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Close-mid front rounded vowel

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Close-mid front rounded vowel
ø
IPA Number310
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ø
Unicode (hex)U+00F8
X-SAMPA2
Braille⠳ (braille pattern dots-1256)

The close-mid front rounded vowel, or high-mid front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Acoustically it is a close-mid front-central rounded vowel.[1] The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ø⟩, a lowercase letter o with a diagonal stroke through it, borrowed from the Danish, Norwegian, and Faroese languages, where the letter sometimes represents this sound. The symbol is commonly referred to as "o, slash" in English.

The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists,[who?] perhaps a majority,[citation needed] prefer the terms "high" and "low".

Close-mid front compressed vowel

The close-mid front compressed vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ø⟩, which is the convention used in this article. There is no dedicated diacritic for compression in the IPA. However, the compression of the lips can be shown with the letter ⟨β̞⟩ as ⟨e͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [e] and labial compression) or ⟨eᵝ⟩ ([e] modified with labial compression). The spread-lip diacritic ⟨  ͍⟩ may also be used with a rounded vowel letter ⟨ø͍⟩ as an ad hoc symbol, but 'spread' technically means unrounded.

Features

  • Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
  • Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Rounded front vowels are often centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-front.
  • Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bavarian Amstetten dialect[2] [example needed] Near-front.[2]
Chinese Shanghainese[3] 肝/koe [kø̠¹] 'liver' Near-front. Realization of /ø/ in open syllables and /ʏ/ in closed syllables.[3]
Danish Standard[4][5] [købe] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈkʰø̠ːb̥ə] 'buy' Near-front.[4][5] See Danish phonology
Dutch Standard[6][7] [[[Dutch orthography|hut]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɦø̠t] 'hut' Near-front;[6][7] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʏ⟩ or, more rarely, with ⟨ʉ⟩, ⟨ɵ⟩ or ⟨œ⟩. Also described as close-mid central [ɵ][8] and near-close central [ʊ̈].[9] See Dutch phonology
Many accents[10] [[[Dutch orthography|neus]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nø̠ːs] 'nose' Near-front; present in many Eastern and Southern varieties, including Standard Belgian (in which it has also been described as mid central [ɵ̞ː]).[9][11] In the Standard Netherlandic variety, it is diphthongized to [ø̠ʏ̯].[10][6] See Dutch phonology
English Broad South African[12] [bird] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bø̠ːd] 'bird' Near-front.[12][13] May be lower [ø̞̈ː] in South Africa.[12] In Cultivated South African English, it is realized as [əː].[12] See English phonology
General South African[12]
Tyneside[13]
Estuary[14] [book] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bø̠ʔk] 'book' Near-front; possible realization of /ʊ/.[14] See English phonology
Faroese [øl] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [øːl] 'beer' See Faroese phonology
French[15] [[[French orthography|peu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pø] 'few' See French phonology
Franco-Provençal filye [ˈføʎə] 'daughter'
German Standard[16][17] [[[German orthography|schön]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ʃø̠ːn]ⓘ 'beautiful' Near-front;[16][17] also described as mid [ø̞̈].[18] See German phonology
Hungarian[19] [[[Hungarian orthography|nő]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nø̠ː] 'woman' Near-front.[19] See Hungarian phonology
Limburgish Most dialects[20][21][22] [beuk] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bø̠ːk] 'books' Near-front.[20][21][22] The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Rural Weerts[23] [keuke] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈkøːkə] 'kitchen' Corresponds to /yə/ in the city dialect. The vowel transcribed /øː/ in the city dialect is actually a centering diphthong /øə/.[24]
Lombard Western coeur [køːr] 'heart' Also written ⟨ö⟩, particularly in Switzerland and Italy.
Luxembourgish[25][26] [blöd] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bløːt] 'stupid' Occurs only in loanwords.[25][26] See Luxembourgish phonology
Ngwe Mmockngie dialect [nøɣə̀] 'sun'
Portuguese Micaelense[27] [[[Portuguese orthography|boi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈbø] 'ox' Allophone of /o/. See Portuguese phonology
Some European speakers[28] [[[Portuguese orthography|dou]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈd̪øw] 'I give'
Rotuman [mösʻạki] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [møːsʔɔki] 'to put to bed'
West Frisian Standard[29] [put] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pøt] 'well' Also described as central [ɵ];[30] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ø⟩ or ⟨ʏ⟩. See West Frisian phonology
Hindeloopers[31] [beuch] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [bøːx] [translation needed] Diphthongized to [øʏ̯] in Standard West Frisian.[31] See West Frisian phonology

