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<ref>Siddiqa, Ayesha. "Peace in Afghanistan." (2019): 703-710. "The first significant name is Shah Waliullah (1703–62), a Hanafi scholar,"</ref><ref>Shahid, Amir Khan. "DISPLACEMENT OF SHAH WALIULLAH’S Shah MOVEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON NORTHERN INDIAN MUSLIM REVIVALIST THOUGHTS. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 51.2 (2014). "It would not be out of context to cite a reference of Shah Abdul Aziz (1746-1824) which is provided by Manazar Ahsan Gilanithat someone enquired from Shah Waliullah whether the Shias were kafir. He maintained the different viewpoints among the Hanafi School of thought on the subject.."</ref><ref name="SharifKhan_AnwarSaleem_1994_25">{{cite book |author=Mohammad Sharif Khan, Mohammad Anwar Saleem |title=Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kmk_Y83yO8cC| date=1994| publisher=Ashish Publishing Houseg |isbn=9788170246237 |page=25}}</ref>
<ref>Siddiqa, Ayesha. "Peace in Afghanistan." (2019): 703-710. "The first significant name is Shah Waliullah (1703–62), a Hanafi scholar,"</ref><ref>Shahid, Amir Khan. "DISPLACEMENT OF SHAH WALIULLAH’S Shah MOVEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON NORTHERN INDIAN MUSLIM REVIVALIST THOUGHTS. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 51.2 (2014). "It would not be out of context to cite a reference of Shah Abdul Aziz (1746-1824) which is provided by Manazar Ahsan Gilanithat someone enquired from Shah Waliullah whether the Shias were kafir. He maintained the different viewpoints among the Hanafi School of thought on the subject.."</ref><ref name="SharifKhan_AnwarSaleem_1994_25">{{cite book |author=Mohammad Sharif Khan, Mohammad Anwar Saleem |title=Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kmk_Y83yO8cC| date=1994| publisher=Ashish Publishing Houseg |isbn=9788170246237 |page=25}}</ref>
| creed = [[Atharī]]<ref name="SharifKhan_AnwarSaleem_1994_25" /><br/>
| creed = [[Ash'ari]]<ref name="SharifKhan_AnwarSaleem_1994_25" /><br/>
{{small|(Hanbali influenced)}}<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Brown|first1 = Jonathan A. C.|author-link = Jonathan A. C. Brown|title = Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|quote="Like Ibn Taymiyya, he rejected the speculative theology of Ash‘ari and advocated the straightforward acceptance of God’s description of Himself"|date = 2014|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]] |url=https://archive.org/download/JonathanA.C.BrownMisquotingMuhammad2014/Jonathan%20A.C.%20Brown-Misquoting%20Muhammad%20%282014%29.pdf| page = 78}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN|title=SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study |date=2003|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University|location= Aligarh, India |pages=293, 88–89|quote="Shah Waliullah's 'Aqida was the 'aqida of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah and especially that of early Ash'arites who were according to his opinion very nearer to Imam Ahmad bin Hunbal (d241H./855). In this matter Shah Waliullah was not pleased with the latest hair-splitter and interpreter Ash'arites... He was against all sects which are not following the Quran and Sunnah directly in the field of 'Aqida.. according to Shah Waliullah and his teacher Shaikh Abu Tahir Kurdi, Al-Ash'ari was the follower of the school of imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d 241H./855) in 'aqida and Imam Ibn Taimiyah's (d.728 H./1328) 'aqida was the same 'aqida."}}</ref>
{{small|(Hanbali influenced)}}<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Brown|first1 = Jonathan A. C.|author-link = Jonathan A. C. Brown|title = Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|quote="Like Ibn Taymiyya, he rejected the speculative theology of Ash‘ari and advocated the straightforward acceptance of God’s description of Himself"|date = 2014|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]] |url=https://archive.org/download/JonathanA.C.BrownMisquotingMuhammad2014/Jonathan%20A.C.%20Brown-Misquoting%20Muhammad%20%282014%29.pdf| page = 78}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN|title=SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study |date=2003|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University|location= Aligarh, India |pages=293, 88–89|quote="Shah Waliullah's 'Aqida was the 'aqida of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah and especially that of early Ash'arites who were according to his opinion very nearer to Imam Ahmad bin Hunbal (d241H./855). In this matter Shah Waliullah was not pleased with the latest hair-splitter and interpreter Ash'arites... He was against all sects which are not following the Quran and Sunnah directly in the field of 'Aqida.. according to Shah Waliullah and his teacher Shaikh Abu Tahir Kurdi, Al-Ash'ari was the follower of the school of imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d 241H./855) in 'aqida and Imam Ibn Taimiyah's (d.728 H./1328) 'aqida was the same 'aqida."}}</ref><ref>Geaves, Ron. "A Comparison of the Ideas of Maulana Mawdudi (1903-1980) and Shah Wali-Allah (1703-1762): A Pure Islam or Cultural Heritage." Islamic Quarterly 41.3 (1997): 169.</ref>
