France: Difference between revisions

French Republic
*République française* Template:Fr icon^[1]
French Republic République française Template:Fr icon
	Flag National Emblem (unofficial)
	Motto: Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité; (Liberty, Equality, Fraternity)
	Anthem: La Marseillaise
	Location of Metropolitan France (dark green) – in Europe (light green & dark grey); – in the European Union (light green) – [Legend]
	Territory of the French Republic in the world; (excl. Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended)
Capital and largest city	Paris
Official languages	French
Regional languages; (both official; and not official)	Alsatian; Basque; Breton; New Caledonian languages2; Catalan; Corsican; Creoles2; Flemish; Franco-Provençal; Lorrain language; Shimaore dialect (Mayotte)2; Occitan; Oïl languages; Tahitian2;
Ethnic groups	~85% French (included ~15% people with at least one ancestor from other European countries),; ~15% other (Arab, Berber, Black, Asian, Multiracial...)
Demonym(s)	French
Government	Unitary semi-presidential republic
• President	Nicolas Sarkozy (UMP)
• Prime Minister	François Fillon (UMP)
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	National Assembly
Formation
• Traditional date	496 (baptism of Clovis)
• Western Francia	10 August 843 (Treaty of Verdun)
• Current constitution	5 October 1958 (5th Republic)
Area
• Total	674,843 km2 (260,558 sq mi) (43rd)
• Metropolitan France
• IGN	551,695 km2 (213,011 sq mi) (47th)
• Cadastre	543,965 km2 (210,026 sq mi) (47th)
Population
(1 January 2010 estimate)
• Total	65,447,374 (20th)
• Metropolitan France	62,793,432 (22nd)
• Density	115/km2 (297.8/sq mi) (89th)
GDP (PPP)	2009 estimate
• Total	$2.108 trillion
• Per capita	$33,678
GDP (nominal)	2009 estimate
• Total	$2.676 trillion
• Per capita	$42,747
Gini (2008)	32.7; Error: Invalid Gini value
HDI (2007)	0.961; Error: Invalid HDI value (8th)
Currency	Euro, CFP Franc; (EUR, XPF)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Drives on	right
Calling code	331
ISO 3166 code	FR
Internet TLD	.fr
	The overseas regions and collectivities form part of the French telephone numbering plan, but have their own country calling codes: Guadeloupe +590; Martinique +596; French Guiana +594, Réunion and Mayotte +262; Saint Pierre et Miquelon +508. The overseas territories are not part of the French telephone numbering plan; their country calling codes are: New Caledonia +687, French Polynesia +689; Wallis and Futuna +681; Spoken mainly in overseas territories;

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 07:57, 3 September 2010

Template:Fix bunching

France (/[invalid input: 'en-us-France.ogg']ˈfrænts/ frantss or /ˈfrɑːnts/ frahnts; French pronunciation^ⓘ: [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (Template:Lang-fr, pronounced [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a state in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans.^[15] Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as L’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is bordered (clockwise starting from the northeast) by Belgium, Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Monaco; with Spain and Andorra to the south. France is linked to the United Kingdom by the Channel Tunnel, which passes underneath the English Channel.

France is a founding member state of the European Union and is the largest one by area.^[16] France has been a major power for several centuries with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and in the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Pacific islands.

France is a unitary semi-presidential republic with its main ideals expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. France is one of the most developed countries^[17] and possesses the fifth largest economy by nominal GDP^[18] and seventh largest economy by purchasing power parity.^[19] France enjoys a high standard of living as well as a high public education level, and has also one of the world's highest life expectancies.^[20] It is the most visited country in the world, receiving 82 million foreign tourists annually.^[21] France is a founding member of the United Nations, and a member of the Francophonie, the G8, G20, NATO, OECD, WTO, and the Latin Union. It is one of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council and possesses the third largest nuclear weapons stockpile in the world.^[22]

Etymology

The word "Frank" had been loosely used from the fall of Rome to the Middle Ages, yet from Hugh Capet's coronation as "King of the Franks" ("Rex Francorum") it became usual to strictly refer to the Kingdom of Francia, which would become France. The Capetian Kings were descended from the Robertines, who had produced two Frankish kings, and previously held the title of "Duke of the Franks" ("dux Francorum"). This Frankish duchy encompassed most of modern northern France but because the royal power was sapped by regional princes the term was then applied to the royal demesne as shorthand. It was finally the name adopted for the entire Kingdom as central power was affirmed over the entire kingdom.^[23]

