Voiceless labial–velar fricative
| Voiceless labialized velar approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʍ | |||
| IPA Number | 169 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʍ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028D | ||
| X-SAMPA | W | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
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The voiceless labialized velar (labiovelar) approximant (traditionally called a voiceless labiovelar fricative) is a type of consonantal sound, used in spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʍ⟩ (a rotated lowercase letter ⟨w⟩) or ⟨w̥⟩.
[ʍ] is generally classed as a fricative, but in English, the language for which the letter ⟨ʍ⟩ is primarily used, it is sometimes called a voiceless approximant, equivalent to [w̥] or [hw̥]. The symbol is rarely appropriated for a labialized voiceless velar fricative, [xʷ], in other languages.
Features
Features of the voiceless labial-velar approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is labialized velar, which means it is articulated with the back part of the tongue raised toward the soft palate (the velum) while rounding the lips.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Taiwanese Hokkien | 沃花/ak-hue | [ʔak̚˥ʔ ʍeː˥] | '(to) water flowers' | |
| Cornish | whath/hwath | [ʍæːθ] | 'yet' | See Cornish phonology | |
| Danish | Jutish | hvor | [ʍɔr] and variations | 'where' | Generally transcribed as [hw-] in Danish dialectology. |
| Old, Middle and Early Modern Danish[citation needed] | Modern Danish spelling has retained the mute h in initial hv- and hj-. See Danish phonology | ||||
| English | Conservative Received Pronunciation[1] | whine | [ʍaɪ̯n] | 'whine' | Commonly transcribed as /hw/ for simplicity; contrasts with /w/. In General American[2] and New Zealand English[3][4] only some speakers maintain the distinction; in Europe, mostly heard in Irish and Scottish accents.[1] See English phonology and phonological history of wh. |
| Cultivated South African[5] | |||||
| Conservative General American[2][6] | |||||
| Irish[5][7][8] | [ʍʌɪ̯n] | ||||
| Scottish[5][9][10][11] | |||||
| Southern American[12] | [ʍäːn] | ||||
| New Zealand[3][4][9][13] | [ʍɑe̯n] | ||||
| Hupa | tł'iwh | [t͡ɬʼiʍ] | 'snake' | Contrasts with /w/ and /xʷ/ | |
| Italian | Tuscan[14] | la qualifica | [lä ʍäˈliːfihä] | 'the qualification' | Intervocalic allophone of /kw/. See Italian phonology |
| Kham | Gamale Kham[15] | ह्वा | [ʍɐ] | 'tooth' | |
| Nahuatl | Cuauhtēmallān | [kʷaʍteːmalːaːn] | 'Guatemala' | Allophone of /w/ before voiceless consonants | |
| Slovene[16][17] | vse | [ˈʍsɛ] | 'everything' | Allophone of /ʋ/ in the syllable onset before voiceless consonants, in free variation with a vowel [u]. Voiced [w] before voiced consonants.[16][17] See Slovene phonology | |
| Washo | Wáʔi | [ˈw̥aʔi] | 'he's the one who's doing it' | ||
| Welsh | Southern Colloquial | chwe | [ʍeː] | 'six' | See Welsh phonology |
See also
Notes
- ^ a b "Received Pronunciation Phonology".
- ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 120.
- ^ a b Rogers (2000), p. 117.
- ^ a b "Australian English and New Zealand English" (PDF). p. 9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ^ a b c Lass (2002), p. 121.
- ^ "North American English: General Accents" (PDF). Universität Stuttgart - Institut für Linguistik. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 432.
- ^ "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). pp. 4 and 7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ^ a b McMahon (2002), p. 31.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 408.
- ^ "Scottish Standard English and Scots" (PDF). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006).
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 610.
- ^ Hall (1944:75)
- ^ Wilde, Christopher P. (2016). "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. ISSN 1836-6821.
- ^ a b Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
- ^ a b Greenberg (2006:18)
References
- Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
- Hall, Robert A. Jr. (1944). "Italian phonemes and orthography". Italica. 21 (2). American Association of Teachers of Italian: 72–82. doi:10.2307/475860. JSTOR 475860.
- Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006), The Atlas of North American English, Berlin: Mouton-de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-016746-8
- Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
- McMahon, April (2002), An Introduction to English Phonology, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd, ISBN 0 7486 1252 1
- Rogers, Henry (2000), The Sounds of Language: An Introduction to Phonetics, Essex: Pearson Education Limited, ISBN 978-0-582-38182-7
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511611766. ISBN 0-52129719-2, 0-52128541-0.
