Close-mid front rounded vowel
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| Close-mid front rounded vowel | |
|---|---|
| ø | |
| IPA number | 310 |
| Encoding | |
| Entity (decimal) | ø |
| Unicode (hex) | U+00F8 |
| X-SAMPA | 2 |
| Kirshenbaum | Y |
| Sound | |
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The close-mid front rounded vowel, or high-mid front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ø⟩, a lowercase letter o with a diagonal stroke through it, derived from the Danish, Norwegian and Faroese alphabets which use the letter to represent this sound. The symbol is commonly referred to as "o, slash" in English.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists,[who?] perhaps a majority,[citation needed] prefer the terms "high" and "low", and these are the only terms found in introductory textbooks on phonetics such as those by Peter Ladefoged.
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- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence [edit]
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | Wu | 最 tzeu | [tsøː] | 'most' | |
| Danish | købe | [ˈkʰøːb̥ə] | 'buy' | See Danish phonology | |
| English | South African[1] | bird | [bø̈ːd] | 'bird' | Centralized, present in General and Broad varieties. For some speakers it may be lower. In Cultivated it's central and unrounded ([ɜ̝ː]). |
| Tyneside[2] | Somewhat centralized. | ||||
| Estonian | köök | [køːk] | 'kitchen' | ||
| Faroese | øl | [øːl] | 'beer' | ||
| French[3] | peu | [pø] | 'few' | See French phonology | |
| Hungarian[4] | nő | [nø̈ː] | 'woman' | Centralized. See Hungarian phonology | |
| Korean[5] | 쇠 soe | [søː] | 'iron' | Diphthongized to [we] in modern standard Korean. See Korean phonology | |
| Lombard | Western | coeur | [køːr] | 'heart' | Also written ⟨ö⟩, particularly in Switzerland and Italy. |
| Ngwe | Mmockngie dialect | [nøɣə̀] | 'sun' | ||
| Norwegian | Tromsø[6] | søt | [søːt] | 'sweet' | More central and lower in standard Southeastern Norwegian. See Norwegian phonology |
| Rotuman | mösʻạki | [møːsʔɔki] | 'to put to bed' | ||
| Swedish | Central Standard[7] | öl | [ø̈ːl] (help·info) |
'beer' | Centralized. See Swedish phonology |
Vowels transcribed /øː/ in Standard German and Belgian Dutch are in fact mid, near-front [ø̞̈ː][8] and central [ɵ̞ː],[9] respectively.
See also [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ Lass et al (2002:116)
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003:268–269)
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993:73)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ Lee (1999)
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000:17)
- ^ Engstrand (1999:140)
- ^ Mangold (2005:37)
- ^ Verhoeven (2005:245)
Bibliography [edit]
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L. (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), "Segments", The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, pp. 14–18, ISBN 978–0–19–823765–5
- Lass et al (2002), Language in South Africa, ISBN 9780521791052
- Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, p. 37, ISBN 9783411040667
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 267–271, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001397
