Las Piñas

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Las Piñas
Highly-Urbanized City
Lungsod ng Las Pinas (City of Las Piñas)
Las Piñas aerial photo along Barangays Talon and Almanza. SM Southmall at center
Las Piñas aerial photo along Barangays Talon and Almanza. SM Southmall at center
Official seal of Las Piñas
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Home of the Bamboo Organ, City of Love and Progress, Salt Center of Metro Manila, Lantern Capital of Metro Manila
Motto(s): 
Las Piñas, Our Home
Map of Metro Manila showing the location of Las Piñas
Map of Metro Manila showing the location of Las Piñas
CountryPhilippines
RegionNational Capital Region
DistrictsLone District of Las Piñas
Incorporated (Town)1762 or 1797
Incorporated (separated from Parañaque)March 27, 1907
Incorporated (City)March 26, 1997
Barangays20
Government
 • MayorImelda T.Aguilar (Nacionalista)
 • Vice MayorLuis I. Bustamante (Nacionalista)
 • Sangguniang Panlungsod
Area
[1][2]
 • Total32.02 km2 (12.36 sq mi)
Population
 (2020 census)[3]
 • Total606,293
 • Density19,000/km2 (49,000/sq mi)
DemonymLas Piñero
Time zoneUTC+8 (Philippine Standard Time)
ZIP code
1740 - 1752
Dialing code+63 (0)02
Websitewww.laspinascity.gov.ph

Las Piñas, officially called the City of Las Piñas (Filipino: Lungsod ng Las Piñas), is a city in the National Capital Region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 606,293.[3]

Las Pinas is bounded to the northeast by Parañaque; to the southeast by Muntinlupa; to the west and southwest by Bacoor; and to the northwest by Manila Bay. Half of its land area is residential and the remaining half is used for commercial, industrial and institutional purposes. The present physiography of Las Piñas consists of three zones: Manila Bay, coastal margin and the Guadalupe Plateau.

Las Pinas was established as a small fishing port and became a major sea salt-producing municipality, through the use of salt evaporation ponds, dating back to the Spanish Era, the city has grown into an important residential, commercial and industrial suburb of Metro Manila.

The Sarao Motors factory, also located in Las Piñas, is the place where jeepneys are assembled piece by piece in painstaking individual production. The factory remains open to buyers and curious tourists all year round.

Las Piñas also houses SM Southmall, which has an area of 205,120 square meters and is located along Alabang–Zapote Road. The newest shopping mall development in the city is Robinsons Place Las Piñas. The first high-rise building in the city is the 16-storey residential Almanza Metropolis while more high-rise buildings will rise in the city soon including South Residences at SM Southmall a 4 tower 15 storey condominium.

Etymology

The story about the true origin of the city's name, "Las Piñas", varies. One version mentioned, that traders from the province of Cavite and Batangas shipped their first piñas (Spanish for pineapples) for sale to this town, before they were distributed to nearby markets. Another version related, that it was "Las Peñas" (the rocks), evident by the quarrying of stones and adobe, which were used to construct buildings and bridges. The old church bell, from St. Joseph Parish Church, founded by Diego Cera, has been preserved inside the church museum. An inscription on the bell states, "Siendo cura del pueblo de Laspeñas el M.R.P. Padre Diego Cera se fundió este equilón año de 1820," showing, that even during the time of Diego Cera, the town's first parish priest, that the town was called "Las Peñas", for sometime and eventually, was renamed "Las Piñas".[4]

History

Production of sea salt by solar evaporation of water from the brine of the sea circa 1940

Early History

Las Piñas was one of the earliest fishing settlements on the shores of Manila Bay. It was proclaimed as a town of Manila province either in 1762 or 1797. Agustin de la Cavada,[5] a Spanish historian, and Fr. Juan de Medina[6] placed it at 1762. Las Piñas was formerly called "Las Pilas" due to its separation from Parañaque due to tribal conflicts. On the other hand, Manuel Buzeta recorded the date at 1797.[7] Felix Timbang was the first gobernadorcillo in year 1762 while Mariano Ortiz was the first municipal president of the town of Las Piñas.[8]

Besides being famous for its Bamboo Organ, which was built by Fr. Diego Cera and completed in 1824, the town of Las Piñas was also a major war theater during the 1896 Philippine Revolution, as it was occupied by forces of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. Las Piñas was occupied by the Japanese during World War II and liberated by the combined American and Filipino forces.

