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=== Early years and education ===
=== Early years and education ===
In damascus his father served as the rector of the Sukkariyya madrasa, a place where Ibn Taymiyyah also received his early education.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Studia missionalia|last = Michel|first = Thomas|publisher = Pontificia Università Gregorian|year = 1985|isbn = |location = Rome, Italy|pages = |volume = Volume 34|chapter = Ibn Taymiyya: Islamic Reformer}}</ref> Ibn Taymiyyah acquainted himself with the [[Science in medieval Islam|secular and religious sciences]] of his time. In his early teens he committed the entire Qur'an to memory and later on came to learn the islamic disciplines of the Qur'an.{{sfn|Haque|1982|p=6}} From his father he learnt the religious science of [[Fiqh]] (jurisprudence) and [[Usul al-Fiqh]] (principles of jurisprudence).{{sfn|Haque|1982|p=6}} The number of scholars under which he studied Hadith is said to number more than two hundred,{{sfn|Haque|1982|p=6}}<ref>{{Cite book|title = Al-'Uqud ad-Dariat|last =Al-Dimashqi al-Hanbali |first =Ibn `Abdul-Hadi |publisher = |year = |isbn = |location = |pages = 3}}</ref> four of whom were women.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Shadharat al-Dhahab|last = Al-Hanbali|first = Ibn al-`Imad|publisher = |year = 1932|isbn = |location = Cairo|pages = 385, 383, 404}}</ref> One of his teachers was the first Hanbali Chief Justice of Syria, Shams ud-Din Al-Maqdisi who held the newly created position instituted by [[Baibars]] as part of a reform of the judiciary.<ref name=":2" /> Al-Maqdisi later on, came to gave Ibn Taymiyyah permission to issue Fatawa (legal verdicts) when he had reached the age of 17.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Sharh Al-Aqeedat-il-Wasitiyah|last = Ibn Taimiya|first = Taqi ad-Din|publisher = Dar-us-Salam|year = 1996|isbn = |location = |pages = 9}}</ref> He devoted attention to [[Arabic language]] and [[Arabic literature]] by studying under Ali ibn `Abd al-Qawi.{{sfn|Haque|1982|p=6}} Ibn Taymiyyah went on to master the famous book of arabic grammer, Al-Kitab, by the persian grammarian [[Sibawayhi]].{{sfn|Haque|1982|p=6}} He studied [[lexicography]], mathematics and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]]. Other fields of study which he learnt were [[theology]] ([[kalam]]), philosophy, and [[Sufism]].<ref>see aqidatul-waasitiyyah daarussalaam publications</ref> At the age of 20 in the year 1282, Ibn Taymiyyah completed his education.{{sfn|Haque|1982|p=8}}
In damascus his father served as the rector of the Sukkariyya madrasa, a place where Ibn Taymiyyah also received his early education.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Studia missionalia|last = Michel|first = Thomas|publisher = Pontificia Università Gregorian|year = 1985|isbn = |location = Rome, Italy|pages = |volume = Volume 34|chapter = Ibn Taymiyya: Islamic Reformer}}</ref> Ibn Taymiyyah acquainted himself with the[[Science in medieval Islam| religious and secular sciences]] of his time. His religious studies began in his early teens, when he committed the entire Qur'an to memory and later on came to learn the islamic disciplines of the Qur'an.{{sfn|Haque|1982|p=6}} From his father he learnt the religious science of [[Fiqh]] (jurisprudence) and [[Usul al-Fiqh]] (principles of jurisprudence).{{sfn|Haque|1982|p=6}} The number of scholars under which he studied Hadith is said to number more than two hundred,{{sfn|Haque|1982|p=6}}<ref>{{Cite book|title = Al-'Uqud ad-Dariat|last =Al-Dimashqi al-Hanbali |first =Ibn `Abdul-Hadi |publisher = |year = |isbn = |location = |pages = 3}}</ref> four of whom were women.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Shadharat al-Dhahab|last = Al-Hanbali|first = Ibn al-`Imad|publisher = |year = 1932|isbn = |location = Cairo|pages = 385, 383, 404}}</ref> One of his teachers was the first Hanbali Chief Justice of Syria, Shams ud-Din Al-Maqdisi who held the newly created position instituted by [[Baibars]] as part of a reform of the judiciary.<ref name=":2" /> Al-Maqdisi later on, came to gave Ibn Taymiyyah permission to issue Fatawa (legal verdicts) when he had reached the age of 17.<ref>{{Cite book|title = Sharh Al-Aqeedat-il-Wasitiyah|last = Ibn Taimiya|first = Taqi ad-Din|publisher = Dar-us-Salam|year = 1996|isbn = |location = |pages = 9}}</ref>
<nowiki> </nowiki>Ibn Taymiyyah's secular studies led him to devote attention to [[Arabic language]] and [[Arabic literature]] by studying under Ali ibn `Abd al-Qawi.{{sfn|Haque|1982|p = 6}} He went on to master the famous book of arabic grammer, Al-Kitab, by the persian grammarian [[Sibawayhi]].{{sfn|Haque|1982|p = 6}} He also studied [[lexicography]], mathematics, [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]], [[theology]] ([[Ilm al-Kalam|kalam]]), philosophy, and [[Sufism]].<ref>see aqidatul-waasitiyyah daarussalaam publications</ref> At the age of 20 in the year 1282, Ibn Taymiyyah completed his education.{{sfn|Haque|1982|p = 8}}


