Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives

Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives
Voiceless dental and alveolar plosives
t
IPA Number	103
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	t
Unicode (hex)	U+0074
X-SAMPA	t

The voiceless alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents voiceless dental, alveolar, and postalveolar stops is ⟨t⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is t. The dental stop can be distinguished with the underbridge diacritic, ⟨t̪⟩, the postalveolar with a retraction line, ⟨t̠⟩, and the Extensions to the IPA have a double underline diacritic which can be used to explicitly specify an alveolar pronunciation, ⟨t͇⟩.

The [t] sound is a very common sound cross-linguistically;^[1] the most common consonant phonemes of the world's languages are [t], [k] and [p]. Most languages have at least a plain [t], and some distinguish more than one variety. Some languages without a [t] are Hawaiian (outside of Ni‘ihau; Hawaiian uses a voiceless velar stop when adopting loanwords with [t]), colloquial Samoan (which also lacks an [n]), and Nǁng of South Africa.^{[citation needed]}

Features

Here are features of the voiceless alveolar stop:

Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Adyghe		тфы	[tfə]^ⓘ	'five'
Arabic	Egyptian	توكة tōka	[ˈtoːkæ]	'barrette'	See Egyptian Arabic phonology
Chinese	Cantonese	[[[Chinese characters\|但]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-yue-Hani (help) [[[Jyutping\|daan6]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[taːn˨˨]	'however'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Cantonese phonology
	Mandarin	[[[Chinese Characters\|大]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized language tag: zh-cmn-Hani (help) [[[Hanyu Pinyin\|dà]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ta˥˩]	'big'	Contrasts with aspirated form. See Mandarin phonology
	Yi	ꄉ [[[Yi script\|da]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ta˧]	'place'	Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms
Czech		[[[Czech orthography\|toto]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[toto]^[stress?]	'this'	See Czech phonology
Dutch^[2]		[[[Dutch orthography\|taal]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[taːɫ]	'language'	See Dutch phonology
English		[[[English orthography\|tick]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[tʰɪk]	'tick'	See English phonology
Finnish		[[[Finnish alphabet\|parta]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈpɑrtɑ]	'beard'	Allophone of the voiceless dental stop. See Finnish phonology
German		[[[German orthography\|Tochter]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈtʰɔxtɐ]	'daughter'	See German phonology
Greek		[[[Greek alphabet\|τρία]] tria] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈtria]	'three'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hebrew		תמונה	[tmuna]	'image'	see Modern Hebrew phonology
Hungarian^[3]		[[[Hungarian orthography\|tutaj]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[tutɒj]^[stress?]	'raft'	See Hungarian phonology
Japanese^[4]		特別 [[[Romanization of Japanese\|tokubetsu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[tokɯbetsɯ]	'special'	See Japanese phonology
Kabardian		тхуы	['txʷə]^ⓘ	'five'
Korean		[[[Korean alphabet\|턱]] teok] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[tʰʌk̚]	'jaw'	See Korean phonology
Macedonian		ти	[ti]	'you'	See Macedonian phonology
Malay		[[[Malay alphabet\|tahun]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[tähon]	'year'	S
Maltese		[[[Maltese alphabet\|tassew]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[tasˈsew]	'true'
Norwegian		[[[Norwegian alphabet\|tann]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[tʰɑn]	'tooth'	See Norwegian phonology
Nunggubuyu^[5]		[taɾawa]		'greedy'
Portuguese		[[[Portuguese orthography\|pato]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈpatu]	'duck'	See Portuguese phonology
Slovak		[[[Slovak alphabet\|to]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[to]	'that'
Thai		[[[Thai script\|ตา]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: thai not supported for code: th (help) ta	[taː˥˧]	'eye'
Vietnamese		ti	[ti]	'flaw,'	See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian		[tosk] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)	[ˈtosk]	'tooth'

Bibliography

Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell
Liberman, AM; Cooper, FS; Shankweiler, DP; Studdert-Kennedy, M (1967), "Perception of the speech code", Psychological Review, 74 (6)
Okada, Hideo (1991), "Phonetic Representation:Japanese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 21 (2): 94–97, doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X
Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090

[1] Liberman et al. (1967:?)

[2] Gussenhoven (1992:45)

[3] Szende (1994:91)

[4] Okada (1991:94)

[5] Ladefoged (2005:158)

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

Features

Occurrence

See also

References

Bibliography