In 1901, the municipality of Las Piñas was separated from Manila and incorporated to the newly created province of Rizal pursuant to the Philippine Commission Act No. 137. Two years later, in accordance with Act No. 942, it was combined with the town of Parañaque, with the latter as the seat of a new municipal government.

It was separated from Parañaque to become an independent municipality again on March 27, 1907 by virtue of Philippine Commission Act No. 1625. On November 7, 1975, through Presidential Decree No. 824, Las Piñas was excised from the province of Rizal to form Metro Manila, Las Piñas became one of the municipalities making up the region.

Contemporary History

On February 12, 1997, President Fidel V. Ramos signed the bill which elevated Las Piñas from municipality into a city. A plebiscite held a month after approved the city status by its residents, and Las Piñas became the 10th city of Metro Manila on March 26, 1997.

Demographics

Population census of Las Piñas
YearPop.±% p.a.
1990 297,102—    
1995 413,086+6.37%
2000 472,780+2.94%
2007 532,330+1.65%
2010 552,573+1.37%
2015 588,894+1.22%
Source: National Statistics Office[3][9]

Local government

Las Piñas, like other cities of the Philippines, is a local government unit whose powers and functions are specified by the Local Government Code of the Philippines. In general, as a city, Las Piñas is headed by a mayor who heads the city's executive function and the vice mayor who heads the city's legislative function, which is composed of twelve councilors, six each from the city's two city council districts.[10] For representation, the city is considered as one district, and therefore one representative, in the country's House of Representatives.

Additionally, like other cities and municipalities, Las Piñas is subdivided into barangays.

Districts and barangays

Las Piñas is divided into 20 barangays. These barangays are grouped into two legislative districts, each with its own set of representatives in the city council. District 1 comprises the northwestern half of the city while District 2, the remaining half.

Barangays District Population[11]
(2010) 		Area (km²) Density (/km²) Zip Code
Almanza Uno 2nd 31,049
Daniel Fajardo 1st 11,503
Elias Aldana 1st 11,104
Ilaya 1st 6,127
Manuyo Uno 1st 13,696
Pamplona Uno 1st 17,862
Pulang Lupa Uno 1st 35,602
Talon Uno 1st 31,435
Zapote 1st 20,753
Almanza Dos 2nd 37,301
B. F. International Village 1st 69,660
Manuyo Dos 1st 32,951
Pamplona Dos 2nd 9,236
Pamplona Tres 1st 32,535
Pilar 2nd 30,499
Pulang Lupa Dos 1st 30,779
Talon Dos 2nd 45,855
Talon Tres 2nd 25,967
Talon Kuatro 2nd 20,112
Talon Singko 2nd 38,547

List of former mayors

Template:Multicol Municipal Mayors:

  • Juan Tiongkiao (1908-1913)
  • Mariano Santos (1913-1916)
  • Rufino De Leon (1916-1918)
  • Manuel Arevalo (1918-1922)
  • Clemente Dalandan (1922-1925)
  • Elias Aldana (1925-1934)
  • Eugenio Trinidad (1935-1937,1947-1951)
  • Bernardo Aldana (1938-1946)
  • Pedro Dela Cruz (1952-1959)

Template:Multicol-break

  • Francisco Antonio (1959-1963)
  • Filemon Aguilar (1964-1986)
  • Alfredo Juntilla (1986-1988)-OIC
  • Rosalino Riguera (1988-1992)
  • Gabriel Casimiro (1992-1995)
  • Vergel Aguilar (1995-1997)

City Mayors:

  • Vergel "Nene" Aguilar (1997-2004,2007–2016)
  • Imelda "Mel" Aguilar (2004-2007,2016-present)