=== Adulthood ===
=== Adulthood ===

Revision as of 13:22, 28 January 2015

Ibn Taymiyyah
TitleSheikh ul-Islam
Personal
Born10 Rabi' al-awwal 661 AH, or
January 22, 1263 CE[1]
Died20 Dhu al-Qi'dah 728 AH, or
September 26, 1328 (aged 64–65)[4]
Damascus[1]
EraHigh Middle Ages
RegionMiddle Eastern Scholar
DenominationSunni Islam[2]
JurisprudenceHanbali madhhab[2][5]
CreedHanbali theology[3]
MovementAhl al-Hadith
Senior posting
Influenced by
Influenced
Part of a series on:
Salafi movement
Sab'u Masajid, Saudi Arabia
Theology and Influences
Founders and key figures
Notable universities
Related ideologies
Associated organizations

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Taqî ad-Dîn Aḥmad ibn Taymiyyah (Template:Borndied), full name: Taqī ad-Dīn Abu 'l-`Abbās Aḥmad ibn `Abd al-Ḥalīm ibn `Abd as-Salām ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Khidr ibn Muhammad ibn al-Khidr ibn `Ali ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Taymiyyah al-Ḥarrānī[9] (Arabic: تقي الدين أبو العباس أحمد بن عبد الحليم بن عبد السلام بن عبد الله بن الخضر بن محمد بن الخضر بن على بن عبد الله ابن تيمية الحراني), was a Sunni Islamic scholar (alim), Sunni Islamic philosopher, Sunni theologian and logician. He lived during the troubled times of the Mongol invasions. He was a member of the school founded by Ahmad ibn Hanbal, and is considered by his followers, along with Ibn Qudamah, as one of the two most significant proponents of Hanbalism. In the modern era, his adherents often refer to the two as "the two sheikhs" and Ibn Taymiyyah in particular as "Sheikh ul-Islam".[10][11] Ibn Taymiyyah was notable for having sought the return of Sunni Islam to what he viewed as earlier interpretations of the Qur'an and the Sunnah, and is considered to have had considerable influence in contemporary Wahhabism, Salafism, and Jihadism.[12][13] He is renowned for his fatwa (takfir) issued against the Mongol rulers declaring jihad by Muslims against them compulsory, on the grounds that they did not follow Sharia and as such were not Muslim, their claims to have converted to Islam notwithstanding.[12][14] His teachings had a profound influence on Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, and other later Sunni scholars.[5] He also influenced the Sanusism movement in North Africa and other similar reform movements within the Islamic world.[9]

Biography

Background

Ibn Taymiyya was born in 1263 in Harran into a well-known family of theologians. Harran was a city in Şanlıurfa province of modern day Turkey, a place to which Moses was reportedly sent to provide guidance.[15] Before its destruction by the Mongols, Harran was also well known since the early days of Islam, for its Hanbali school and tradition,[16] to which Ibn Taymiyya's family belonged.[15] His grandfather, Abu al-Barkat Majd ad-Din ibn Taymiyyah al-Hanbali (d. 1255) and his uncle, Fakhr al-Din (d. 1225) were reputable scholars of the Hanbali school of law.[17] Likewise, the scholarly achievements of ibn Taymiyyah's father, Shihab al-deen 'Abd al-Halim ibn Taymiyyah (d. 1284) were also well known.[18]

His name

Ibn Taymiyyah's name is unusual in that it is derived from a female member of his family as opposed to a male member which was the normal custom at the time and still is now. Taimiyatu was a woman, famous for her scholarship and piety, and as a result, the name Ibn Taymiyyah was taken up by many of her male descendent.[19]

Immigration to Damascus

In 1269, Ibn Taymiyyah at the age of seven together with his father, and three brothers left the city of Harran which was completely destroyed by the ensuing Mongol invasion.[18][17] Ibn Taymiyyah's family moved to Damascus, which was then ruled by the Mamluks of Egypt.