<ref>Geaves, Ron. "A Comparison of the Ideas of Maulana Mawdudi (1903-1980) and Shah Wali-Allah (1703-1762): A Pure Islam or Cultural Heritage." Islamic Quarterly 41.3 (1997): 169.</ref>
| occupation = [[Tafsir|Mufassir]], [[Hadith studies|Muhaddtih]], [[Historiographer]], [[Bibliographer]], [[Theologian]], [[Philosopher]], [[Academic]], [[Linguist]], [[Ahl-i Hadith]]
| occupation = [[Tafsir|Mufassir]], [[Hadith studies|Muhaddtih]], [[Historiographer]], [[Bibliographer]], [[Theologian]], [[Philosopher]], [[Academic]], [[Linguist]], [[Ahl-i Hadith]]
| movement = [[Wahabi movement]], [[Salafi movement]] [[Islah|Reformism]]<ref>{{cite book|author=MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN|title=SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study |date=2003|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University|location= Aligarh, India |pages=2|quote="As for Tasawuf Shah Waliullah was a reformist Sufi.."}}</ref><br/>[[Renaissance]] in [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Muslim]] [[Community]]
| movement = [[Wahabi movement]], [[Salafi movement]] [[Islah|Reformism]]<ref>{{cite book|author=MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN|title=SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study |date=2003|publisher=Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University|location= Aligarh, India |pages=2|quote="As for Tasawuf Shah Waliullah was a reformist Sufi.."}}</ref><br/>[[Renaissance]] in [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Muslim]] [[Community]]
| main_interests = [[Quran]], [[Hadith studies|Hadith]], [[Tafsir]], [[History]], [[Bibliography]], [[Revolution]], [[Fiqh]], [[Military strategy]], [[Salafism]]
| main_interests = [[Quran]], [[Hadith studies|Hadith]], [[Tafsir]], [[History]], [[Bibliography]], [[Revolution]], [[Fiqh]], [[Military strategy]], [[Salafism]]
| notable_works = Translation of the [[Quran]] into [[Persian Language]]<Br/>Hujjatullah-il-Baligha<Br/>Al-Fauzul Kabeer<Br/>[[Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa]]<br>Al-Akidatul Hasanah<Br/>Majmua Rasail Imam Shah Wali Ullah
| notable_works = Translation of the [[Quran]] into [[Persian Language]]<Br/>Hujjatullah-il-Baligha<Br/>Al-Fauzul Kabeer<Br/>[[Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa]]<br>Al-Akidatul Hasanah<Br/>Majmua Rasail Imam Shah Wali Ullah
| influences = [[Abu Hanifa]], [[Al-Shafi‘i]],[[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]],[[Ibn Taymiyyah]], [[Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab]]<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1 = Brown|first1 = Jonathan A. C.|author-link = Jonathan A. C. Brown|title = Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|quote="In his resistance to rigid loyalty to the madhhabs, his critique of the excesses of Sufism and his rejection of Ash‘ari speculative theology, Ibn Taymiyya brought together important strains of iconoclastic opposition to the powerful medieval institutions of Islamic thought. Shah Wali Allah devoted a treatise to defending him and praised him as one of the great scholars of Sunni Islam."|date = 2014|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn = 978-1780744209|url=https://archive.org/download/JonathanA.C.BrownMisquotingMuhammad2014/Jonathan%20A.C.%20Brown-Misquoting%20Muhammad%20%282014%29.pdf| page = 78 }}</ref> [[Baha' al-Din Naqshband]]
| influences = [[Abu Hanifa]], [[Al-Shafi‘i]],[[Ahmad ibn Hanbal]],[[Ibn Taymiyyah]]<ref name="auto">{{cite book|last1 = Brown|first1 = Jonathan A. C.|author-link = Jonathan A. C. Brown|title = Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy|quote="In his resistance to rigid loyalty to the madhhabs, his critique of the excesses of Sufism and his rejection of Ash‘ari speculative theology, Ibn Taymiyya brought together important strains of iconoclastic opposition to the powerful medieval institutions of Islamic thought. Shah Wali Allah devoted a treatise to defending him and praised him as one of the great scholars of Sunni Islam."|date = 2014|publisher = [[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn = 978-1780744209|url=https://archive.org/download/JonathanA.C.BrownMisquotingMuhammad2014/Jonathan%20A.C.%20Brown-Misquoting%20Muhammad%20%282014%29.pdf| page = 78 }}</ref> [[Baha' al-Din Naqshband]]
| influenced = [[Shah Abdul Aziz]], [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]], [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], [[Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi]]
| influenced = [[Shah Abdul Aziz]], [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], [[Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi]], [[Ubaidullah Sindhi]], [[Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi]]
| students = [[Murtada al-Zabidi]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Francis |authorlink=Francis Robinson|title=The 'Ulama of Farangi Mahall and Islamic Culture in South Asia|publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.|C. Hurst]]|date=2001|isbn=9781850654759|page=225}}</ref> [[Majduddin]]
| students = [[Murtada al-Zabidi]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Francis |authorlink=Francis Robinson|title=The 'Ulama of Farangi Mahall and Islamic Culture in South Asia|publisher=[[C. Hurst & Co.|C. Hurst]]|date=2001|isbn=9781850654759|page=225}}</ref> [[Majduddin]]