Template:Multicol-end

Economy

File:The facade of SM Southmall.jpg
SM Southmall
File:Robinsons Place Las Pinas.jpg
Robinsons Place Las Piñas
  • SM Southmall is a large shopping mall owned and operated by SM Prime Holdings. The mall opened in April 1995, and is the first SM Supermall in southern region of Metro Manila, the 5th SM Supermall ever built by Chinese-Filipino businessman, Henry Sy, Sr. and the 10th largest shopping mall in the Philippines. The mall is 2nd shopping mall in the South Metro Manila Area in terms of its size which is 200,000 square metres (2,152,782 sq ft) of land area and a total floor area of 205,120 square metres (2,207,893 sq ft). It went through major renovation on 2010 and currently caters to all social classes.
  • Robinsons Place Las Piñas is the city's newest shopping center which opened in October 25, 2014 along Alabang-Zapote Road in Talon Tres. It is the first and only Robinsons Mall in the South Metro Manila area.
  • SM Center Las Piñas is a shopping mall owned and operated by SM Prime Holdings. The mall opened on October 2, 2009, and is the second SM Supermall in Las Piñas, the 35th SM Supermall ever built by Chinese-Filipino businessman, Henry Sy, Sr.. Unlike the other SM Malls, SM Center is noted to be smaller, having no department store and only three SM-owned retail stores and is mostly visited by nearby locals for its supermarket.
  • SM Hypermarket (formerly Makro; a warehouse-turned-supermarket owned by Henry Sy, Sr.)
  • Starmall Las Piñas
  • Starmall Las Piñas - Annex
  • Puregold Las Pinas
  • Evia Lifestyle Center
  • Uniwide Metro Mall is a dilapidated mall which unofficially serves the lower and lower-middle classes. Originally a mall catering to the middle class with ready-to-wear clothes, due to the Asian financial crisis, Uniwide Sales, Inc. lost a lot of its net worth and became a low-maintenance shopping mall with few retail stores and a supermarket.

Education

See also: List of Schools in Las Piñas

Health

See also: List of hospitals in Metro Manila

Transportation

Railway

Las Piñas will soon be served by the LRT-1 (via Manuyo Uno Station and Las Piñas Station).

Road network

Map of Las Piñas

The city is bisected by Real Street (Spanish for Royal), also known as the Alabang–Zapote Road. The Alabang–Zapote Road connects the South Luzon Expressway, which passes through Muntinlupa in the east, to Manila-Cavite Expressway (Coastal Road) along the eastern shore of Manila Bay.

Coastal Road is a major tollway which runs the southern length of Metro Manila's shoreline with Manila Bay. It is an important artery for people commuting between Las Piñas and Cavite to Manila.

In 2004, the Daang Hari (Tagalog for King's Way) road was completed along the Las Piñas-Muntinlupa border. The road provides an alternative access route to the inner areas of both cities, including the neighbouring towns of Bacoor, Cavite and San Pedro, Laguna. Daang Hari is also popular route for cyclists, especially on weekends.

Other major roads around Las Piñas are Aguinaldo Highway, Carlos P. Garcia Avenue (C-5 Road Extension), Diego Cera Avenue (Quirino Avenue), J. Aguilar Avenue, Marcos Alvarez Avenue, and Daang Reyna (Vista Boulevard)

Bus

There are several bus lines linking Las Piñas and Manila. Bus services that operates in Las Piñas includes: Arabia Boy Express, Tas Trans Corp./Bensan Trans, ELMS/Alabang TSC, Reinalyn Bus Lines, Igan Bus lines, Funride Trans Corp., MJ Sunville Transport. There are also several FX vans that goes from Manila to Las Piñas and they are usually parked in front of the Manila Central Post Office. Various jeepney routes also ply the roads between the city and neighboring cities and towns in Parañaque, Muntinlupa & Cavite .