Early years and education

In damascus his father served as the rector of the Sukkariyya madrasa, a place where Ibn Taymiyyah also received his early education.[20] Ibn Taymiyyah acquainted himself with the religious and secular sciences of his time. His religious studies began in his early teens, when he committed the entire Qur'an to memory and later on came to learn the islamic disciplines of the Qur'an.[18] From his father he learnt the religious science of Fiqh (jurisprudence) and Usul al-Fiqh (principles of jurisprudence).[18] The number of scholars under which he studied Hadith is said to number more than two hundred,[18][21] four of whom were women.[22] One of his teachers was the first Hanbali Chief Justice of Syria, Shams ud-Din Al-Maqdisi who held the newly created position instituted by Baibars as part of a reform of the judiciary.[17] Al-Maqdisi later on, came to gave Ibn Taymiyyah permission to issue Fatawa (legal verdicts) when he had reached the age of 17.[23]

Ibn Taymiyyah's secular studies led him to devote attention to Arabic language and Arabic literature by studying under Ali ibn `Abd al-Qawi.[18] He went on to master the famous book of arabic grammer, Al-Kitab, by the persian grammarian Sibawayhi.[18] He also studied lexicography, mathematics, calligraphy, theology (kalam), philosophy, and Sufism.[24] At the age of 20 in the year 1282, Ibn Taymiyyah completed his education.[25]

Adulthood

After his father died in 1284, he took up the then vacant post at the Sukkariyya madrasa and began giving lessons a year later in 1285.[17] That same year he also started giving lesson at the Umayyad Mosque on the subject of tafsir (exegesis of Qur'an).[17] Ibn Taymiyyah represented the Hanbali school of thought during this time. He remained faithful throughout his life to this school, whose doctrines he had mastered, but he nevertheless called for ijtihad (independent reasoning by one who is qualified). He wrote polemics against Christians and Sufis.[26] His student Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya wrote the famous poem "O Christ-Worshipper" which examined the dogma of the Trinity propounded by many Christian sects.

His troubles with government began when he went with a delegation of ulama to talk to Ghazan Khan, the Khan of the Mongol Ilkhans in Iran, to stop his attack on the Muslims. It is reported that none of the ulama dared to say anything to the Khan except Ibn Taymiyyah who said:

"You claim that you are Muslim and you have with you Mu'adhdhins, Muftis, Imams and Shaykhs but you invaded us and reached our country for what? While your father and your grandfather, Hulagu were non-believers, they did not attack and they kept their promise. But you promised and broke your promise."[27]

Ibn Taymiya was imprisoned several times for conflicting with the ijma of jurists and theologians of his day. In 1305 his views on Divine attributes were debated by the Indian Scholar Safi Al-Hindi, in the prescence of judges in Cairo.[28] Thereafter he was imprisoned.[28] He spent his last fifteen years in Damascus. The most famous of his students, Ibn Qayyim, was to share in Ibn Taymiyyah's renewed persecutions. From August 1320 to February 1321 Ibn Taymiyyah was imprisoned on orders from Cairo in the citadel of Damascus for supporting a doctrine that would curtail the ease with which a Muslim man could divorce his wife.

Death

When he was ultimately banned from having any books, further charges of heresy were brought against Ibn Taymiyya for his assertion that a divorce pronounced in innovative fashion does not take effect, against the consensus of the scholars which stipulated that it does, though innovative. After spending the years 1319-21 in jail, he was jailed again in 1326 until his death two years later for declaring that one who travels to visit the Prophet's grave commits innovation (bidah). He was buried in the Sufi cemetery in Damascus where other members of his family had been buried before him.[29][30] His student al-Dhahabi praised him lavishly as "the brilliant shaykh, imam, erudite scholar, censor, jurist, mujtahid, and commentator of the Qur'an," but acknowledged that Ibn Taymiyya's disparaging manners alienated even his admirers. For example, the grammarian Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati praised Ibn Taymiyya until he found out that he believed himself a greater expert in the Arabic language than Sibawayh, whereupon he disassociated himself from his previous praise. Ibn Taymiyyah's admirers often deemed him as Sheikh ul-Islam, an honorific title with which he is sometimes still termed today.[31][32][33] He may be considered at the root of Wahhabism, the Senussi order and other later reformist movements.[9][34]