Revision as of 07:05, 20 August 2023

"Shah Waliullah" redirects here. For other uses, see Shah Waliullah (disambiguation).
Shaykh al-Islām, Imam of Hind, Mujaddid
Shah Waliullah Dehlawi
قطب الدين أحمد ولي الله بن عبد الرحيم العمري الدهلوي
TitleShadow of Leadership
Personal
Born(1703-02-21)21 February 1703
Phulat, Muzaffarnagar, Mughal Empire
Died20 August 1762(1762-08-20) (aged 59)
Delhi, Mughal Empire
Resting placeMunhadiyan[8]
ReligionIslam
NationalityMughal
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanafi, Ahl-i Hadith [1][2][3]
CreedAsh'ari[3]
(Hanbali influenced)[4][5][6]
MovementWahabi movement, Salafi movement Reformism[7]
Renaissance in Indian Muslim Community
Main interest(s)Quran, Hadith, Tafsir, History, Bibliography, Revolution, Fiqh, Military strategy, Salafism
Notable work(s)Translation of the Quran into Persian Language
Hujjatullah-il-Baligha
Al-Fauzul Kabeer
Izalatul Khafa'an Khilafatul Khulafa
Al-Akidatul Hasanah
Majmua Rasail Imam Shah Wali Ullah
OccupationMufassir, Muhaddtih, Historiographer, Bibliographer, Theologian, Philosopher, Academic, Linguist, Ahl-i Hadith
Muslim leader
Students
Influenced by
Influenced
Arabic name
Personal (Ism)Aḥmad
أحمد
Epithet (Laqab)Quṭb ad-Dīn
قطب الدين
Shāh Walīullāh
شاه ولي الله
Toponymic (Nisba)al-ʿUmarī
العمري
ad-Dihlawī
الدهلوي