The name "France" itself comes from Latin Francia, which literally means "land of the Franks," or "country of the Franks".^[24] There are various theories as to the origin of the name of the Franks. One is that it is derived from the Proto-Germanic word frankon which translates as javelin or lance as the throwing axe of the Franks was known as a francisca.^[25] Another proposed etymology is that in an ancient Germanic language, Frank means free as opposed to slave. This usage still survives in the name of the national currency prior to the adoption of the euro, the franc.

However, it is also possible that the word is derived from the ethnic name of the Franks,^[26] because as the conquering class only the Franks had the status of freemen. In German (and other Germanic language, such as Scandinavian languages and Dutch), France is still called "Realm of the Franks" (Frankreich,Frankrike, Frankrige). In order to distinguish from the Frankish Empire of Charlemagne, Modern France is called Frankreich in German, while the Frankish Realm is called Frankenreich. In some languages, such as Greek, France is still known as Gaul.

History

Rome to Revolution

The borders of modern France are approximately the same as those of ancient Gaul, which was inhabited by Celtic Gauls. Gaul was conquered by Rome under Julius Caesar in the 1st century BC,^[27] and the Gauls eventually adopted Roman speech (Latin, from which the French language evolved) and Roman culture. Christianity first appeared in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD, and became so firmly established by the fourth and 5th centuries that St. Jerome wrote that Gaul was the only region “free from heresy”.

In the 4th century AD, Gaul’s eastern frontier along the Rhine was overrun by Germanic tribes, principally the Franks, from whom the ancient name of “Francie” was derived. The modern name “France” derives from the name of the feudal domain of the Capetian Kings of France around Paris. The Franks were the first tribe among the Germanic conquerors of Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire to convert to Catholic Christianity rather than Arianism (their King Clovis did so in 498); thus France obtained the title “Eldest daughter of the Church” (La fille aînée de l’Église),^[28] and the French would adopt this as justification for calling themselves “the Most Christian Kingdom of France”.

File:Jeanne d Arc Orleanide.jpg

Jeanne d'Arc by Le Brun de Charmettes

Existence as a separate entity began with the Treaty of Verdun (843), with the division of Charlemagne's Carolingian Empire into East Francia, Middle Francia and West Francia. Western Francia approximated the area occupied by modern France and was the precursor to modern France.^[29] The Carolingian dynasty ruled France until 987, when Hugh Capet, Duke of France and Count of Paris, was crowned King of France.^[30] His descendants, the Direct Capetians, the House of Valois and the House of Bourbon, progressively unified the country through a series of wars and dynastic inheritance into a Kingdom of France. The Albigensian Crusade was launched in 1209 to eliminate the heretical Cathars of Occitania (the southern area of modern-day France). In the end, both the Cathars and the independence of southern France were exterminated.^[31] In 1066, the Duke of Normandy added King of England to his titles. Later Kings expanded their territory to cover over half of modern continental France, including most of the North, Centre and West of France.

The exact boundaries changed greatly with time, but French landholdings of the English Kings remained extensive for centuries. Strong French counterattacks, helped by English weakness during the Wars of the Roses, won back mainland territory until only Calais remained. Under Mary I of England this was lost to the Spanish Netherlands.

Charles IV (The Fair) died without an heir in 1328.^[32] Under the rules of the Salic Law adopted in 1316, the crown of France could not pass to a woman, nor could the line of kinship pass through the female line.^[32] Accordingly, the crown passed to the cousin of Charles, Philip of Valois, rather than through the female line to Charles' nephew, Edward, who would soon become Edward III of England. In the reign of Philip of Valois, the French monarchy reached the height of its medieval power.^[32] However, Philip's seat on the throne was contested by Edward III of England and in 1337, on the eve of the first wave of the Black Death,^[33] England and France went to war in what would become known as the Hundred Years' War.^[34]

In the most notorious incident during the French Wars of Religion (1562–98), thousands of Huguenots were murdered in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre of 1572.^[35]

The monarchy reached its height during the 17th century and the reign of Louis XIV. At this time, France possessed the largest population in Europe (see Demographics of France) and had tremendous influence over European politics, economy, and culture. Since the 18th century, French was the most used language in diplomacy, science, literature and international affairs, before English took the lead in the 20th century.^[36] Much of the Enlightenment occurred in French intellectual circles, and major scientific breakthroughs were achieved by French scientists in the 18th century. In addition, France obtained many overseas possessions in the Americas, Africa and Asia.