Influences

Ibn Taymiyyah was taught by scholars who were renowned in their time.[35] However there is no evidence that any of the contemporary scholars influenced him.[35]

A strong influence on Ibn Taymiyyah was the the founder of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence, Ahmad ibn Hanbal.[35] Ibn Taymiyyah was trained in this school and he had studied Ibn Hanbal's Musnad in great detail, having studied it over multiple times.[36] Though he spent much of his life following this school, in the end he renounced taqlid (blind following).[25]

His work was most influenced by the sayings and actions of the Salaf (first 3 generation of Muslims) and this showed in his work where he would give preference to the Salaf over his contemporaries.[35] The modern Salafi movement derives its name from this school of thought.[35]

Views

God's Attributes

Ibn Taymiyyah's highly intellectual discourse at explaining "The Wise Purpose of God, Human Agency, and the Problems of Evil & Justice" using God's attributes as a means has been illustrated by Dr. Jon Hoover in his work "Ibn Taymiyyah's Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism".[37]

Mongol invasion and other struggles

Image of Ghazan Khan, a historical figure harshly rebuked by Ibn Taymiyyah, mainly due to his constant state of hostility towards the Mamluks of Egypt.

What has been called Ibn Taymiyyah's "most famous" fatwā[14] was issued against the Mongols in the Mamluk's war. Ibn Taymiyyah declared that jihad upon the Mongols was not only permissible, but obligatory. He based this ruling his argument that the Mongols could not, in his opinion, be true Muslims despite the fact that they had converted to Sunni Islam because they ruled using what he considered 'man-made laws' (their traditional Yassa code) rather than Islamic law or Sharia. Because of this, he reasoned they were living in a state of jahiliyyah, or pre-Islamic pagan ignorance.[12][38]

Apart from that, he led the resistance of the Mongol invasion of Damascus in 1300. In the years that followed, Ibn Taymiyyah was engaged in intensive polemic activity against:

  1. the Rifa'i Sufi order,
  2. the ittihadiyah school, a school that grew out of the teaching of Ibn Arabi, whose views were widely denounced as heretical[citation needed].

In 1305 Ibn Taymiyyah was imprisoned in the citadel of Cairo for eighteen months on the charge of anthropomorphism. He was incarcerated again in 1308 for several months.

In 2010 a group of Islamic Scholars in Mardin argued that Ibn Taymiyya's fatwa was misprinted into an order to "fight" the ruler who is not applying Islamic law, but rather it means to "treat."[39] They have based their understanding on the original manuscript in the Al-Zahiriyah Library, and the transmission by Ibn Taymiyya's student Ibn Muflih.[40]

Jihad

Ibn Taymiyyah was noted for emphasis he put on the importance of jihad. He wrote that

"It is in jihad that one can live and die in ultimate happiness, both in this world and in the Hereafter. Abandoning it means losing entirely or partially both kinds of happiness."[41]

He gave a broad definition of what constituted "aggression" against Muslims and what actions by non-believers made jihad permissible. He declared

"It is allowed to fight people for (not observing) unambiguous and generally recognized obligations and prohibitions, until they undertake to perform the explicitly prescribed prayers, to pay zakat, to fast during the month of Ramadan, to make the pilgrimage to Mecca and to avoid what is prohibited, such as marrying women in spite of legal impediments, eating impure things, acting unlawfully against the lives and properties of Muslims and the like. It is obligatory to take the initiative in fighting those people, as soon as the Prophet's summons with the reasons for which they are fought has reached them. But if they first attack the Muslims then fighting them is even more urgent, as we have mentioned when dealing with the fighting against rebellious and aggressive bandits."[42][43]

Madh'hab

Ibn Taymiyyah witnessed conversions to Islam as a growing trend among many Mongols.

Ibn Taymiyyah censured the scholars for blindly conforming to the precedence of early jurists without any resort to the Qur'an and Sunnah. He contended that although juridical precedence has its place, blindly giving it authority without contextualization, sensitivity to societal changes, and evaluative mindset in light of the Qur'an and Sunnah can lead to ignorance and stagnancy in Islamic Law. Ibn Taymiyyah likened the extremism of Taqlid (blind conformity to juridical precedence or school of thought) to the practice of Jews and Christians who took their rabbis and ecclesiastics as gods besides God.

Ibn Taymiyyah held that much of the Islamic scholarship of his time had declined into modes that were inherently against the proper understanding of the Qur'an and the Sunnah. He strove to:

  1. Revive the Islamic faith's understanding of true adherence to Tawhid,
  2. Eradicate beliefs and customs that he held to be foreign to Islam, and
  3. To rejuvenate correct Islamic thought and its related sciences.