Culture

Saint Joseph Parish Church
Las Piñas Bamboo Organ located inside Parish Church of St. Joseph

On February 22, 1995, former President Fidel V. Ramos signed Republic Act 8003 into a law - declaring Las Piñas Church and Bamboo Organ, Las Piñas Bridge, Asinan Area, Father Diego Cera Bridge, and Old District Hospital as tourist spots of Las Piñas.[12]

Las Piñas is famous for its Bamboo Organ located inside the St. Joseph Parish Church in the old district of the city. Built in 1824 by a Catholic priest, Fr. Diego Cera, it is the only organ of its kind in the world with organ pipes mostly made out of bamboo. This famous organ is praised for its unique, rare, and melodious sound.[by whom?]

Las Piñas Historical Corridor Project

The Las Piñas Historical Corridor Project was a program laid to restore the Old Town of Las Piñas. It was launched at the Malacañan Heroes' Hall on November 13, 1997. The project aims to educate the people of Las Piñas along the tourist corridor.[12] 18 structures were included along the historical corridor, namely;

  • Boundary Arc
  • Bulwagang Ezekiel Moreno
  • Santuario de San Ezekiel Moreno
  • Police and Fire Station
  • Public Library
  • Plaza Quezon - designated as the Freedom Park in the City of Las Piñas by City Ordinance No. 700-06, Series of 2006. This was in accordance with Section 15 of Batas Pambansa Blg. 880, otherwise known as the "Public Assembly Act of 1985".[13]
  • Central Elementary School
  • E. Aldana Police Station
  • Fr. Diego Cera Bridge
  • Historical and Cultural Museum
  • Las Piñas Fish Port
  • Irasan Center
  • Las Piñas Manpower Youth Council - TESDA Building
  • Zapote Police Station
  • Las Piñas General Hospital and Satellite Trauma Center
  • Zapote Bridge
  • Brgy. Hall of Zapote
  • Centennial Flyover
  • Molino Dam

Las Piñas Town Feast

The town fiesta of Las Piñas is celebrated every first Sunday of May each year to honor its patron saint, Saint Joseph. Saint Joseph's Day celebration is centered in St. Joseph Parish Church in the old poblacion of Las Piñas in Brgy. Daniel Fajardo on Padre Diego Cera Ave. (Quirino Ave.). Las Piñas was also the home of Mary Immaculate Parish Church, popularly known as the Nature Church, designed by Architect Francisco "Bobby" Mañosa.[14]

Las Piñas is also home to unique festivals such as;

  • International Bamboo Organ Festival, a music festival held in February celebrating the music of the unique Bamboo Organ with performances by local and foreign classical artists.[15]
  • Waterlily Festival - every July 27.[16]
  • "Parol" or Lantern Festival - celebrated during Christmas season.[17]
  • Las Piñas City Historical Festival - celebrated every March to commemorate significant historical events that happened in the city.