Monarchy to Republic

The monarchy ruled France until the French Revolution. It did not fall immediately after the storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789, but endured until the creation of the First Republic in September 1792. Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette, were executed (in 1793), along with thousands of other French citizens during the Reign of Terror. A guerrilla war and counterrevolution, known as the Revolt in the Vendée, cost more than 100,000 lives before it was crushed in 1796.^[37] After a series of short-lived governmental schemes, Napoleon Bonaparte seized control of the Republic in 1799, making himself First Consul, and later Emperor of the First Empire (1804–1814). In the course of several wars, his armies conquered most of continental Europe, with members of the Bonaparte family being appointed as monarchs of newly established kingdoms. About a million Frenchmen died during the Napoleonic wars.^[38]

Following Napoleon's final defeat in 1815 at the Battle of Waterloo, the monarchy was re-established (1814–1830), but with new constitutional limitations. In 1830, a civil uprising established the constitutional July Monarchy, which lasted until 1848. The short-lived Second Republic ended in 1852 when Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaimed the Second Empire. Louis-Napoléon was unseated following defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870 and his regime was replaced by the Third Republic.

France had colonial possessions, in various forms, since the beginning of the 17th century until the 1960s. In the 19th and 20th centuries, its global overseas colonial empire was the second largest in the world behind the British Empire. At its peak, between 1919 and 1939, the second French colonial empire extended over 12,347,000 square kilometres (4,767,000 sq mi) of land. Including metropolitan France, the total area of land under French sovereignty reached 12,898,000 square kilometres (4,980,000 sq mi) in the 1920s and 1930s, which is 8.6% of the world's land area.

File:Eur.fr.100.gif

France issued the single European currency, the euro, in 2002, together with 16 other EU member states it forms the Eurozone. Here is shown a French side of a one euro coin.

A small part of Northern France was occupied during World War I. The human and material losses in the first war, which left 1.4 million French soldiers dead,^[39] exceeded those of the second where 567,600 French died. The interbellum phase was marked by a variety of social reforms introduced by the Popular Front government. Following the German Blitzkrieg campaign in World War II metropolitan France was divided in an occupation zone in the north and Vichy France, a newly established authoritarian regime collaborating with Germany, in the south.

The Fourth Republic was established after World War II and, despite spectacular economic growth (les Trente Glorieuses), it struggled to maintain its political status as a dominant nation state. France attempted to hold on to its colonial empire, but soon ran into trouble. The half-hearted 1946 attempt at regaining control of French Indochina resulted in the First Indochina War, which ended in French defeat at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954. Only months later, France faced a new, even harsher conflict in Algeria.

The debate over whether or not to keep control of Algeria, then home to over one million European settlers,^[40] wracked the country and nearly led to civil war. In 1958, the weak and unstable Fourth Republic gave way to the Fifth Republic, which contained a strengthened Presidency.^[41] In the latter role, Charles de Gaulle managed to keep the country together while taking steps to end the war. The Algerian War was concluded with peace negotiations in 1962 that led to Algerian independence.

France has been at the forefront of the European Union member states seeking to exploit the momentum of monetary union to create a more unified and capable European Union political, defence, and security apparatus.^[42] The French electorate voted against ratification of the European Constitutional Treaty in May 2005,^[43] but the successor Treaty of Lisbon was ratified by Parliament in February 2008.^[44]

Geography

While Metropolitan France is located in Western Europe, France also has a number of territories in North America, the Caribbean, South America, the southern Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, and Antarctica.^[45] These territories have varying forms of government ranging from overseas department to overseas collectivity. France's overseas departments and collectivities share land borders with Brazil and Suriname (bordering French Guiana), and the Netherlands Antilles (bordering Saint-Martin).

