Voiced palatal fricative

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The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ ʝ⟩ (crossed-tail j), or in broad transcription ⟨j⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\.

The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only seven of the 317 languages surveyed by the original UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database.^{[citation needed]} In five of the languages listed below (Kabyle, Margi, Belgian Dutch,^[1] Modern Greek, and Scottish Gaelic) this sound occurs phonemically along with its voiceless counterpart and in several more as a result of phonological processes.

[edit] Features

Features of the voiced palatal fricative:

Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Berber	Kabyle	cceǥ	[ʃʃəʝ]	'to slip'
Catalan	Majorcan^[2]	figuera	[fiˈʝeɾə]	'fig tree'	Occurs in complementary distribution with [ɟ]. Corresponds to [ɣ] in other varieties. See Catalan phonology
Dutch		goed	[ʝut] (help·info)	'good'	More common in southern Dutch dialects, including all of Dutch-speaking Belgium.^[3] See Dutch phonology
West Frisian^{[citation needed]}		hja	[ʝa]	'she/they'	Mostly used in older more formal forms.
Greek^[4]		γεια/geia	[ʝa]	'hello'	See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian^[5]		dobj be	[dobʝ bɛ]	'throw (one/some) in'	An allophone of /j/. See Hungarian phonology.
Irish^[6]		an ghrian	[ənʲ ˈʝɾʲiən̪ˠ]	'the sun'	See Irish phonology
Pashto	Wardak dialect^[7]	موږ	[muʝ]	'we'
Ripuarian		zeije	[ˈtsɛʝə]	'to show'
Scottish Gaelic^[8]		dhiubh	[ˈʝu]	'of them'	See Scottish Gaelic phonology
Spanish^[9]		sayo	[ˈsaʝo̞]	'smock'	More often is an approximant. May also be represented by <ll> in certain dialects. See Spanish phonology
Swedish^[10]		jord	[ʝuːɖ] (help·info)	'soil'	See Swedish phonology

^ Jo Verhoeven, Belgian Standard Dutch, Journal of the International Phonetic Association (2005), 35:2:243-247 Cambridge University Press doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
^ Wheeler (2005:22–23)
^ Pieter van Reenen; Nanette Huijs (2000). "De harde en de zachte g, de spelling gh versus g voor voorklinker in het veertiende-eeuwse Middelnederlands." (in Dutch). Taal en Tongval, 52(Thema nr.), 159-181. http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/taalentongval/artikelen/Reenen_Huijs.pdf. Retrieved 2009-05-04.
^ Nicolaidis (2003:?)
^ Gósy, Mária (2004): Fonetika, a beszéd tudománya. Budapest: Osiris, pp. 77, 130
^ Ó Sé (2000:17)
^ Michael M.T. Henderson, Four Varieties of Pashto
^ Oftedal, M. (1956) The Gaelic of Leurbost. Olso. Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap.
^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
^ Engstrand (1999:140)

Engstrand, Olle (1999). "Swedish". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 140–142. ISBN 0-521-63751-1.
Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
Nicolaidis, Katerina (2003), "An electropalatographic study of palatals in Greek", in D. Theophanopoulou-Kontou; C. Lascaratou; M. Sifianou et al., Current trends in Greek Linguistics (in Greek), Athens: Patakis, pp. 108–127
Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne, Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0 (Irish)
Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925814-7