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English Vowels
Diaphoneme British RP Australian American Irish Example Words
/æ/ [æ~a] [æ] [æ~ɛə~eə] [æ~a] mat, lad, stack
/æː/ [æː] bad, tan, camera
/ɑː/ or /æ/ [ɑː] [ɐː~äː] pass, bath, graph
/ɑr/ [ɑɹ~ɑ˞] [aɹ~a˞] arm, farther, mark
/ɑː/ [ɑ~ä] [ɑː] calm, father
/ɒ/ [ɒ~ɔ] [ɔ] [ɑ] lot, not, cot, stock
[ɒ~ɔ~ɑ] off, loss, cloth, long,
/ɔː/ [ɔ̝ː] [o:] [ɔː] law, caught, all, stalk
/ɔːr/ [ɔɹ~ɔ˞] [ɑɹ~ɑ˞] sort, horse, border
/ɔər/ [oːɹ~o˞] tore, hoarse, boarder
/oʊ̯/ [əʊ̯] [əʉ̯] [oʊ̯] [oʊ̯~oː] tow, toe, so, boat, broke
/ɜːr/ [ɜː] [eː] [ɛɹ~ɝ~ɚ] [ʊɹ~ʊ˞~ɚ] urn, burn, fur
[ɛɹ~ɝ~ɚ] earn, herd, fern
/ə/ [ə] [ə] [ə] [ə] comma, panda, about
/ər/ [ɚ] [ɚ] winner, pander, doctor
/ɛ/ [ɛ̝] [e] [ɛ] [ɛ] dress, bed, met
/eɪ/ [ɛɪ̯] [æɪ̯] [eɪ̯] [eː] sake, mate, stake, main
/ɪ/ [ɪ] [ɪ] [ɪ] [ɪ] sick, kid, bid, hit
/iː/ [ɪi̯] [ɪi̯] [iː] [iː] seek, heat, happy
/uː/ [ɵʉ̯] [ʉː] [u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯] [uː] goose, boo, you
/ʊ/ [ɵ~ʊ] [ʊ] [ʊ~ʊ̞̈] [ʊ] put, butch, push, book
/ʌ/ [ɐ] [ɐ] [ʌ̈~ɜ̞~ɐ̝] [ʌ̈~ɤ~ʊ] but, strut, won, love,
/aɪ/ [ɑɪ̯] [ɑe̯] [aɪ̯] [ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯] price, buy, high, my
/aʊ̯/ [aʊ̯] [æɔ̯] [aʊ̯] [æʊ̯~ɛʊ̯] now, mouth
/ɔɪ̯/ [ɔɪ̯] [oɪ̯] [ɔɪ̯] [ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯] boy, choice
/ɪər/ [ɪə̯] [ɪə̯] [iːɚ] [iːɚ] beer, dear, mere
/ɛər/ [ɛə̯] [eːə] [ɛɚ] [eːɚ] mare, care, fair
/ʊər/ [ɵə~ʊə] [ʊə] [ʊɚ] [uːɚ] moor, poor, tour
/juː/ [jɵʉ̯] [jʉː] [ju̟ː] [juː] beauty, cube, cute
IPA: English vowels and diphthongs
Dia-
phoneme[1] 		Splits and Mergers AuE[2][3]
Australia 		CaE
Canada 		GA[4][5][6]
United States 		InE[7]
India 		IrE[8]
Republic of Ireland 		NZE[6][9]
New Zealand 		RP[10][11]
England 		ScE[12]
Scotland 		SAE[13][14]
South Africa 		SSE
Singapore 		WaE[15]
Wales 		Keyword Example Words
æ æ æ~ɛə~eə[16] æ~ɛ a~æ ɛ a~æ ɐ̟ a~æ~ɛ ɛ[17] a TRAP lad, bad, cat[18]
æː Bad-lad split æː[19] 'bad, tan, camera'
ɑː or æ trap-bath split ɐː äː ɐː ɑː äː~ɑː~
ɒː~ɔː 		ä[20] BATH pass, path, graph
ɑːr farther-father merger ɑɹ~ɑ˞ aːɹ~a˞ ɐ̟ɾ aː START arm, car
