Near-close central rounded vowel
| Near-close central rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ʊ̈ | |
| ʉ̞ | |
| IPA Number | 321 415 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ʊ̈ |
| Unicode (hex) | U+028A U+0308 |
| X-SAMPA | U\ or }_o |
| Braille |    |
The near-close central rounded vowel, or near-high central rounded vowel, is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet can represent this sound in a number of ways (see the box on the right), but the most common symbols are ⟨ʊ̈⟩ (centralized [ʊ]) and ⟨ʉ̞⟩ (lowered [ʉ]) for a protruded vowel, and ⟨ʏ̈⟩ for a compressed vowel.
The third edition of the OED adopted an unofficial extension of the IPA, ⟨ᵿ⟩, that is a conflation of ⟨ʊ⟩ and ⟨ʉ⟩, and represents either [ʊ̈] or free variation between [ʊ] and [ə]. It is also used in a number of other publications, for example the well-known Accents of English written by John C. Wells, or the Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch,[1] one of the most popular pronunciation dictionaries for German.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Near-close central protruded vowel
The near-close central protruded vowel is typically transcribed in IPA simply as ⟨ʊ̈⟩ or ⟨ʉ̞⟩. This article uses the first symbol. As there is no dedicated diacritic for protrusion in the IPA, symbol for the near-close central rounded vowel with an old diacritic for labialization, ⟨ ̫⟩, can be used as an ad hoc symbol ⟨ʊ̫̈⟩ or ⟨ʉ̫˕⟩ for the near-close central protruded vowel. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʊ̈ʷ⟩, ⟨ʉ̞ʷ⟩, ⟨ɪ̈ʷ⟩ or ⟨ɨ̞ʷ⟩ (a near-close central vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Features
| IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
Note: Because ⟨ʊ⟩ is commonly used for the close-mid near-back rounded vowel (see near-close near-back rounded vowel), some of the vowels transcribed with ⟨ʊ̈⟩ can actually be close-mid as well. See close-mid central rounded vowel.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch | Standard Northern[2] | [[[Dutch orthography|fuut]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [fʉ̞t] | 'grebe' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨y⟩; also described as close near-front [y˗][3] and near-close near-front [ʏ].[4] See Dutch phonology |
| English | Cockney[5] | [[[English orthography|good]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡʊ̈d] | 'good' | Only in some words, particularly good, otherwise realized as near-back [ʊ].[5] |
| Rural white Southern American[6] | Can be near-front [ʏ] instead.[6] | ||||
| Southeastern English[7] | May be unrounded [ɪ̈] instead;[7] it corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology | ||||
| Ulster[8] | Short allophone of /u/.[8] | ||||
| Shetland[9] | [strut] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [stɹʊ̈t] | 'strut' | Can be [ɔ̟] or [ʌ] instead.[9] | |
| New Zealand[10][11] | [goose] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡʉ̞ːs] | 'goose' | Possible realization of /ʉː/.[10][11] See New Zealand English phonology | |
| Irish | Munster[12] | giobal | [ˈɟʊ̟bˠɰəɫ̪] | 'rag' | Slightly retracted; allophone of /ʊ/ after a slender consonant.[12] See Irish phonology |
| Norwegian | Urban East[13] | [gull] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡʉ̞lː] | 'gold' | The quality has been variously described as near-close near-front [ʉ̞˖],[14] near-close central [ʉ̞][13] and close central [ʉ],[15] whereas the type of rounding has been variously described as compressed[16][17] and protruded.[17][18] It may differ from /ʏ/ only by the type of rounding. Typically, it is transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
| Russian[19] | ютиться | [jʊ̈ˈtʲit̪͡s̪ə] | 'to huddle' | Occurs only between palatalized consonants and in unstressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
Near-close central compressed vowel
| Near-close central compressed vowel | |
|---|---|
| ʏ̈ | |
| ʏ̵ | |
| ɨ̞͡β̞ | |
| ɨ̞ᵝ |
As there is no official diacritic for compression in the IPA, the centering diacritic is used with the near-front rounded vowel [ʏ], which is normally compressed. Another possibility is ⟨ʏ̵⟩, a centralized [ʏ] by analogy with the close central vowels, though this symbol may not display properly in all browsers. Other possible transcriptions are ⟨ɨ̞͡β̞⟩ or ⟨ɪ̈͡β̞⟩ (simultaneous [ɨ̞] or [ɪ̈] and labial compression) and ⟨ɨ̞ᵝ⟩ or ⟨ɪ̈ᵝ⟩ ([ɨ̞] or [ɪ̈] modified with labial compression).
Features
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Norwegian | Urban East[13] | [gull] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɡʏ̈lː] | 'gold' | The quality has been variously described as near-close near-front [ʏ],[14] near-close central [ʏ̈][13] and close central [ÿ],[15] whereas the type of rounding has been variously described as compressed[16][17] and protruded.[17][18] It may differ from /ʏ/ only by the type of rounding. Typically, it is transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
| Swedish[20] | [[[Swedish alphabet|duell]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | Audio file "Sv-duell.ogg" not found | 'duel' | Unstressed allophone of /ɵ/ in some environments;[21] can be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʉ̞⟩. See Swedish phonology | |
References
- ^ Krech et al. (2009:171). The authors use that symbol to transcribe the vowel in Urban East Norwegian that is otherwise normally transcribed as ⟨ʉ̞⟩ or simply ⟨ʉ⟩.
- ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 47.
- ^ Gussenhoven (2007), p. 30.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
- ^ a b Mott (2011), p. 75.
- ^ a b Thomas (2004), pp. 303, 308.
- ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 174.
- ^ a b Jilka, Matthias. "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). Stuttgart: Institut für Linguistik/Anglistik, University of Stuttgart. p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.
- ^ a b Melchers (2004), p. 42.
- ^ a b Bauer et al. (2007), p. 98.
- ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
- ^ a b Ó Sé (2000), p. ?.
- ^ a b c d Popperwell (2010), pp. 30–31.
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979), p. 13.
- ^ a b Strandskogen (1979), pp. 15, 21.
- ^ a b Haugen (1974), p. 40.
- ^ a b c d Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 15–16.
- ^ a b Popperwell (2010), pp. 29, 31.
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 38.
- ^ Riad (2014), pp. 28–29.
- ^ Riad (2014), p. 27.
Bibliography
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (PDF) (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 9004103406
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (2007), Wat is de beste transcriptie voor het Nederlands? (PDF) (in Dutch), Nijmegen: Radboud University, archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2017
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Haugen, Einar (1974) [1965], Norwegian-English Dictionary, The University of Wisconsin Press, ISBN 0-299-03874-2
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Krech, Eva Maria; Stock, Eberhard; Hirschfeld, Ursula; Anders, Lutz-Christian (2009), "7.3.10 Norwegisch", Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch, Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018202-6
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
- Mannell, Robert; Cox, Felicity; Harrington, Jonathan (2009), An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology, Macquarie University
- Melchers, Gunnel (2004), "English spoken in Orkney and Shetland: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 35–46, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Mott, Brian (2011), "Traditional Cockney and Popular London Speech" (PDF), Dialectologia, 9: 69–94, ISSN 2013-2247
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Popperwell, Ronald G. (2010) [First published 1963], Pronunciation of Norwegian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15742-1
- Riad, Tomas (2014), The Phonology of Swedish, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-954357-1
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8
- Thomas, Erik R. (2004), "Rural Southern white accents", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 300–324, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6