Qutb ud-Din Ahmad ibn ʿAbd-ur-Rahim al-ʿUmari ad-Dehlawi (Arabic: قطب الدين أحمد بن عبد الرحيم العمري الدهلوي, romanized: Quṭb ad-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʿAbd-ur-Raḥīm al-ʿUmarī ad-Dehlawī‎; 1703–1762), commonly known as Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (also Shah Wali Allah), was an Islamic scholar seen by his followers as a renewer.[11][12] He emphasized the importance of following Sharia and believed in the unification of Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of law, aiming to reduce legal differences. Waliullah advocated for a direct understanding of the Qur'an and promoted interpretations closest to its literal meaning, encouraging a contextual approach rather than strict adherence to a specific school.

Early life and education

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Sufism
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Ahmad was born on 21 February 1703 to Shah Abdur Rahim, a prominent Islamic scholar of Delhi. He later became known as Shah Waliullah because of his piety. He memorized the Qur'an by the age of seven. Soon thereafter, he mastered Arabic and Persian letters.[13] He was married at fourteen.[13] By fifteen he had completed the standard curriculum of Hanafi law, theology, geometry, arithmetic and logic; two years later after the demise of his father he succeeded him as the dean of his Madrasah-i Rahimiyah.[13]

His father, Shah Abdur Rahim was the founder of the Madrasah-i Rahimiyah. He was on the committee appointed by Aurangzeb for compilation of the code of law, Fatawa-e-Alamgiri.[14] Shah Waliullah visited Makkah at the age of 29 years in 1732. His grandson was Shah Ismail Dehlvi who had a huge impact on the Deobandi movement.

Death

He died on Friday the 29th of Muharram 1176 AH/ 20 August 1762 at Zuhr prayer in Old Delhi, aged 59.[15] He was buried beside his father Shah Abdur Rahim at Mehdiyan (a graveyard to the left of Delhi Gate).[16]

Views

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Background
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Theological works
Institutions
Events
Related groups
Classic
Modern

On Sunni Islam

Shah Waliullah defined Sunni Islam in broad terms, rather than confining it to a specific school of theology. According to Shah, Ahlul Sunna wal Jam'ah are those who followed the Qur'an and Sunnah on the way of the Sahaba (companions) and Tabi'īn, by holding "fast to the beliefs of the pious ancestors (al-salaf)." He considered the four legal schools, as well as both the Ahl al-Hadith and Ahl al-Ra'y (Atharī and Hanbali) schools of theology to be part of Sunnism. According to Shah, the differences between them are only over secondary issues of valid Ikhtilaf; while on fundamental issues they remain united.[17][18]

On Shari'a (Islamic law)

Shah Waliullah criticized those people who downplayed the necessity of following Sharia (Islamic law).

"Some people think that there is no usefulness involved in the injunct of Islamic law and that in actions and rewards as prescribed by God there is no beneficial purpose. They think that the commandments of Islamic law are similar to a master ordering his servant to lift a stone or touch a tree in order to test his obedience and that in this there is no purpose except to impose a test so that if the servant obeys, he is rewarded, and if he disobeys, he is punished. This view is completely incorrect. The traditions of the Prophet and consensus of opinion of those ages, contradict this view".[19]

On Fiqh (Jurisprudence)

He believed that leaders should rule in accordance with the precepts of Islam and the teachings of Islam should be purified by teachers with ijtihad based on the basis on which the Quran and Hadith is founded on. He believed that there are certain bounderies that must be placed on Sufism and that the four main madhhabs were to be mixed into one system of law and moral codes.[20]

In his work Tahfimat al-Ilahiyya, Shah declared his conviction that unification of Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of law was essential for Indian Islamic revival.[21][22] This was to be achieved through the legal re-evaluation of the madh'habs in the light of Qur'an and Hadith. Whatever rules not aligning with the Scriptures were to be discarded. Shah specifically sought the reformation of Hanafi jurisprudence and made its legal rulings confirm to authentic hadiths collected by the early hadith scholars, thus implementing his vision of reducing legal differences between madhabs.[citation needed] Waliullah's re-evaluation efforts led him to declare that Shafi'i school was the closest to the Sunnah. Thus, most of his legal positions aligned with the views of Imam Al-Shafi'i.[23] Shah Waliullah sought the reconciliation of differences of Shafi'i and Hanafi schools of Fiqh as his duty. He was particularly concerned the pervasive Hanafi fanaticism prevalent in his community, which he rebuked, and called for an inclusive synthesis of all of the schools of law.[24][25]