List of Cultural Properties of Las Piñas

Cultural Property
wmph identifier[i] 		Site name Description Province City or
municipality 		Address Coordinates Image
De La Cruz House The original owner was Genoveva Quilatan de la Cruz, from a political family.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 716 San Francisco Street 14°28′41″N 120°58′45″E / 14.478003°N 120.979163°E / 14.478003; 120.979163 (De La Cruz House)
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Santos House The house was constructed in 1932 by carpenter Pedro Arevalo. The original owners were Maximo Santos (musician) and his wife, Alita Loreto.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 692 San Francisco Street 14°28′45″N 120°58′48″E / 14.479031°N 120.980132°E / 14.479031; 120.980132 (Santos House)
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Tionquiao House The house was constructed in 1947 by carpenter Sebastian Velasquez. The original owner was Ilidian Tionquiao, a dressmaker and businesswoman.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 680 San Francisco Street 14°28′46″N 120°58′50″E / 14.479451°N 120.980492°E / 14.479451; 120.980492 (Tionquiao House)
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Cristobal House The house was constructed in 1946. Its interiors were remodeled by Architect Dagurberto Cristobal Jr., son of the original owner, Manuel Santos Cristobal. The original owner used to work for Philippine Airlines as one of the pioneer plane technicians in the country.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 624 San Francisco Street 14°28′54″N 120°58′58″E / 14.481687°N 120.982643°E / 14.481687; 120.982643 (Cristobal House)
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De La Cruz House The original owners were Mercedes de la Cruz and Felisa de la Cruz, who managed an embroidery business before.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 591 San Francisco Street 14°28′58″N 120°59′02″E / 14.482730°N 120.983872°E / 14.482730; 120.983872 (De La Cruz House)
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Hernandez House Catalina Hernandez was the mother of the original owner.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 578 San Francisco Street 14°28′59″N 120°59′02″E / 14.483093°N 120.983872°E / 14.483093; 120.983872 (Hernandez House)
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Jose House The house was constructed in 1942 by Ingracio Jose Sr., an oil and air brush painter and sculptor.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 043 Padre Diego Cera Avenue (Quirino Avenue at present) 14°28′59″N 120°59′02″E / 14.483128°N 120.983805°E / 14.483128; 120.983805 (Jose House)
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De Leon House The house was constructed in 1922 by Roberto de Leon. The house was turned into a local headquarters by guerrillas during the World War II.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 810 San Jose Street 14°28′57″N 120°58′57″E / 14.482522°N 120.982605°E / 14.482522; 120.982605 (De Leon House)
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Ortiz-Alvarez House The house was constructed in 1930s - used to be a restaurant during the American Period. Felisa Ortiz and Marcelo Alvarez were the grandparents of the current owner.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas Padre Diego Cera Avenue (Quirino Avenue at present) 14°28′56″N 120°58′59″E / 14.482294°N 120.983089°E / 14.482294; 120.983089 (Ortiz-Alvarez House)
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De La Cruz House The house was constructed in 1950s. Gloria de la Cruz, a retired piano teacher, was the current owner.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas Padre Diego Cera Avenue (Quirino Avenue at present) 14°28′57″N 120°58′59″E / 14.482552°N 120.982997°E / 14.482552; 120.982997 (De La Cruz House)
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Vasquez House The house was constructed in 1950s. At present, the house was used as a funeraria, or funeral home.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 068 Padre Diego Cera Avenue (Quirino Avenue at present) 14°29′00″N 120°59′01″E / 14.483446°N 120.983731°E / 14.483446; 120.983731 (Vasquez House)
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Jimenez House The house was constructed in 1930s. Perdo Jimenez, an office clerk at the Manila Post Office in Lawton, and his wife, Ezperanza Alvarez - Jimenez, an embroider, were the original owners.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas Padre Diego Cera Avenue (Quirino Avenue at present) 14°28′56″N 120°58′58″E / 14.482244°N 120.982772°E / 14.482244; 120.982772 (Jimenez House)
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Fajardo House The house was constructed in 1939. Felang and Silvestre Fajardo, carpenter were the original owners of the house.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 094 Padre Diego Cera Avenue (068 Quirino Avenue at present) 14°28′56″N 120°58′58″E / 14.482153°N 120.982644°E / 14.482153; 120.982644 (Fajardo House)
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Cristobal House The house was constructed in 1919. Santiago Cristobal was the original owner of the house.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 152 Padre Diego Cera Avenue (Quirino Avenue at present) 14°28′49″N 120°58′50″E / 14.480206°N 120.980676°E / 14.480206; 120.980676 (Cristobal House)
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Lara House The house was constructed in 1880s. Calixto Lara, who used to own irasan, or salt beds, and his wife, Andeng Velasquez were the original owners of the house. The house became the Municipal Hall of Las Piñas from 1905-1913.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 160 Padre Diego Cera Avenue (Quirino Avenue at present) 14°28′46″N 120°58′48″E / 14.479344°N 120.979895°E / 14.479344; 120.979895 (Lara House)

