Voiced palatal fricative
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Voiced palatal fricative | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʝ | |||
| IPA number | 139 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʝ |
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| Unicode (hex) | U+029D | ||
| X-SAMPA | j\ |
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| Kirshenbaum | C<vcd> |
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| Braille |   |
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| Sound | |||
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The voiced palatal fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʝ⟩ (crossed-tail j), or in broad transcription ⟨j⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j\.
The voiced palatal fricative is a very rare sound, occurring in only seven of the 317 languages surveyed by the original UCLA Phonological Segment Inventory Database.[citation needed] In four of the languages listed below (Kabyle, Margi, Modern Greek, and Scottish Gaelic) this sound occurs phonemically along with its voiceless counterpart and in several more as a result of phonological processes.
Contents |
Features [edit]
Features of the voiced palatal fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
Occurrence [edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asturian | frayar | [fɾäˈʝär] | 'to destroy' | ||
| Berber | Kabyle | cceǥ | [ʃʃəʝ] | 'to slip' | |
| Catalan | Majorcan[1] | figuera | [fiˈʝeɾə] | 'fig tree' | Occurs in complementary distribution with [ɟ]. Corresponds to [ɣ] in other varieties. See Catalan phonology |
| Dutch | goed | [ʝut] | 'good' | More common in southern Dutch dialects, including all of Dutch-speaking Belgium.[2] See Dutch phonology | |
| Greek[3][4] | γεια geia | [ʝ̠ɐ] | 'hello' | Somewhat retracted. See Modern Greek phonology | |
| Cypriot[5] | ελιά eliá | [e̞ˈʝːɐ] | 'olive' | Allophone of /ʎ/. | |
| Hungarian[6] | dobj be | [dobʝ bɛ] | 'throw (one/some) in' | An allophone of /j/. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Irish[7] | an ghrian | [ənʲ ˈʝɾʲiən̪ˠ] | 'the sun' | See Irish phonology | |
| Pashto | Wardak dialect[8] | موږ | [muʝ] | 'we' | |
| Ripuarian | zeije | [ˈtsɛʝə] | 'to show' | ||
| Scottish Gaelic[9] | dhiubh | [ˈʝu] | 'of them' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
| Spanish[10] | sayo | [ˈsaʝo̞] | 'smock' | More often is an approximant. May also be represented by <ll> in certain dialects. See Spanish phonology | |
| Swedish[11] | jord |  [ʝuːɖ] (help·info) |
'soil' | See Swedish phonology | |
| West Frisian [citation needed] |
hja | [ʝa] | 'she/they' | Mostly used in more formal older forms | |
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Wheeler (2005:22–23)
- ^ Pieter van Reenen; Nanette Huijs (2000). "De harde en de zachte g, de spelling gh versus g voor voorklinker in het veertiende-eeuwse Middelnederlands.". Taal en Tongval, 52(Thema nr.), 159–181 (in Dutch). Retrieved 2009-05-04.
- ^ Nicolaidis (2003:?)
- ^ Arvaniti (2007:20)
- ^ Arvaniti (2010:116–117)
- ^ Gósy (2004:77, 130)
- ^ Ó Sé (2000:17)
- ^ Henderson (1983:595)
- ^ Oftedal (1956:?)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
Bibliography [edit]
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2007), "Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art", Journal of Greek Linguistics 8: 97–208
- Arvaniti, Amalia (2010), "A (brief) review of Cypriot Phonetics and Phonology", The Greek Language in Cyprus from Antiquity to the Present Day, University of Athens, pp. 107–124
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Gósy, Mária (2004), Fonetika, a beszéd tudománya (in Hungarian), Budapest: Osiris
- Henderson, Michael M. T. (1983), "Four Varieties of Pashto", Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society) 103 (3): 595–597, JSTOR 602038
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Nicolaidis, Katerina (2003), "An Electropalatographic Study of Palatals in Greek", in D. Theophanopoulou-Kontou; C. Lascaratou; M. Sifianou; M. Georgiafentis; V. Spyropoulos, Current trends in Greek Linguistics (in Greek), Athens: Patakis, pp. 108–127
- Ó Sé, Diarmuid (2000), Gaeilge Chorca Dhuibhne (in Irish), Dublin: Institiúid Teangeolaíochta Éireann, ISBN 0-946452-97-0
- Oftedal, M. (1956), The Gaelic of Leurbost, Oslo: Norsk Tidskrift for Sprogvidenskap
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association (Cambridge University Press) 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Wheeler, Max W (2005), The Phonology Of Catalan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925814-7