Ibn Taymiyyah believed that the best role models for Islamic life were the first three generations of Islam (Salaf); which constitute Muhammad and his companions (first generation), followed by the generation of Muslims born after the death of Muhammad known as the Tabi'un (second generation) which is then followed lastly by the next generation after the Tabi'un known as Tabi' Al-Tabi'in (third generation). Their practice, together with the Qur'an, constituted a seemingly infallible guide to life. Any deviation from their practice was viewed as bid‘ah, or innovation, and to be forbidden. He also praised and wrote a commentary on some of the speeches of Abdul-Qadir Gilani.[44] He criticized the views and actions of the Rafaiyah.

Non-Muslims

Ibn Taymiyyah strongly opposed borrowing from Christianity or other non-Muslim religions. In his text On the Necessity of the Straight Path (kitab iqtida al-sirat al-mustaqim) he preached that the beginning of Muslim life was the point at which "a perfect dissimilarity with the non-Muslims has been achieved." To this end he opposed the celebration of the observance of the birthday of the Islamic prophet Muhammad or the construction of mosques around the tombs of Sufi saints saying: "Many of them (the Muslims) do not even know of the Christian origins of these practices."[45]

Sufism

Ibn Taymiyyah rejected two views associated with Sufism. For one he said that some Sufis insulted God with their monism, a doctrine (seemingly similar to pantheism) that God "encompasses all things".[26] This rejection included denouncing the views of the monist Ibn Arabi.[46] For the second he said that the view that spiritual enlightenment is of a greater importance than obeying the sharia was a failure to properly follow the example of Muhammad.[26] Henri Laoust however says, "He never condemned Ṣūfism in itself, but only that which he considered to be, in the case of too many Ṣūfis, inadmissible deviations in doctrine, ritual or morals."[47]

Mosques

Ibn Taymiyyah opposed giving any undue religious honors to mosques (especially that of Jerusalem, the Al-Aqsa Mosque), to approach or rival in any way the Islamic sanctity of the two most holy mosques within Islam, Masjid al-Haram (in Mecca) and Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (in Madina).[48]

Ibn Taymiyyah eulogized the Ghaznavid ruler, stating that:

"He commanded that Ahlul Bidah (the people of religious innovation) be publicly condemned in sermons from the minbars (pulpits) and, as a result, the Jahmiyyah, Hulooliyah, Mu'tazilah, and Qadariyah were all publicly denounced, along with the Asharites."[49]

Analogical reasoning

Later, Ibn Taymiyyah argued against the certainty of syllogistic arguments and in favour of analogy (qiyas). He argues that concepts founded on induction are themselves not certain but only probable, and thus a syllogism based on such concepts is no more certain than an argument based on analogy. He further claimed that induction itself depends on a process of analogy. His model of analogical reasoning was based on that of juridical arguments.[50][51] Work by John F. Sowa has used Ibn Taymiyyah's model of analogy.[51]

Economic views

He elaborated a circumstantial analysis of market mechanism, with a theoretical insight unusual in his time. His discourses on the welfare advantages and disadvantages of market regulation and deregulation, have an almost contemporary ring to them.[52]

Ibn Taymiyyah commenting on the power of supply and demand:

"If desire for goods increases while its availability decreases, its price rises. On the other hand, if availability of the good increases and the desire for it decreases, the price comes down."[53]

Works

Ibn Taymiyyah left a considerable body of work (350 works listed by his student Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya[54] and 500 by his student al-Dhahabi[55]) that has been republished extensively in Syria, Egypt, Arabia, and India. Extant books and essays written by ibn Taymiyyah include:

  • A Great Compilation of Fatwa—(Majmu al-Fatwa al-Kubra) This was collected centuries after his death, and contains several of the works mentioned below.
  • Minhaj as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah—(The Pathway of as-Sunnah an-Nabawiyyah)—Volumes 1–4.[56]
  • Al-Aqidah Al-Waasitiyyah—(The Creed to the People of Wāsiṭ)
  • Darʾ taʿāruḍ al-ʿaql wa al-naql (The rejection of the conflict between reason and revelation)—10 Volumes. Also called Al-Muwāfaqa ("harmony").
  • Majmoo' al-Fatawa—(Compilation of Fatawa) Volumes 1–36
  • al-Aqeedah Al-Hamawiyyah—(The Creed to the People of Hama, Syria)
  • al-Asma wa's-Sifaat—(Allah's Names and Attributes) Volumes 1–2
  • 'al-Iman—(Faith)
  • Al-Jawab as Sahih li man Baddala Din al-Masih (Literally, "The Correct Response to those who have Corrupted the Deen (Religion) of the Messiah"; A Muslim theologian's response to Christianity)—seven volumes, over a thousand pages.
  • as-Sarim al-Maslul ‘ala Shatim ar-Rasul—The Drawn Sword against those who insult the Messenger. Written in response to an incident in which Ibn Taymiyyah heard a Christian insulting Muhammad. The book is well-known because he wrote it entirely by memory, while in jail, and quoting more than hundreds of references.[57]
  • Fatawa al-Kubra
  • Fatawa al-Misriyyah
  • ar-Radd 'ala al-Mantiqiyyin (Refutation of Greek Logicians)
  • Naqd at-Ta'sis
  • al-Uboodiyyah—(Subjection to God)
  • Iqtida' as-Sirat al-Mustaqim'—(Following The Straight Path)
  • al-Siyasa al-shar'iyya
  • at-Tawassul wal-Waseela
  • Sharh Futuh al-Ghayb—(Commentary on Revelations of the Unseen by Abdul-Qadir Gilani)

Some of his other works have been translated to English. They include:

  • The Friends of Allah and the Friends of Shaytan
  • Kitab al Iman: The Book of Faith
  • Diseases of the Hearts and their Cures
  • The Relief from Distress
  • Fundamentals of Enjoining Good & Forbidding Evil
  • The Concise Legacy
  • The Goodly Word
  • The Madinan Way
  • Ibn Taymiyya against the Greek logicians
  • Muslims Under Non-Muslim Rule