ɑː ɑ~ɒ ɑ~ä ɑː ɐ̟ PALM calm, father
ɒ ɔ ɒ~ä ɑ ɔ ɒ~ɔ ɔ ɒ̈~ʌ̈ ɔ ɒ LOT not, wasp, lot, not, cot, stock
ɒ~ɔ~ɑ[21] ɒ̈~ʌ̈,
ɔː~oː 		CLOTH off, loss, cloth, long, dog, chocolate[22]
ɔː oː ɒː ɔː oː ɔ̝ː ɔː~oː ɒː THOUGHT law, caught, all, halt, stalk
ɔːr ɔɹ ɔɹ~oɹ ɒː(ɾ) ɒɹ~ɒ˞ ɔɾ ɔː(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ) 		ɔ(ɹ) ɒː NORTH sort, warm
ɔər oːɹ oɾ oː FORCE tore, boar, port
oʊ ɐʉ̯ oʊ̯~o oː oʊ̯~oː ɐʉ̯ əɵ̯ o ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯~
œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~
œː~ʌʊ̯ 		o[23] oː GOAT no, toe, soap
ou̯ tow, folk
ɔʊ̯ o~oə̯~oʊ̯ ɔʊ̯ ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ soul, roll, cold
ər ə ɚ~ɹ̩ ə(ɾ) ɚ~ɹ̩ ɘ(ɹ) ə əɾ ə(ɹ) ə(ɹ) ə(ɾ) LETTER winner, donor, massacre[24]
ə ə ə ə ɘ ə ə COMMA about
ᵻ ɪ~ə ɪ ɨ ɨ KIT spotted
ɪ ɪ ɪ~ə~ʌ ɪ~i, ə[25] i, ɪ ɪ sit
i ɪi̯ i iː iː ɪi̯ ɪi̯ e, i iˑ i iː HAPPY city
iː i iː FLEECE see
eː~iː meat
eɪ æɪ̯ eɪ̯~e eː eː æɪ̯ ɛɪ̯ e eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~
æɪ̯~äɪ̯~
ʌɪ̯ 		e[23] eː FACE date, m
ei day, pain, whey, rein
ər ə(ɹ) ɚ~ɹ̩ ə(ɾ) ɚ~ɹ̩ ɘ(ɹ) ə(ɹ) əɾ ə(ɹ) ə(ɹ) ə(ɾ) LETTER winner, donor, massacre[24]
ɛ e ɛ ɪ ɛ ɛ ɛ~e~ɪ ɛ, e[26] ɛ DRESS bed[27]
ɜːr ɵː(ɹ) ɝ~ɚ~ɹ̩ ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ ɚː, ɔɹ~ʊɹ[28] ɵː(ɹ) əː(ɹ)~
ɜː(ɹ) 		ʌɾ[28] ø̈ː(ɹ)~
ø̞̈ː(ɹ)~
əː(ɹ) 		ɜː(ɾ) NURSE burn
ɪɾ~ʌɾ[28] bird
ɚː, ɛɹ[28] ɛɾ[28] herd, earth
Dia-
phoneme[1] 		AuE
Australia 		CaE
Canada 		GA
United States 		InE
India 		IrE
Republic of Ireland 		NZE
New Zealand 		RP
England 		ScE
Scotland 		SAE
South Africa 		SSE
Singapore 		WaE
Wales 		Keyword Examples
ʌ ɐ ʌ̈~ɜ̞~ɐ̝ ə~ɜ ɞ~ʊ ɐ ə ~ ʌ ~ ɑ[29] ʌ ɐ~ä ä, ɐ ə~ɜ STRUT run, won, flood
ʊ ʊ ʊ~ʊ̞̈ ʊ ʊ ɵ ʉ ʊ~ʊ̈ u, ʊ ʊ FOOT put
uː hood
uː ʉː u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯ uː ʉː ɵʉ̯ u̟ː~ʉː~
yː 		u uː GOOSE through, you
ɪu[30] threw, yew
juː jʉː (j)u̟ juː jʉː jɵʉ̯ jʉ ju̟ː~jʉː~
jyː 		ju cute, dew, ewe
aɪ ɑe̯ aɪ̯, ɐɪ̯~əɪ̯[31] äɪ̯ ɑɪ̯ ɑe̯ ɑɪ̯ əi̯~ae̯ äɪ̯~äː~
ɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ː 		ai̯ PRICE my, wise, high