On Tafsir (Qur'anic exegesis)

Shah Waliullah placed emphasis on a direct understanding of the Qur'an, maintaining that those students with sufficient knowledge must work with the text, rather than previous commentaries. He argued that Qurʾān is clear to any student with sufficient knowledge of Arabic, just like it was understandable to its first recipients and scholars, including those parts that are mutashābih (unclear). Shah believed that one should prefer the interpretation that is closest to the literal meaning (ẓāhir al-maʿnā) of the Qurʾān and the Sunnah which fits the Qur'anic context, without clinging to a particular school in exegesis, grammar, or theology.[26]

On Taqlid

Shah Waliullah said regarding the practice of Taqlid in Hujjatullahil Baalighah :

"There are numerous benefits in it that are no secret to anyone. These are especially required in these days when people lack courage, when carnal passions have taken deep root in people's souls and whenever a person is obsessed only with his opinion."[27]

He also said:

"The entire Ummah, or rather those of them who are dependable, are unanimous about the fact that it is permissible to follow one of these four Madhahib that have been methodically systemized and recorded. This unanimity remains to this day."[27]

On Divine Attributes

On the nature of Divine Attributes, Shah Waliullah rejected the Ash'ari view and followed the creed of early Ahl al-Hadith school. [28][29] Criticising the extremists amongst the speculative theologians (Mutakallimoon) and supporting the Ahl al-Hadith, Shah writes in Hujjatullah al- Balighah: "Those speculators behaved contemptuously towards the people of Hadith calling them corporealists and anthropomorphists saying that they sought refuge in the formula of 'without asking how ( bi-la kaif )... this contempt of theirs is unfounded and .. they err in their sayings both from the viewpoint of tradition and of reason and.. they err in slandering the leaders of the true religion."[30]

Shah had been a firm defender of the positions of Taqi ad-Din Ibn Taymiyya, the classical theologian who was a fierce critique of speculative theology and medieval clerical institutions. Shah would compose a treatise to defend Ibn Taymiyya, praising him as a great scholar of Sunni Islam.[10]

Stance on Marathas

His dislike of the Marathas is expressed in one of his dreams that he narrated in “Fuyooz-ul Haramain” where he said "And I saw that the king of the infidels took over the land of the Muslims and looted their property. He enslaved their women and children and in the city of Ajmer he declared the rites of disbelief".[31]

On the Shi'a

In one of his letters available in manuscripts collection at Rampur, he asks Muslim rulers led by Ahmad Shah Bahadur to put a ban on public religious ceremonies by non-Muslims and to issue strict orders against certain ceremonies by the Shi'a: "Strict orders should be issued in all Islamic towns forbidding religious ceremonies publicly practiced by non-Muslims (such as the performance of Holi and ritual bathing in the Ganges). On the tenth of Muharram, Shi'a should not be allowed to go beyond the bounds of moderation, neither should they say or do things that are considered offensive by other Muslims (that is, recite tabarra, or curse the first three successors of the Prophet Muhammad) in the streets or bazars.[32]

Arab Pre-Eminence

Shah Waliullah strongly advocated against adopting non-Islamic customs, and argued for commitment to Arabic Islamic culture. Shah Waliullah believed that: “Muslims, no matter where they live, wherever they spend their youthful days, they should in any case be completely separated from the natives of that country in their culture, traditions and mannerisms. And wherever they are, they must be immersed in their Arabic splendor and Arabic trends”[31]. On adherence to Arab culture, he insists: “Beware! The rich intend to adopt the ways of strangers and non-Arabs and those who deviate from the right path, and tries to mix and be like them”.[31] In his own words, he sought to conform to the habits and customs of the early Arabs and Muhammad, and to "abstain from the customs of the Ajam and the Indians." The only logical hikmat-i-amali, or practical wisdom for Muslim rulers, was to strengthen community boundaries by conducting Jihad against opponents and promoting the cultural practises (adab) that differentiated that faithful from non-Muslims.[33]