Metropolitan France covers 547,030 square kilometres (211,209 sq mi),^[10] having the largest area among European Union members.^[16] France possesses a wide variety of landscapes, from coastal plains in the north and west to mountain ranges of the Alps in the south-east, the Massif Central in the south-central and Pyrenees in the south-west. At 4,810.45 metres (15,782 ft)^[46] above sea level, the highest point in Western Europe, Mont Blanc, is situated in the Alps on the border between France and Italy. Metropolitan France also has extensive river systems such as the Seine, the Loire, the Garonne, and the Rhône, which divides the Massif Central from the Alps and flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the Camargue. Corsica lies off the Mediterranean coast.

Metropolitan France is situated between 41° and 51° North, on the western edge of Europe, and thus lies within the northern temperate zone

France's total land area, with its overseas departments and territories (excluding Adélie Land), is 674,843 km² (260,558 sq mi), 0.45% of the total land area on Earth. However, France possesses the second-largest Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the world,^[48] covering 11,035,000 km² (4,260,637 sq mi), approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, just behind the United States (11,351,000 km² (4,382,646 sq mi)^*) and ahead of Australia (8,232,000 km² (3,178,393 sq mi)^*).^[49] The north and northwest have a temperate climate, while a combination of maritime influences, latitude and altitude produce a varied climate in the rest of Metropolitan France.^[50] In the south-east a Mediterranean climate prevails. In the west, the climate is predominantly oceanic with a high level of rainfall, mild winters and cool to warm summers. Inland the climate becomes more continental with hot, stormy summers, colder winters and less rain. The climate of the Alps and other mountainous regions is mainly alpine, with the number of days with temperatures below freezing over 150 per year and snow cover lasting for up to six months.

Cities

The largest cities in France, in terms of metropolitan area population, are Paris (11,769,433), Lyon (1,748,271), Marseille (1,605,000), Lille (1,164,716), Nice (1,197,751), Toulouse (1,102,882), Bordeaux (999,149), Nantes (804,000) and Strasbourg (639,000).

Environment

France was one of the first countries to create a Ministry of the Environment, in 1971.^[51] Although France is one of the most industrialised and developed countries, it is ranked only seventeenth by carbon dioxide emissions, behind such less populous nations as Canada, Saudi Arabia or Australia. This situation results from the French government's decision to invest in nuclear power in 1974 (after the 1973 oil crisis^[52]), which now accounts for 78% of France's energy production^[53] and explains why France pollutes less than comparable countries.^[54]^[55] Like all European Union members, France agreed to cut carbon emissions by at least 20% of 1990 levels by the year 2020,^[56] in comparison the USA agreed to a fall of 4% of its emissions^[57] whereas China stated it wanted to "reduce its carbon intensity by 40-45% by the year 2020" (compared with 2005 levels),^[58] which means with a GDP growth of 8% yearly an augmentation of 80%^[57] to 250%^[59] of the Chinese carbon emissions by 2020.

In 2009, the French carbon dioxide emissions per capita level is lower than the Chinese one.^[60]

France was even set to impose a carbon tax in 2009 at 17 Euros per tonne of carbon dioxide emitted.^[61] The carbon tax would have brought in 4.3 billion Euros of revenue per year.^[62] However, 6 months later, the plan for a carbon tax was abandoned for various reasons, one being that French companies would have a more difficult time competing with companies in neighboring countries who would not have to pay such steep taxes on carbon dioxide emissions. Instituting a carbon tax was also an unpopular political move for President Sarkozy.^[63]

In 2010, a study at Yale and Columbia universities ranked France the most environmentally conscious nation of the G20.^[64]^[65]

Forests account for 28,27% of the land area of France,^[66] that is to say a superficy of 15.9 million of hectares.^[67] France is the second most wooded country of the EU.^[68] French forests are also ones of the most diversified of Europe, with more than 140 differents varieties of trees.^[69] There are 9 national parks^[70] and 46 natural parks in France.^[71] France wants to convert 20% of its Exclusive Economic Zone in a Marine Protected Area by 2020.^[72]

Government

File:Logo de la République française.svg

Logo of the French Republic

The French Republic is a unitary semi-presidential republic with strong democratic traditions. The constitution of the Fifth Republic was approved by referendum on 28 September 1958.^[73] It greatly strengthened the authority of the executive in relation to parliament. The executive branch itself has two leaders: the President of the Republic, currently Nicolas Sarkozy, who is head of state and is elected directly by universal adult suffrage for a 5-year term (formerly 7 years),^[74] and the Government, led by the president-appointed Prime Minister, currently François Fillon.