Close-mid front protruded vowel

Close-mid front protruded vowel
ø̫
øʷ
eʷ

Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian ones, have protruded front vowels. One of these, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (see near-close near-front rounded vowel, with Swedish examples of both types of rounding).

As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨  ̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨øʷ⟩ or ⟨eʷ⟩ (a close-mid front vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.

Acoustically, this sound is "between" the more typical compressed close-mid front vowel [ø] and the unrounded close-mid front vowel [e].

Features

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Norwegian Standard Eastern[32][33] [søt] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [sø̫ːt̻] 'sweet' Near-front;[32] also described as close-mid central [ɵː],[34] mid near-front [ø̽ː][35] and ranging from mid near-front [ø̽ː] to open-mid near-front [œ̠ː].[36] See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central Standard[37] [[[Swedish alphabet|öl]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ø̫ːl̪]ⓘ 'beer' Near-front;[38] may be diphthongized to [øə̯]. See Swedish phonology

See also

References

  1. ^ Geoff Lindsey (2013) The vowel space, Speech Talk
  2. ^ a b Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
  3. ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015:328).
  4. ^ a b Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
  5. ^ a b Ladefoged & Johnson (2010), p. 227.
  6. ^ a b c Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
  7. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 128.
  8. ^ Rietveld & Van Heuven (2009), p. 69.
  9. ^ a b Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
  10. ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 133–134.
  11. ^ Collins & Mees (2003), pp. 133–135.
  12. ^ a b c d e Lass (2002), p. 116.
  13. ^ a b Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
  14. ^ a b Altendorf & Watt (2004), pp. 188, 191–192.
  15. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  16. ^ a b Kohler (1999), p. 87.
  17. ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 87.
  18. ^ Mangold (2005), p. 37.
  19. ^ a b Szende (1994), p. 92.
  20. ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
  21. ^ a b Peters (2006), p. 119.
  22. ^ a b Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
  23. ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 107.
  24. ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), pp. 107, 109.
  25. ^ a b Trouvain & Gilles (2009), p. 75.
  26. ^ a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), p. 72.
  27. ^ Variação Linguística no Português Europeu: O Caso do Português dos Açores Template:Pt icon
  28. ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e outros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP Template:Pt icon
  29. ^ Tiersma (1999), p. 10.
  30. ^ Sipma (1913), p. 10.
  31. ^ a b van der Veen (2001), p. 102.
  32. ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 13.
  33. ^ While Vanvik (1979) does not describe the exact type of rounding of this vowel, some other sources (e.g. Haugen (1974:40) and Popperwell (2010:35)) state explicitly that it is protruded.
  34. ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17, 33–35, 37, 343.
  35. ^ Popperwell (2010), pp. 16, 35.
  36. ^ Strandskogen (1979), p. 23.
  37. ^ Engstrand (1999), pp. 140–141.
  38. ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.

Bibliography

  • Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominik (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
  • Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
  • Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406
  • Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
  • Haugen, Einar (1974) [1965], Norwegian-English Dictionary, The University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-299-03874-2
  • Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
  • Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
  • Kohler, Klaus J. (1990), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
  • Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9
  • Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.), Language in South Africa, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521791052
  • Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
  • Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
  • Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667
  • Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
  • Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
  • Rietveld, A.C.M.; Van Heuven, V.J. (2009), Algemene Fonetiek (in Dutch), Uitgeverij Coutinho
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  • Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
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