, currently part of Firozpur District of Punjab, that should be transferred to Haryana in exchange. In the 1970s, Haryana contributed significantly to the Green Revolution and White Revolution in India.
Geography
Haryana is a landlocked state in northern India. It is located between 27°37' to 30°35' N latitude and between 74°28' and 77°36' E longitude. The altitude of Haryana varies between 700 to 3600 ft (200 metres to 2 kilometres) above sea level. An area of 1,553 km² is covered by forest. Haryana has four main geographical features.
- The Yamuna-Ghaggar plain forming the largest part of the state
- The Shivalik Hills to the northeast
- Semi-desert sandy plain to the southwest
- The Aravalli Range in the south
Rivers of Haryana: The river Yamuna flows along its eastern boundary. The ancient Saraswati river was thought to have flowed throw Haryana but it has now disappeared. The river Ghaggar is its main seasonal river. It rises up in the outer Himalayas between the Yamuna and the Sutluj and enters Haryana near Pinjore, district Panchkula. Passing through Ambala and Hissar it reaches Bikaner in Rajasthan and runs a course of 290 miles before disappearing in the deserts of Rajasthan. The Markanda river's ancient name was Aruna. A seasonal stream like the Ghaggar, it originates from the lower Shivalik hills and enters Haryana near Ambala. During monsoons, this stream swells up into a raging torrent notorious for its devastating power. The surplus water is carried on to the Sanisa lake where the Markanda joins the Saraswati. An important tributary is the Tangri. The Sahibi originates in the Mewat hills near Jitgarh and Manoharpur in Rajasthan. Gathering volume from about a hundred tributaries, it reaches voluminous proportions, forming a broad stream around Alwar and Patan. On reaching Rohtak it branches off into two smaller streams, finally reaching the outskirts of Delhi and flowing into the Yamuna. There are three other rivulets in and around the Mewat hills – Indori, Dohan and Kasavati and they all flow northwards from the south.[6]
Demographics
The population of Haryana, according to the 2001 census, is 21,144,000, with 11,364,000 males and 9,781,000 females. The population density is 477 people/sq km. Haryana, along with neighboring Punjab, has a skewed sex ratio, with many more men than women. Selective abortion of female fetuses is known to occur, reflecting a widespread favor for the male child.
Hindus make up about 88.2% of the population (Jats being more than a third of the population), Muslims 5.8%, Sikhs 5.5%, Jains 0.3% and Buddhist .01% [7] Muslims are mainly in the Mahendragarh district, while Sikh's are mostly in the districts adjoining Punjab.
Agriculture and related industry has been the backbone of the local economy. Today there is an influx of immigrants from across the nation, primarily from Bihar, Bengal and Nepal.
Economy
When it comes to financial health Haryana is the best performing state in the country.[8]Haryana had the minimum fiscal deficit of 0.6 per cent in financial year 2006-07.[9] Ninety-three of top Fortune -100 companies with their corporate offices and production bases already in Haryana[10] Haryana, carved out of Punjab and known as its poor cousin, has edged past the state on most parameters of economic development[11].In 2006-07 Haryana received a foreign direct investment projects of over Rs 11,000 crore in the state and corporate sector.Reliance Ventures, a group company of India’s largest private sector company Reliance Industries will set up a multi-product special economic zone in Haryana[12] At an investment of Rs 40,000 crore, the project will be India’s largest SEZ spread over 25,000 acres.[13]
Manufacturing
More than a thousand medium and large industries with a capital investment of Rs. 2000 billion or $ 40.4 billion have been established in the state in mainly Gurgaon, Panchkula, Faridabad and Bahadurgarh. These include Hindustan National Glass, Maruti Udyog Limited, Escorts, Hero Honda, Alcatel, Sony, Whirlpool India, Bharti Telecom, Liberty Shoes and Hindustan Machine Tools. In addition there are more than 80,000 small-scale industrial units in the state which cumulatively bring in a substantial income for the state and its people. Yamunanagar district has a paper mill BILT, Haryana has a large production of cars, motorcycles, tractors, sanitary ware, glass container industry, gas stoves and scientific instruments.
Service Industry
Gurgaon is the best city for setting up a software or BPO centre in India[14]. This is according to a research on Offshore Competitiveness conducted by neoIT, an offshoring consultancy. Gurgaon, has seen emergence of an active information technology industry in the recent years. With organisations like IBM, Hewitt Associates, Dell, Convergys, United Healthcare and NIIT setting up back offices or contact centers in Gurgaon. Establishment of Nano City[15] a joint venture between the Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure Development Corporation (HSIIDC) and Nano Works Developers Private Ltd, a company promoted by Sabeer Bhatia, the much talked about creator of Hotmail will further boost the state position in this sector.