The French parliament is a bicameral legislature comprising a National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) and a Senate.^[75] The National Assembly deputies represent local constituencies and are directly elected for 5-year terms.^[76] The Assembly has the power to dismiss the cabinet, and thus the majority in the Assembly determines the choice of government. Senators are chosen by an electoral college for 6-year terms (originally 9-year terms), and one half of the seats are submitted to election every 3 years starting in September 2008.^[77]

The Senate's legislative powers are limited; in the event of disagreement between the two chambers, the National Assembly has the final say.^[78] The government has a strong influence in shaping the agenda of Parliament.

French politics are characterised by two politically opposed groupings: one left-wing, centred around the French Socialist Party, and the other right-wing, centred previously around the Rassemblement pour la République (RPR) and now its successor the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP).^[79] The executive branch is currently composed mostly of the UMP.

Law

France uses a civil legal system;^[10] that is, law arises primarily from written statutes; judges are not to make law, but merely to interpret it (though the amount of judge interpretation in certain areas makes it equivalent to case law). Basic principles of the rule of law were laid in the Napoleonic Code. In agreement with the principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen law should only prohibit actions detrimental to society. As Guy Canivet, first president of the Court of Cassation, wrote about the management of prisons:

Freedom is the rule, and its restriction is the exception; any restriction of Freedom must be provided for by Law and must follow the principles of necessity and proportionality.

That is, Law should lay out prohibitions only if they are needed, and if the inconveniences caused by this restriction do not exceed the inconveniences that the prohibition is supposed to remedy.

French law is divided into two principal areas: private law and public law. Private law includes, in particular, civil law and criminal law. Public law includes, in particular, administrative law and constitutional law. However, in practical terms, French law comprises three principal areas of law: civil law, criminal law and administrative law.

France does not recognise religious law, nor does it recognise religious beliefs or morality as a motivation for the enactment of prohibitions. As a consequence, France has long had neither blasphemy laws nor sodomy laws (the latter being abolished in 1791). However, "offences against public decency" (contraires aux bonnes mœurs) or disturbing public order (trouble à l'ordre public) have been used to repress public expressions of homosexuality or street prostitution.

Criminal laws can only address the future and not the past (criminal ex post facto laws are prohibited) ; and to be applicable, laws must be officially published in the Journal Officiel de la République Française.

Foreign relations

File:Signing of the Maastricht Treaty.jpg

France is a founding member of the EC in 1957, and the European Union in 1993 (Signing of the Maastricht Treaty).

France is a member of the United Nations and serves as one of the permanent members of the U.N. Security Council with veto rights.^[80] It is also a member of the G8, World Trade Organisation (WTO),^[81] the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC)^[82] and the Indian Ocean Commission (COI).^[83] It is an associate member of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS)^[84] and a leading member of the International Francophone Organisation (OIF) of fifty-one fully or partly French-speaking countries.^[85] It hosts the headquarters of the OECD,^[86] UNESCO,^[87] Interpol,^[88] Alliance Base^[89] and the International Bureau for Weights and Measures.^[90] In 1953, France received a request from the United Nations to pick a coat of arms that would represent it internationally. Thus the French emblem was adopted and is currently used on passports.^[91]

French foreign policy has been largely shaped by membership of the European Union, of which it was a founding member. In the 1960s, France sought to exclude the British from the organisation,^[92] seeking to build its own standing in continental Europe. Since the 1960s, France has developed close ties with reunified Germany to become the most influential driving force of the EU.^[93]

