Near-close central rounded vowel
| Near-close central rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ʊ̈ | |
| ʉ̞ | |
| ɵ̝ | |
| IPA Number | 321 415 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ʊ̈ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+028A U+0308 |
| X-SAMPA | U\ or }_o |
| Braille |    |
The near-close central rounded vowel, or near-high central rounded vowel,[1] is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet can represent this sound in a number of ways (see the box on the right), but the most common symbols are ⟨ʊ̈⟩ (centralized [ʊ]) and ⟨ʉ̞⟩ (lowered [ʉ]) for a protruded vowel, and ⟨ʏ̈⟩ for a compressed vowel.
The symbol ⟨ᵿ⟩, a conflation of ⟨ʊ⟩ and ⟨ʉ⟩, is used as an unofficial extension of the IPA to represent this sound by a number of publications, such as Accents of English by John C. Wells and the Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch,[2] a pronunciation dictionary for German. In the third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary, ⟨ᵿ⟩ represents free variation between /ʊ/ and /ə/.
Near-close central protruded vowel
The near-close central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʊ̈⟩ or ⟨ʉ̞⟩. This article uses the first symbol. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the near-close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ʊ̫̈⟩ or ⟨ʉ̫˕⟩ for the near-close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʊ̈ʷ⟩, ⟨ʉ̞ʷ⟩, ⟨ɪ̈ʷ⟩ or ⟨ɨ̞ʷ⟩ (a near-close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Features
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
Note: Because ⟨ʊ⟩ is commonly used for the close-mid near-back rounded vowel (see near-close near-back rounded vowel), some of the vowels transcribed with ⟨ʊ̈⟩ can actually be close-mid as well. See close-mid central rounded vowel.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Standard Northern[3] | nu | [nʉ̞] | 'now' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩; also described as close front [y][4] and near-close front [y˕].[5] See Dutch phonology |
| Randstad[6] | hut | [ɦɵ̝t] | 'hut' | Found in Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague. Lower [ɵ] in Standard Dutch.[6] See Dutch phonology | |
| English | Cockney[7] | good | [ɡʊ̈d] | 'good' | Only in some words, particularly good, otherwise realized as near-back [ʊ].[7] |
| Rural white Southern American[8] | Can be front [ʏ] instead.[8] | ||||
| Southeastern English[9] | May be unrounded [ɪ̈] instead;[9] it corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology | ||||
| Ulster[10] | Short allophone of /u/.[10] | ||||
| New Zealand[11][12] | goose | [ɡʉ̞ːs] | 'goose' | Possible realization of /ʉː/.[11][12] See New Zealand English phonology | |
| Shetland[13] | strut | [stɹʊ̈t] | 'strut' | Can be [ɔ̟] or [ʌ] instead.[13] | |
| Irish | Munster[14] | giobal | [ˈɟjʊ̟bˠəɫ̪] | 'rag' | Slightly retracted; allophone of /ʊ/ after a slender consonant.[14] See Irish phonology |
| Limburgish | Hamont dialect[15] | bul | [bʉ̞l¹] | 'a paper bag' | Close front [y] or close central [ʉ] in other dialects;[16][17][18] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩. |
| Norwegian | Urban East[19] | gull | [ɡʉ̞lː] | 'gold' | The quality has been variously described as near-close front [ʉ̞˖],[20] near-close central [ʉ̞][19] and close central [ʉ],[21] whereas the type of rounding has been variously described as compressed[22][23] and protruded.[23][24] It may differ from /ʏ/ only by the type of rounding. Typically, it is transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
| Russian[25] | ютиться | [jʊ̈ˈtʲit̪͡s̪ə] | 'to huddle' | Occurs only between palatalized consonants and in unstressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
Near-close central compressed vowel
| Near-close central compressed vowel | |
|---|---|
| ʏ̈ | |
| ʏ̵ | |
| ɨ̞͡β̞ | |
| ɨ̞ᵝ |
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the front rounded vowel [ʏ], which is normally compressed. Another possibility is ⟨ʏ̵⟩, a centralized [ʏ] by analogy with the close central vowels, though this symbol may not display properly in all browsers. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɨ̞͡β̞⟩ or ⟨ɪ̈͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɨ̞] or [ɪ̈] and labial compression) and ⟨ɨ̞ᵝ⟩ or ⟨ɪ̈ᵝ⟩ ([ɨ̞] or [ɪ̈] modified with labial compression).
Features
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian | Urban East[19] | gull | [ɡʏ̈lː] | 'gold' | The quality has been variously described as near-close front [ʏ],[20] near-close central [ʏ̈][19] and close central [ÿ],[21] whereas the type of rounding has been variously described as compressed[22][23] and protruded.[23][24] It may differ from /ʏ/ only by the type of rounding. Typically, it is transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
| Swedish[26] | duell | [dʏ̈ˈɛ̝lː] | 'duel' | Unstressed allophone of /ɵ/ in some environments;[27] can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ̞⟩. See Swedish phonology | |
Notes
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ Krech et al. (2009:171). The authors use that symbol to transcribe the vowel in Urban East Norwegian that is otherwise normally transcribed as ⟨ʉ̞⟩ or simply ⟨ʉ⟩.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
- ^ Gussenhoven (2007), p. 30.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003:128, 131). The source describes the Standard Dutch vowel as front-central [ɵ̟], but more sources (e.g. van Heuven & Genet (2002) and Verhoeven (2005)) describe it as central [ɵ]. As far as the raised varieties of this vowel are concerned, Collins and Mees do not describe their exact backness.
- ^ a b Mott (2011), p. 75.
- ^ a b Thomas (2004), pp. 303, 308.
- ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 174.
- ^ a b Jilka, Matthias. "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ^ a b Melchers (2004), p. 42.
- ^ a b Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), pp. 221, 223.
- ^ Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ a b c d Popperwell (2010), pp. 30–31.
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 13.
- ^ a b Strandskogen (1979), pp. 15, 21.
- ^ a b Haugen (1974), p. 40.
- ^ a b c d Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 15–16.
- ^ a b Popperwell (2010), pp. 29, 31.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 38.
- ^ Riad (2014), pp. 28–29.
- ^ Riad (2014), p. 27.
References
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29, University of Nijmegen, Centre for Language Studies: 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007), Wat is de beste transcriptie voor het Nederlands? (PDF) (in Dutch), Nijmegen: Radboud University, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2017
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Haugen, Einar (1974) [1965], Norwegian-English Dictionary, The University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-299-03874-2
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), "7.3.10 Norwegisch", Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mannell, Robert; Cox, Felicity; Harrington, Jonathan (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Melchers, Gunnel (2004), "English spoken in Orkney and Shetland: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 35–46, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Mott, Brian (2011), "Traditional Cockney and Popular London Speech" (PDF), Dialectologia, 9: 69–94, ISSN 2013-2247
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8
- Thomas, Erik R. (2004), "Rural Southern white accents", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 300–324, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- van Heuven, Vincent J.; Genet, Roos (2002). Wat is het beste IPA-symbool voor de u van put?. Dag van de Fonetiek. Utrecht.
{{cite conference}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) A summary of the presentation can be found here. - Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940