Works

  • Hujjat Allah al-Balighah (The Conclusive Argument of God), Lahore: Shaikh Ghulam Ali and Sons, 1979. Considered to be his most important work. First published in Bareilly, India in 1286 Hijri.[34] This book explains how Islam is found suitable for all races, cultures, and people of the world and how successfully it solves social, moral, economic and political problems of human beings.
  • (The Sacred knowledge), ed. D. Pendlebury, trans. G. Jalbani, The Sacred Knowledge, London: Octagon, 1982.[35]
  • Al-Khayr al-kathir (The Abundant Good), trans. G. Jalbani, Lahore: Ashraf, 1974.[35]
  • Sata'at (Manifestations), trans. into Urdu by S.M. Hashimi, Lahore: Idarah Thaqafat Islamiyya, 1989; trans. into English by G. Jalbani, Sufism and the Islamic Tradition: the Lamahat and Sata'at of Shah Waliullah, London.[35]
  • Lamahat (Flashes of Lightning), Hyderabad: Shah Wali Allah Academy, 1963; trans. G. Jalbani, Sufism and the Islamic Tradition: the Lamahat and Sata'at of Shah Waliullah, London, 1980. (One of the important writings on Sufism.)[35]
  • Futuh al-Haramayn (Emanations or Spiritual Visions of Mecca and Medina).[35]
  • Al-Tafhimat (Instructions or Clear Understanding), Dabhail, 1936, 2 vols. (One of the most comprehensive metaphysical works.)
  • Al-Budur al-bazighah (The Full Moons Rising in Splendour).
  • Ta’wil al-ahadith fi rumuz qisas al-anbiya (Symbolic Interpretation of the Events in the Mysteries of Prophetic Tales) [36]

Besides these, he is also credited being the first to translate the Quran into Persian in the Indian subcontinent.[12]

Shah Waliullah worked hard to ensure that he was a role model for other Muslims. His deep understanding of the Qur'an, Hadith, Fiqh, and Tasawwuf made him a highly knowledgeable scholar at an early age.

Since he believed that an emphasis on the Qur'anic teachings was made vital to Muslims, he translated Arabic Qur'an into Persian. Few Muslims spoke Arabic and so the Qur'an had not been widely studied previously. Some Ulama criticized Shah Waliullah, but his work proved very popular. In addition to translating the Quran, Shah Waliullah wrote 51 books in Persian and Arabic.{[37]} Amongst the most famous were Hujjat Allah al-Baligha and Izalah al Khifa.

He felt a debt to the Sufis for spreading Islam throughout India. He also appreciated Sufi spirituality. Waliullah built a bridge between Sufis and the Ulama (Islamic scholars).[38]