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Hernandez House The house was constructed in 1927 by Luis Eusebio. He was captured by the Japanese soldiers because of his suspected affiliation with a local guerrilla.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 253 Padre Diego Cera Avenue (Quirino Avenue at present) 14°28′39″N 120°58′41″E / 14.477621°N 120.978123°E / 14.477621; 120.978123 (Hernandez House)
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Viñalon House Hon. Baldomero Viñalon, former Mayor of the Municipality of Muntinlupa, used to own the house.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 912-914 Aldana Street corner Ilaya Street 14°28′41″N 120°58′42″E / 14.478049°N 120.978251°E / 14.478049; 120.978251 (Viñalon House)
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Alvarez House The house was constructed in 1920. Lustina Aldana Alvarez was the original owner of the house.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 934 Aldana Street 14°28′40″N 120°58′41″E / 14.477911°N 120.978101°E / 14.477911; 120.978101 (Alvarez House)
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Cristobal-Julia House Victoria Cristobal and Monico Julia were the original owners of the house.[18] National Capital Region Las Piñas 218 Aldana Street 14°28′40″N 120°58′41″E / 14.477751°N 120.977917°E / 14.477751; 120.977917 (Cristobal-Julia House)
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Notable people

Twin towns – Sister cities

Local

International

See also

References

  1. ^ "An Update on the Earthquake Hazards and Risk Assessment of Greater Metropolitan Manila Area" (PDF). Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. November 14, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ "Enhancing Risk Analysis Capacities for Flood, Tropical Cyclone Severe Wind and Earthquake for the Greater Metro Manila Area Component 5 – Earthquake Risk Analysis" (PDF). Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology and Geoscience Australia. Retrieved May 16, 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ a b c Census of Population (2015). "National Capital Region (NCR)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  4. ^ Pransism (2011-11). "Las Piñas (St. Joseph Church): Home of the Bamboo Organ". Back Trails. Retrieved on 2013-04-07.
  5. ^ Cavada y Méndez de Vigo, Agustín de la (1876). Historia geográfica, geológica y estadiśtica de Filipinas. Con datos geográficos, geológicos y estadiśticos de las islas de Luzon, Visayas, Mindanao y Joló; y los que corresponden a las islas Batanes, Calamianes, Balabac, Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao y Burias, situadas al n. so. y s. de Luzon (PDF). Manila: Imp. de Ramirez y Giraudier.
  6. ^ de Medina, Juan S. (1893). Historia de los sucesos de la Orden de N. gran P. S. Agustín, de estas Islas Filipinas... / compuesta por el venerable Fray Juan de Medina. Sucesos que los religiosos de la Orden de N. P. S. Agustín han tenido en las Islas Filipinas... / compuesta por el Padre Pedro del Viva. Manila: Tipo-Litografía de Chofré y Comp. p. 486.
  7. ^ Buzeta, Manuel (1851). Diccionario geográfico, estadístico, histórico de las Islas Filipinas ... / por Manuel Buzeta y Felipe Bravo. Madrid: Imprenta de José C. de la Peña.
  8. ^ Salonga, Isayas R. (1934). Rizal Province Directory: History, Government and General Information with the Full Text of the Philippine Independence Law, Volume One. General Printing Press. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  9. ^ "Population and Annual Growth Rates for The Philippines and Its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities" (PDF). 2010 Census and Housing Population. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 2012-11-07.
  10. ^ Synchronized National and Local Elections Law - Republic Act No. 7166, Section 3.c.. Accessed on October 21, 2009.
  11. ^ [1]
  12. ^ a b Crisanto, Joyce & De la Torre, Visitacion (2006). Las Piñas: A City with Heritage (1st ed.). Villar Foundation. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ "City Ordinance No. 700-06, Series of 2006". The Official Website of the City of Las Piñas. Retrieved on 2014-12-20.
  14. ^ "Nature Church". The Official Website of the City of Las Piñas. Retrieved on 2014-12-20.
  15. ^ "Festival Program". International Bamboo Organ Festival Official Website. Retrieved on 2013-04-21.
  16. ^ "Water Lily Festival". The Official Website of the City of Las Piñas. Retrieved on 2013-04-07.
  17. ^ Tribune (2013-01-06). "Las Piñas City’s 7th Parol Festival". The Daily Tribune. Retrieved on 2013-04-07.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "The Architectural Heritage of Manila/Metro Manila Project, 1571-1961". Institute of the Philippine Culture and the Society for the Preservation of Philippine Culture, Inc. Retrieved 12 Dec 2014.

External links

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