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din (661-728 AH)/ (1263–1328 CE)". Muslimphilosophy.com. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
  2. ^ a b c Ibn Taymiyyah, Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Ḥalīm (1999). Kitab Al-Iman. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 978-967-5062-28-5. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  3. ^ "Ibn Taymiyya - Brill Reference". BrillOnline Reference Works. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  4. ^ "Ibn Taymiyyah: Profile and Biography". Atheism.about.com. 2009-10-29. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
  5. ^ a b "Ibn Taymiyyah". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
  6. ^ Mountains of Knowledge, pg 222
  7. ^ http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/John_F._Sowa.html
  8. ^ Johnson, Toni (2011-12-27). "Backgrounder - Boko Haram". www.cfr.org. Council of Foreign Relations. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  9. ^ a b c Haque, Serajul (1982). Imam Ibn Taimiya and his projects of reform. Islamic Foundation Bangladesh. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  10. ^ Abu Zayd Bakr bin Abdullah, Madkhal al-mufassal ila fiqh al-Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal wa-takhrijat al-ashab. Riyadh: Dar al 'Aminah, 2007
  11. ^ Reynolds, Gabrield Said (2012). The Emergence of Islam: Classical traditions in contemporary perspective. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. p. 178. ISBN 9780800698591. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  12. ^ a b c Kepel, Gilles, The Prophet and the Pharaoh, (2003), p.194
  13. ^ Kepel, Gilles (2003). Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam.
  14. ^ a b Janin, Hunt. Islamic law : the Sharia from Muhammad's time to the present by Hunt Janin and Andre Kahlmeyer, McFarland and Co. Publishers, 2007 p.79
  15. ^ a b Hastings, James (1908). Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. Volume, 7. Morrison and Gibb Limited. p. 72. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  16. ^ Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad. Tadhkirat al-huffaz. Haidarabad. p. 48.
  17. ^ a b c d e Laoust, Henri (2012). ""Ibn Taymiyya." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition". BrillOnline. BrillOnline. Retrieved 2015-01-28.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g Haque 1982, p. 6.
  19. ^ Haque 1982, p. 5.
  20. ^ Michel, Thomas (1985). "Ibn Taymiyya: Islamic Reformer". Studia missionalia. Vol. Volume 34. Rome, Italy: Pontificia Università Gregorian. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  21. ^ Al-Dimashqi al-Hanbali, Ibn `Abdul-Hadi. Al-'Uqud ad-Dariat. p. 3.
  22. ^ Al-Hanbali, Ibn al-`Imad (1932). Shadharat al-Dhahab. Cairo. pp. 385, 383, 404.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  23. ^ Ibn Taimiya, Taqi ad-Din (1996). Sharh Al-Aqeedat-il-Wasitiyah. Dar-us-Salam. p. 9.
  24. ^ see aqidatul-waasitiyyah daarussalaam publications
  25. ^ a b Haque 1982, p. 8.
  26. ^ a b c Reynolds 2012, p. 174.
  27. ^ "SCHOLARS BIOGRAPHIES \ 8th Century \ Shaykh al-Islaam Ibn Taymiyyah". Fatwa-online.com. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
  28. ^ a b Haque 1982, p. VII.
  29. ^ George Makdisi, A Sufi of the Qadiriya Order, p 123.
  30. ^ Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam, p 340. ISBN 1438126964
  31. ^ R. Hrair Dekmejian, Islam in revolution: fundamentalism in the Arab world, pg. 40. Part of the Contemporary issues in the Middle East series. Syracuse University Press, 1995. ISBN 9780815626350
  32. ^ Index of Al Qaeda in its own words, pg. 360. Eds. Gilles Kepel and Jean-pierre Milelli. Harvard University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780674028043
  33. ^ David Bukay, From Muhammad to Bin Laden: Religious and Ideological Sources of the Homicide Bombers Phenomenon, pg. 194. Transaction Publishers, 2011. ISBN 9781412809139
  34. ^ "He has strongly influenced modern Islam for the last two centuries. He is the source of the Wahhābīyah, a strictly traditionist movement founded by Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhāb (died 1792), who took his ideas from Ibn Taymiyyah’s writings. Ibn Taymiyyah also influenced various reform movements that have posed the problem of reformulating traditional ideologies by a return to sources.[1]
  35. ^ a b c d e Haque 1982, p. 7.
  36. ^ Al-Kutubi, Shakir (1881). Fawat al-Wafayat. p. 35.
  37. ^ Hoover, Jon (2007). Ibn Taymiyya's Theodicy of Perpetual Optimism ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. xii, 276. ISBN 9789004158474.
  38. ^ "Taqi al-Deen Ahmad Ibn Taymiyya". Pwhce.org. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
  39. ^ al-Turayri,, Shaykh Abd al-Wahhab. "The Mardin Conference – Understanding Ibn Taymiyyah's Fatwa". MuslimMatters. Retrieved 29 May 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  40. ^ "A religious basis for violence misreads original principles". thenational.ae. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
  41. ^ Peters, Rudolph (1996). Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader. Princeton: Marcus Wiener. p. 48.
  42. ^ DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (First ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 252–3. ISBN 0-19-516991-3.
  43. ^ Peters, Rudolph (1996). Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader. Princeton: Marcus Wiener. p. 52.
  44. ^ G. F. Haddad (1996-03-20). "IBN TAYMIYYA ON FUTOOH AL-GHAYB AND SUFISM". Retrieved 2011-03-24.
  45. ^ Muhammad `Umar Memon, Ibn Taymiyya's Struggle against Popular Religion, with an annotated translation of Kitab Iqitada, the Hague, (1976) p.78, 210
  46. ^ Laoust 1986, p. 92.
  47. ^ Laoust, H. (1986). "Ibn Taymiyya". In Lewis, B.; Ménage, V. L.; Pellat, Ch.; Schacht, J. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Islam. Vol. 3 (2 ed.). Leiden: Brill. p. 953. ISBN 9004081186. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  48. ^ "A Muslim Iconoclast (Ibn Taymiyyeh) on the 'Merits' of Jerusalem and Palestine", by Charles D. Matthews, Journal of the American Oriental Society, volume 56 (1935), pp. 1–21. [Includes Arabic text of manuscript of Ibn Taymiyya's short work Qa'ida fi Ziyarat Bayt-il-Maqdis قاعدة في زيارة بيت المقدس]
  49. ^ al-Jasim, pg. 155
  50. ^ Ruth Mas (1998). "Qiyas: A Study in Islamic Logic" (PDF). Folia Orientalia. 34: 113–128. ISSN 0015-5675.
  51. ^ a b John F. Sowa; Arun K. Majumdar (2003). "Analogical reasoning". Conceptual Structures for Knowledge Creation and Communication, Proceedings of ICCS 2003. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help), pp. 16–36
  52. ^ Baeck, Louis (1994). The Mediterranean tradition in economic thought. Routledge. p. 99. ISBN 0-415-09301-5.
  53. ^ Hosseini, Hamid S. (2003). "Contributions of Medieval Muslim Scholars to the History of Economics and their Impact: A Refutation of the Schumpeterian Great Gap". In Biddle, Jeff E.; Davis, Jon B.; Samuels, Warren J. (ed.). A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. Malden, MA: Blackwell. p. 28. doi:10.1002/9780470999059.ch3. ISBN 0-631-22573-0Template:Inconsistent citations{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  54. ^ "Ibn Taimiyah". Usc.edu. Retrieved 2010-06-09.
  55. ^ M.M. Sharif, A History of Muslim Philosophy, Pakistan Philosophical Congress, p. 798
  56. ^ See "Ibn Taymiyya’s Critique of Shī‘ī Imāmology. Translation of Three Sections of his "Minhāj al-Sunna", by Yahya Michot, The Muslim World, 104/1-2 (2014), pp. 109-149.
  57. ^ "Ibn Taymiyyah wrote the entire book 'as-Sarim al-Maslul' from memory!". Iskandrani.wordpress.com. 2008-02-07. Retrieved 2010-06-09.