Agriculture
Despite recent industrial development, Haryana is primarily an agricultural state. About 70% of residents are engaged in agriculture.Haryana is at Second position in food grain production in the country.[16] Wheat and rice are the major crops. Haryana is self-sufficient in food production and the second largest contributor to India's central pool of food grains. Other crops include sugarcane, cotton, maize, bajra, and oilseeds. About 86% of the area is arable, and of that 96% is cultivated. About 75% of the area is irrigated, through tubewells and an extensive system of canals. Haryana contributed significantly to the Green Revolution in India in the 1970s that made the country self-sufficient in food production.The state has also significantly contributed to the field of agricultural education in the country. Asia's biggest agricultural University[17] - Chaudhry Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University is located at Hisar, which has already made a significant contribution in ushering 'Green Revolution'.
Haryana has a tremendous irrigation infrastructure.Irrigation in Haryana uses water either from underground or from surface through canals. Numerous canals have been dug and pumps put up to make sure that the farmer doesn’t pack up and leave in times of drought. Currently in Hrayana, the most important technology for groundwater irrigation is the use of tubewells with pump.
Animal Husbandry
Dairy farming is also an essential part of the rural economy.Haryana has a livestock population of 98.97 lakh.[18] Milk and milk products form an essential part of the local diet. There is the saying Desaan main des Haryana, jit doodh dahi ka khaana, which means "Among places is Haryana, where the staple food is milk and yoghurt". Haryana, with 660 grams of availibility of milk per capita per day, ranks at number two in the country as against the national average of 232 grams.[19][20] There is a vast network of milk societies that support the dairy industry. The National Dairy Research Institute at Karnal, and the Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes at Hisar are instrumental in development of new breeds of cattle and propagation of these breeds through embryo transfer technology. The Murrah breed of water buffalo from Haryana is world-famous for its milk production.
Macro-economic trend
This is a chart of trend of gross state domestic product of Haryana at market prices estimated by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation with figures in Crore Rupees.[21]
| Year | Gross State Domestic Product |
|---|---|
| 1999-2000 | 50,787 |
| 2000-2001 | 56,955 |
| 2001-2002 | 63,489 |
| 2002-2003 | 69,653 |
| 2003-2004 | 78,816 |
| 2004-2005 | 89,431 |
| 2005-2006 | 100,676 |
| 2007-2008 | 1,01,319.42 |
The contribution of primary, secondary and tertiary sectors for the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in 2007-08 is Rs. 21,265.92 crore, Rs. 30,919.95 crore and Rs.49,133.55 crore respectively Over 3% of the S&P CNX 500 conglomerates have corporate offices in Haryana.
Roads and Infrastructure
Haryana is a trend setter in the field of passenger transport. It has total length of 23684 kilometers. The remotest parts of the state are linked with mettaled roads. Its modern bus fleet of 3,864 buses covers a distance of 1.15 million Kilometers per day. It was the first State in the country to introduce luxury video coaches.[23] Grand Trunk Road (commonly abbreviated to GT Road) is one of South Asia's oldest and longest major roads it reaches Haryana, passing through the districts of Sonipat,Panipat,Karnal,Kurukshetra and Ambala. The state government proposes to construct Express highway and free ways for speedier vehicular traffic.The 135.6-km long Kundli-Manesar-Palwal Expressway(KMP) will provide high-speed link to northern Haryana with its southern districts such as Sonepat, Jhajjar, Gurgaon and Faridabad.The work on the project has already started and is scheduled to be completed by July. 2009.[24] Haryana is in close contact with the cosmopolitan world, being closer to Delhi. International and domestic airports, diplomatic and commercial complexes are located in close proximity with the state viz a viz other emerging industrial and residential estates in and around Delhi.
Haryana State has always given high priority to the expansion of electricity infrastructure, as it is one of most important inputs for the development of the State. Haryana was the first State in the country to achieve 100% rural electrification in 1970,First in the country to link all villages with all weather roads and First in the country to provide safe drinking water facilities throughout the state[25]
Haryana is well connected on the rail network as well.The main railway routes passing through Haryana are: Amritsar-Delhi, Rewari-Ahamdabad, Bhiwani-Rohtak-Delhi, Ambala-Ferozepur, Delhi-Ferozepur, Kalka-Jodhpur, Kalka-Hawrah, Amritsar-Hawrah and Delhi-Shimla
Communication
Haryana has a state- wide network of efficient telecommunication facilities. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) and most of the leading private sector players (such as Reliance Infocom, Tata Teleservices, Bharti Telecom, Idea and Hutchison Essar) have operations in the state.