References

  1. ^ Siddiqa, Ayesha. "Peace in Afghanistan." (2019): 703-710. "The first significant name is Shah Waliullah (1703–62), a Hanafi scholar,"
  2. ^ Shahid, Amir Khan. "DISPLACEMENT OF SHAH WALIULLAH’S Shah MOVEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON NORTHERN INDIAN MUSLIM REVIVALIST THOUGHTS. Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan 51.2 (2014). "It would not be out of context to cite a reference of Shah Abdul Aziz (1746-1824) which is provided by Manazar Ahsan Gilanithat someone enquired from Shah Waliullah whether the Shias were kafir. He maintained the different viewpoints among the Hanafi School of thought on the subject.."
  3. ^ a b Mohammad Sharif Khan, Mohammad Anwar Saleem (1994). Muslim Philosophy and Philosophers. Ashish Publishing Houseg. p. 25. ISBN 9788170246237.
  4. ^ Brown, Jonathan A. C. (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy (PDF). Oneworld Publications. p. 78. Like Ibn Taymiyya, he rejected the speculative theology of Ash'ari and advocated the straightforward acceptance of God's description of Himself
  5. ^ MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN (2003). SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study. Aligarh, India: Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 293, 88–89. Shah Waliullah's 'Aqida was the 'aqida of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama'ah and especially that of early Ash'arites who were according to his opinion very nearer to Imam Ahmad bin Hunbal (d241H./855). In this matter Shah Waliullah was not pleased with the latest hair-splitter and interpreter Ash'arites... He was against all sects which are not following the Quran and Sunnah directly in the field of 'Aqida.. according to Shah Waliullah and his teacher Shaikh Abu Tahir Kurdi, Al-Ash'ari was the follower of the school of imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal (d 241H./855) in 'aqida and Imam Ibn Taimiyah's (d.728 H./1328) 'aqida was the same 'aqida.
  6. ^ Geaves, Ron. "A Comparison of the Ideas of Maulana Mawdudi (1903-1980) and Shah Wali-Allah (1703-1762): A Pure Islam or Cultural Heritage." Islamic Quarterly 41.3 (1997): 169.
  7. ^ MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN (2003). SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study. Aligarh, India: Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University. p. 2. As for Tasawuf Shah Waliullah was a reformist Sufi..
  8. ^ "Shah Waliullah Dehlavi". Encyclopedia of World Biography. Encyclopedia.com.
  9. ^ Robinson, Francis (2001). The 'Ulama of Farangi Mahall and Islamic Culture in South Asia. C. Hurst. p. 225. ISBN 9781850654759.
  10. ^ a b Brown, Jonathan A. C. (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy (PDF). Oneworld Publications. p. 78. ISBN 978-1780744209. In his resistance to rigid loyalty to the madhhabs, his critique of the excesses of Sufism and his rejection of Ash'ari speculative theology, Ibn Taymiyya brought together important strains of iconoclastic opposition to the powerful medieval institutions of Islamic thought. Shah Wali Allah devoted a treatise to defending him and praised him as one of the great scholars of Sunni Islam.
  11. ^ Kunju, Saifudheen (2012). "Shah Waliullah al-Dehlawi: Thoughts and Contributions": 1. Retrieved 5 April 2015. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ a b Abbas, Mohammad. "Shah Waliullah and Moderation". Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc. Islamic Research Foundation International, Inc. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  13. ^ a b c A.C. Brown, Jonathan (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. p. 28. ISBN 978-1780744209.
  14. ^ Anil Chandra Banerjee (1981). "Two Nations: The Philosophy of Muslim Nationalism". p. 44. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
  15. ^ Al-Khateeb Al-Tabrezi (2013). Mishkaat Al-Masaabih (Manifestations of Truth). Nawab Qutbuddin Khan Dehlavi (trans.), vol. 1, p. 40. Darul-Ishaat.
  16. ^ Syed Mehboob Rizwi. History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband (Volume 2) (PDF). Translated by Prof. Murtaz Husain F. Quraishi (1981 ed.). Idara-e-Ehtemam, Dar al-Ulum Deoband. p. 109. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  17. ^ K. Hermansen, Marcia (1996). "Chapter 84: The Difference Between the People of the Hadith and Those Who Exercise Personal Opinion". The Conclusive Argument from God: Shāh Walī Allāh of Delhi's Ḥujjat Allāh al-Bāligha. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers. pp. 24–26, 437–450. ISBN 978-90-04-10298-9.
  18. ^ MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN (2003). SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study. Aligarh, India: Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 90–91.