Further reading

  • Kepel, Gilles – Muslim extremism in Egypt: The Prophet and pharaoh. With a new preface for 2003. Translated from French by Jon Rothschild. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003. See pp. 194–199.
  • Little, Donald P. – "Did Ibn Taymiyya have a screw loose?", Studia Islamica, 1975, Number 41, pp. 93–111.
  • Makdisi, G. – "Ibn Taymiyya: A Sufi of the Qadiriya Order", American Journal of Arabic Studies, 1973
  • Sivan, Emmanuel – Radical Islam: Medieval theology and modern politics. Enlarged edition. New Haven & London: Yale University Press, 1990. See pp. 94–107.
  • Michot, Yahya – Ibn Taymiyya: Against Extremisms. Texts translated, annotated and introduced. With a foreword by Bruce B. LAWRENCE. Beirut & Paris: Albouraq, 2012, xxxii & 334 p. — EAN 9782841615551.
  • Michot, Yahya – Ibn Taymiyya: Muslims under non-Muslim Rule. Texts translated, annotated and presented in relation to six modern readings of the Mardin fatwa. Foreword by James Piscatori. Oxford & London: Interface Publications, 2006. ISBN 0-9554545-2-2.
  • Michot, Yahya – Ibn Taymiyya’s “New Mardin Fatwa”. Is genetically modified Islam (GMI) carcinogenic?, in "The Muslim World", 101/2, April 2011, pp. 130–181.
  • Michot, Yahya – From al-Ma’mūn to Ibn Sab‘īn, via Avicenna: Ibn Taymiyya’s Historiography of Falsafa, in F. OPWIS & D. REISMAN (eds.), "Islamic Philosophy, Science, Culture, and Religion". Studies in Honor of Dimitri Gutas (Leiden – Boston: Brill, 2012), pp. 453–475.
  • Michot, Yahya – Between Entertainment and Religion: Ibn Taymiyya’s Views on Superstition, in "The Muslim World", 99/1, January 2009, pp. 1–20.
  • Michot, Yahya – Misled and Misleading… Yet Central in their Influence: Ibn Taymiyya’s Views on the Ikhwān al-Safā’, in "The Ikhwān al-Safā’ and their Rasā’il. An Introduction". Edited by Nader EL-BIZRI. Foreword by Farhad DAFTARY (Oxford: Oxford University Press, in association with the Institute of Ismaili Studies, « Epistles of the Brethren of Purity »), 2008, pp. 139–179.
  • Michot, Yahya – Ibn Taymiyya’s Commentary on the Creed of al-Hallâj, in A. SHIHADEH (ed.), "Sufism and Theology" (Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, 2007), pp. 123–136.
  • Michot, Yahya – A Mamlûk Theologian’s Commentary on Avicenna’s "Risāla Aḍḥawiyya". Being a Translation of a Part of the "Dar’ al-Ta‘āruḍ" of Ibn Taymiyya, with Introduction, Annotation, and Appendices, Part I, in "Journal of Islamic Studies", 14:2, Oxford, 2003, pp. 149–203.
  • Michot, Yahya – A Mamlûk Theologian’s Commentary on Avicenna’s "Risāla Aḍḥawiyya". Being a Translation of a Part of the "Dar’ al-Ta‘āruḍ" of Ibn Taymiyya, with Introduction, Annotation, and Appendices, Part II, in "Journal of Islamic Studies", 14:3, Oxford, 2003, pp. 309–363.
  • Michot, Yahya – Ibn Taymiyya on Astrology. Annotated Translation of Three Fatwas, in "Journal of Islamic Studies", 11/2, Oxford, May 2000, pp. 147–208.
  • Michot, Yahya – Ibn Taymiyya’s Critique of Shī‘ī Imāmology. Translation of Three Sections of his "Minhāj al-Sunna", in "The Muslim World", 104/1-2, Hartford, Jan. - April 2014, pp. 109–149.
  • Michot, Yahya – An Important Reader of al-Ghazālī : Ibn Taymiyya, in "The Muslim World", 103/1, Hartford, January 2013, pp. 131–160.

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