flight, mice

ɔɪ oɪ̯ ɔɪ̯ ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯ ɒɪ̯ ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯, oɪ̯ oɪ̯ oi̯ ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯ ɔi̯ ɒi̯ CHOICE boy, hoist
oʊ ɐʉ̯ oʊ̯~o oː oʊ̯, oː ɐʉ̯ əɵ̯ o ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯~
œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~
œː~ʌʊ̯ 		o[23] oː GOAT no, toe, soap
ou̯ tow, folk
ɔʊ̯ o~oə̯~oʊ̯ ɔʊ̯ ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯ soul, roll, cold
ɔːr oː(ɹ) ɔɹ ɔɹ~oɹ ɒː(ɾ) ɒɹ~ɒ˞ oː(ɹ) oː(ɹ) ɔɾ ɔː(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ) 		ɔ(ɹ) ɒː(ɾ) NORTH sort, warm
ɔər [oːɹ~o˞] oɾ oː(ɾ) FORCE tore, boar, port
aʊ æɔ̯ äʊ̯, ʌu̯~əu̯[31] äʊ̯~æʊ̯ äʊ̯ æu̯~ɛu̯ æo̯ aʊ̯ ɘʉ̯ äʊ̯~äː~
æʊ̯ 		au̯ MOUTH now, trout
ɪər ɪː(ɹ)~
ɪː.ə(ɹ) 		ɪɹ iɹ~
iə̯ɹ 		ɪə̯(ɾ)~
iː(ɾ) 		iːɹ iə̯(ɹ)[32] ɪə̯(ɹ)~
ɪː(ɹ) 		iɾ ɪə̯(ɹ)~
ɪː(ɹ) 		iə̯(ɹ) ɪə̯(ɾ) NEAR deer, here
ɛər eː(ɹ)~
eː.ə(ɹ) 		ɛɹ ɛ(ə̯)ɹ~
eɹ 		ɛə̯(ɾ)~
eː(ɾ) 		eːɹ ɪə̯(ɹ)~
iə̯[32] 		ɛə̯(ɹ)~
ɛː(ɹ)[33] 		eɾ ɛə̯(ɹ)~
ɛː(ɹ)~
eː(ɹ) 		ɛ(ɹ) ɛː(ɾ) SQUARE mare, there, bear
ʊər ʉː.ə(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ) 		ʊɹ ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ ʊə̯(ɾ)~
uː(ɾ) 		uːɹ,
oːɹ 		ʉː.ɘ(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ) 		ɵː(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ)[34] 		uɾ ʊə̯(ɹ)~
oː(ɹ) 		uə̯(ɹ) ʊə̯(ɾ) CURE tour, moor
jʊər jʉː.ə(ɹ)~
joː(ɹ) 		jʊɹ, jɝ~jɚ jʊə̯(ɾ)~
juː(ɾ) 		juɹ, joːɹ jʉː.ɘ(ɹ)~
joː(ɹ) 		jɵː(ɹ)~
joː(ɹ) 		juɾ jʊə̯(ɹ),
joː(ɹ) 		jɔ(ɹ) ɪʊə̯(ɾ) pure, Europe
Dia-
phoneme[1] 		AuE
Australia 		CaE
Canada 		GA
United States 		InE
India 		IrE
Republic of Ireland 		NZE
New Zealand 		RP
England 		ScE
Scotland 		SAE
South Africa 		SSE
Singapore 		WaE
Wales 		Keyword Examples

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IPA: Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation
IPA Explanation
ˈ Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/
ˌ Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/
. Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/
̩ ̍ Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Cite error: The named reference PE was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
  3. ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
  4. ^ Kenyon & Knott (1953)
  5. ^ Kenyon (1950)
  6. ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
  7. ^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
  8. ^ Wells (1982:422)
  9. ^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
  10. ^ Roach (2004:241–243). See Pronunciation respelling for English#International Phonetic Alphabet for the alternative system devised by Clive Upton for Oxford University Press dictionaries.
  11. ^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library.
  12. ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
  13. ^ Bekker (2008)
  14. ^ Lass (2002:111–119)
  15. ^ Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)
  16. ^ In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
  17. ^ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
  18. ^ Often transcribed /a/ for RP, for example in dictionaries of the Oxford University Press.
  19. ^ See bad–lad split for this distinction.
  20. ^ Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0-7486-3096-7.
  21. ^ ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.
  22. ^ In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the LOT vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.
  23. ^ a b c Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
  24. ^ a b Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].
  25. ^ It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.
  26. ^ Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. 3 (2): 135–45. doi:10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay.
  27. ^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
  28. ^ a b c d e See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction in some varieties.
  29. ^ The STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'
  30. ^ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.
  31. ^ a b Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ɐɪ̯, ʌʊ̯] or [əi̯, əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right [ɹʷɐi̯t] and out [ʌu̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes [aɪz] and loud [laʊd] do not.
  32. ^ a b Merging NEAR and SQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.
  33. ^ While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.
  34. ^ Roach (2004) notes that many people in England use [oː] for this vowel, but also that RP traditionally distinguishes between maw /mɔː/ and moor /mʊə/, tore /tɔː/ and tour /tʊə/, as well as paw /pɔː/ and poor /pʊə/. If one wishes to make that distinction today it would be best to use ɵ instead of ʊə. This will lead to tore as toː and tour as tɵː.

References

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