Divisions
The state is divided into four divisions for administrative purpose - Ambala, Rohtak, Gurgaon and Hisar Division. There are 20 districts, 47 sub-divisions, 67 tehsils, 45 sub-tehsils and 116 blocks. Haryana has a total of 81 cities and towns. It has 6,759 villages.
Districts
Education
The state of Haryana has made tremendous expansion in the field of higher education since its inception. It has been the endeavor of the government to make educational facilities available within the reach of the children. 32 primary schools, 69 middle schools and 101 high schools were upgraded to middle, high and senior secondary respectively during the year 2004-05. Now accessibility to schooling is available within the radius of 1.10 km, 1.38 km, 1.66 km and 2.79 km at the primary, middle, high and senior secondary level respectively.[26]During 2001-02, there were 11,013 primary schools, 1,918 middle schools, 3,023 high schools and 1,301 senior secondary schools in the state.[27] Haryana Board of School Education, established in September 1969 and shifted to Bhiwani in 1981, conducts public examinations at middle, matriculation, and senior secondary levels twice a year. Over seven lakh candidates attend annual examinations in February and March, and 150,000 attend supplementary examinations each November. The Board also conducts examinations for Haryana Open School at senior and senior secondary levels twice a year.[28] The Haryana government provides free education to women up to graduation level.
There are five universities in the state. Technical education and management studies are provided by Maharishi Dayanand University at Rohtak, Kurukshetra University at Kurukshetra, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology at Hisar and Chaudhary Devi Lal University at Sirsa. Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University at Hisar is one of the biggest agricultural universities in Asia. It is engaged in education, research and development related to agriculture. The National Dairy Research Institute at Karnal provides education in the field of dairy science. It has been upgraded to the level of a Deemed University. There are medical colleges in Rohtak,Mullana and Agroha.Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak is a premier post graduate medical institute in North India offering courses in major specialties and super specialties of medicine.
Also, there is Management Development Institute at Gurgaon which is amongst the premier management insitutes of India.
Sports and Youth Development
Haryana is one of the leading state in sports as well.During the 33rd National games held in Assam in 2007 Haryana stood at no.4[29] with a medal tally of 80 incliding 30 gold 22 silver and 28 bronze medals.In the team games haryana is the national champion in men volleyball and women hockey.Haryana is the traditional powerhouse in games like kabbadi,kho-kho,judo,boxing and wrestling.Sports in the state are managed by the Department of Sports & Youth Affairs, Haryana.
References
- ^ http://www.livemint.com/2008/01/21174558/Jharkhand-and-Orissa-register.html
- ^ http://www.haryanainvest.org/general%20information.asp
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9111200
- ^ Agarwal, Vishal: Is There Vedic Evidence for the Indo-Aryan Immigration to India? (PDF)
- ^ http://www.haryana-online.com/History/history_1966-.htm
- ^ http://www.haryana-online.com/geography.htm
- ^ http://www.censusindia.net/religiondata/ 2001 Indian Census Data
- ^ http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/oct/23hary.htm
- ^ http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/oct/23hary.htm
- ^ http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/know-india/states/haryana.htm
- ^ http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Haryana-overtakes-Punjab-on-most-eco-parameters/222912/
- ^ http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=131174
- ^ http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=131174
- ^ http://ushome.rediff.com/money/2004/nov/25bpo.htm
- ^ http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/01/stories/2006090104860500.htm
- ^ http://pmindia.nic.in/lspeech.asp?id=544
- ^ http://haryana.nic.in/general/agriculture.htm
- ^ http://haryana.nic.in/general/agriculture.htm
- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1678736.cms
- ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981013/28651694.html
- ^ http://mospi.nic.in/6_gsdp_cur_9394ser.htm
- ^ http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/04/stories/2008020456120700.htm
- ^ http://haryanaindustries.nic.in/WhyHaryana/Pages/NewEconomicInfrastructure.aspx
- ^ http://www.indianexpress.com/story/20526.html
- ^ http://www.haryanainvest.org/general%20information.asp
- ^ http://www.indiainbusiness.nic.in/know-india/states/haryana.htm
- ^ Education in Haryana - Universities - Colleges - Schools - Institutions - Engineering - Medical
- ^ http://hbse.nic.in/history.htm
- ^ http://www.33rdnationalgames.nic.in/medal_tally.htm
.png){kind=small}