  19. ^ "Biography : Shah Waliullah (RA)". Darul Ihsan Islamic Services Centre. Darul Ihsan Islamic Services Centre. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  20. ^ Hourani, Albert (1991). A History of the Arab Peoples. England: Faber and Faber. p. 257.
  21. ^ Mallat, Chibli (1995). "The Renewal of Islamic Law: Muhammad Baqer as-Sadr, Najaf and the Shi'i International, Chibli Mallat". Wiley Online Library. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  22. ^ Hamid, Saiyid (2016). "SOCIO-ECONOMIC IDEAS OF SHAH WALIULLAH" (PDF). Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  23. ^ MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN (2003). SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study. Aligarh, India: Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 139, 142–144.
  24. ^ MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN (2003). SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study. Aligarh, India: Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University. pp. 139–140.
  25. ^ L. Esposito, John (2013). "Chapter 2: salafiya, modernism, and revival". The Oxford Handbook of Islam and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-539589-1. Shah Wali Allah was primarily concerned about the pervasive Hanafi fanaticism that he observed in his community. Instead of condoning this he was more inclusive and argued for a synthesis of all of the schools of law
  26. ^ Schmidtke, Sabine (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 768–769. ISBN 978-0-19-969670-3. He placed great emphasis on understanding the Qurʾān, first and foremost, through the Qurʾān itself, .. Shāh Walī Allāh maintained that students of the Qurʾān, after having acquired sufficient knowledge of Arabic, should directly work with the text itself instead of reading commentaries on it. The Qurʾān, he argued, is perfectly understandable to any serious student with knowledge of Arabic, just like it was understandable to its first recipients; to the learned scholar, even those parts that are usually considered unclear (mutashābih), ... In seeking an explanation for Qurʾānic verses, Shāh Walī Allāh argued, one should not follow a particular school, be it of exegesis, grammar, or theology, but prefer the interpretation that is closest to the literal meaning (ẓāhir al-maʿnā)..
  27. ^ a b Waliullah, Shah. Hujjat Allah Al Baligha. Dar Kotob Ilmiyah. p. 361.
  28. ^ Brown, Jonathan A. C. (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy (PDF). Oneworld Publications. p. 78. ISBN 978-1780744209. Shah Wali Allah devoted himself to reviving what he understood to be the true Islam... Like Ibn Taymiyya, he rejected the speculative theology of Ash'ari and advocated the straightforward acceptance of God's description of Himself
  29. ^ MUHAMMAD MOSLEH UDDIN (2003). SHAH WALIULLAH'S CONTRIBUTION TO HADITH LITERATURE: A Critical Study. Aligarh, India: Department of Islamic Studies: Aligarh Muslim University. p. 95.
  30. ^ K. Hermansen, Marcia (1996). "Chapter 40: Belief in the Divine Attributes". The Conclusive Argument from God: Shāh Walī Allāh of Delhi's Ḥujjat Allāh al-Bāligha. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Publishers. p. 193. ISBN 978-90-04-10298-9.
  31. ^ a b c Dr. Mubarak Ali, “Almiyah-e-Tarikh”, ch. 9 – 10, pp. 95 – 105, Fiction House, Lahore, (2012).
  32. ^ S. Athar Rizvi, “Shah Waliullah and His Times”, p. 227, Ma’rifat Publishing House, Canberra, (1980).
  33. ^ Ayesha Jalal. Partisans Of Allah: Jihad In South Asia. p. 41.
  34. ^ Al-Ghazali, Muhammad (2004). The socio-political thought of shah wali allah (PDF). India: Adam Publishers. p. 124. ISBN 8174353607. Retrieved 25 October 2021. Hujjat Allah al-Balighah (Arabic), Cairo, 1933 It is the magnum opus of the author which has been universally acknowledged by Muslim scholarship as his most outstanding and epoch-making contribution. It constitutes a highly significant exposition of the Islamic worldview. We shall separately present an introduction to this work in some detail. It was first published in Bareily (India) in 1286 A.H.
  35. ^ a b c d e "Shah Wali Allah (Qutb al-Din Ahmad al-Rahim) (1703-62)". Muslim Philosophy. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
  36. ^ Virani, Shafique (2019). "Hierohistory in Qāḍī l-Nuʿmān's Foundation of Symbolic Interpretation (Asās al-Taʾwīl): The Birth of Jesus". Studies in Islamic Historiography: 147–169. doi:10.1163/9789004415294_007. ISBN 9789004415294. S2CID 214047322.
  37. ^ Nigel Kelly, "The History and Culture of Pakistan," 2018.
  38. ^ K.J. Ahmed, Hundred Great Muslims, Library of Islam, 1987.

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