Voiced retroflex flap
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| Voiced retroflex flap | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɽ | |||
| IPA Number | 125 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɽ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+027D | ||
| X-SAMPA | r` | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
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The retroflex flap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɽ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is ⟨r`⟩.
Features
Features of the retroflex flap:
- Its manner of articulation is tap or flap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (usually the tongue) is thrown against another.
- Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical subapical articulation, the tongue can be apical (pointed) or, in some fricatives, laminal (flat).
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bengali | গাড়ি | [gaɽi:] | 'car' | See Bengali phonology | |
| Dutch[1][2] | North Brabant[3] | [riem] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɽim] | 'belt' | A rare variant of /r/;[4][5] occurs almost exclusively word-initially.[6] Realization of /r/ varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology |
| Northern Netherlands[3][7] | |||||
| Elfdalian | luv | [ɽʏːv] | 'permission' | ||
| Enga | [yála] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [jɑɽɑ] | 'shame' | ||
| Hausa | [bara] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bəɽa] | 'servant' | Represented in Arabic script with ⟨ر⟩ | |
| Hindi | [[[Devanāgarī|बड़ा]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) | [bəɽäː] | 'big' | Represented by ⟨ड़⟩. Hindi contrasts unaspirated and aspirated forms. See Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
| Nepali[8] | [[[Devanāgarī|भाड़ा]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: ne (help) | [bʱaɽa] | 'rent' | See Nepali phonology | |
| Norwegian | Eastern and central dialects | [blad] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bɽɑː] | 'leaf', 'blade' | Allophone of /ɭ/. See Norwegian phonology |
| Almost the same as above | [bord] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [buːɽ] | 'board', 'table' | Allophone of /r/. See Norwegian phonology | |
| Portuguese | Some European speakers[9] | [[[Portuguese orthography|falar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fəˈlaɽ] | 'to speak' | Allophone of /ɾ/. May rhotacize ("color") preceding vowel. See Portuguese phonology |
| Brazilian caipira speakers[10][11] | [madeira] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [mɐˈdeːɽə] | 'wood', 'timber' | ||
| Some sertanejo speakers[12] | [[[Portuguese orthography|gargalhar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡaɽɡɐˈʎaɽ] | 'to chortle', 'to guffaw' | ||
| Spanish | Paraguay | perder | [peɽdeɽ] | 'to lose' | |
| Punjabi | ਘੋੜਾ | [kòːɽɑ̀ː] | 'horse' | ||
| Swedish | Some dialects | [blad] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [bɽɑː(d)] | 'leaf' | Allophone of /l/. See Swedish phonology |
| Urdu | سڑک | [səɽək] | 'road' | see Hindi-Urdu phonology | |
Toda has a retroflex trill, which is transcribed with the same IPA symbol.
See also
References
- ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:91, 94–95, 97, 101, 107)
- ^ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50–51, 53–55)
- ^ a b Goeman & van de Velde (2001:107)
- ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95, 97, 101 and 107)
- ^ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:50-51, 53-54)
- ^ Goeman & van de Velde (2001:95)
- ^ Verstraten & van de Velde (2001:54)
- ^ Khatiwada (2009:377)
- ^ Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP Template:Pt icon
- ^ Template:Pt icon Acoustic-phonetic characteristics of the Brazilian Portuguese's retroflex /r/: data from respondents in Pato Branco, Paraná. Irineu da Silva Ferraz. Pages 19–21
- ^ Template:Pt icon Syllable coda /r/ in the "capital" of the paulista hinterland: sociolinguistic analisis. Cândida Mara Britto LEITE. Page 111 (page 2 in the attached PDF)
- ^ Template:Pt icon Rhotic consonants in the speech of three municipalities of Rio de Janeiro: Petrópolis, Itaperuna and Paraty. Pages 22 and 23.
Bibliography
- Goeman, Ton; van de Velde, Hans (2001), "Co-occurrence constraints on /r/ and /ɣ/ in Dutch dialects", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.), 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 91–112, ISSN 0777-3692
- Khatiwada, Rajesh (2009), "Nepali", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 337–380, doi:10.1017/s0025100309990181
- Verstraten, Bart; van de Velde, Hans (2001), "Socio-geographical variation of /r/ in standard Dutch", in van de Velde, Hans; van Hout, Roeland (eds.), 'r-atics, Brussels: Etudes & Travaux, pp. 45–61, ISSN 0777-3692
Heide, Eldar, 2010: «Tjukk l – Retroflektert tydeleggjering av kort kvantitet. Om kvalitetskløyvinga av det gamle kvantitetssystemet.» Maal og minne, s. 3-44.