France is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, but under President de Gaulle, it excluded itself from the joint military command to avoid the American domination of its foreign and security policies.^[94] However, as a result of Nicolas Sarkozy's (much criticised in France by the leftists and by a part of the right)^[95]^[96] pro-American politics, France rejoined the NATO joint military command on 4 April 2009. In the early 1990s, the country drew considerable criticism from other nations for its underground nuclear tests in French Polynesia.^[97] France vigorously opposed the 2003 invasion of Iraq,^[98]^[99] straining bilateral relations with the US^[100]^[101] and the UK.^[102] France retains strong political and economic influence in its former African colonies (Françafrique)^[103] and has supplied economic aid and troops for peace-keeping missions in the Ivory Coast and Chad.^[104]

France has the second largest network of diplomatic missions in the world, second only to the USA.^[105]

Development aid

In 2007, France is the third largest donor of development aid in the world, behind the US and Germany, but ahead of Japan and the UK.^[106] This represents 0.5 % of its GDP, one of the highest rate of the developed countries.^[107] The organism managing the French help is the French Development Agency, which finances primarily humatarian projects in sub-Saharan Africa.^[108] The main goals of this help are "developing infrastructure, access to health care and education, the implementation of appropriate economic policies and the consolidation of the rule of law and democracy."^[108]

Military

Nuclear aircraft carrier *Charles de Gaulle*

Being a permanent member of the Security Council of the UN, and a recognised nuclear state since 1960, spending the third or fourth largest amount of money in military, France has one of the most technologically advanced and powerful armies on Earth.

The French armed forces are divided into four branches:

Armée de Terre (Army)
Marine Nationale (Navy)
Armée de l'Air (Air Force)
Gendarmerie Nationale (A military force which acts as a National Rural Police and as a Military police for the entire French military).

After the Algerian War, conscription was steadily reduced and was finally suspended in 1997 by President Jacques Chirac.^[109] The total number of military personnel is approximately 347,000.^[110] France spends in 2010 2.5% of its GDP on defence,^[111] slightly more than the United Kingdom (2.3%)^[112] and the highest in the European Union where defence spending generally accounts to less than 1.5% of GDP.^[112] Thus, France has the third or fourth largest military budget in the world. About 10% of France's defence budget goes towards its nuclear deterrence, or nuclear weapons force.

France has major military industries that have produced the Rafale fighter, the Charles de Gaulle aircraft carrier, the Exocet missile and the Leclerc tank amongst others. Some weaponry, like the E-2 Hawkeye or the E-3 Sentry was bought from the United States. Despite withdrawing from the Eurofighter project, France is actively investing in European joint projects such as the Eurocopter Tiger, multipurpose frigates, the UCAV demonstrator nEUROn and the Airbus A400M. France has the most powerful aerospace industry in Europe.^[113]^[114]

France is a major arms seller,^[115]^[116] as most of its arsenal's designs are available for the export market with the notable exception of nuclear-powered devices. Some of the French designed equipments are specifically designed for exports like the Franco-Spanish Scorpène class submarines. Some French equipments have been largely modified to fit allied countries' requirements like the Formidable class frigates (based on the La Fayette class) or the Hashmat class submarines (based on the Agosta class submarines).

Although it includes very competent anti-terrorist units such as the GIGN or the EPIGN, the gendarmerie is a military police force which serves for the most part as a rural and general purpose police force. Since its creation the GIGN has taken part in roughly one thousand operations and freed over five-hundred hostages; the Air France Flight 8969's hijacking brought them to the world's attention with a very successful antiterrorist operation.^[117]
French intelligence consists of two major units: the DGSE (the external agency) and the DCRI (domestic agency). The latter being part of the police while the former is associated to the army. The DGSE is notorious for the Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior, but it is also known for revealing the most extensive technological spy network uncovered in Europe and the United States to date through the mole Vladimir Vetrov.

File:Rafale-ec-1-7.jpg

A pair of Rafale fighter aircraft

The French deterrence, (formerly known as “Force de frappe”), relies on a complete independence. The current French nuclear force consists of four submarines equipped with M45 ballistic missiles. The current Triomphant class is currently under deployment to replace the former Redoutable class. The M51 will replace the M45 in the future and expand the Triomphants firing range. Aside of the submarines the French dissuasion force uses the Mirage 2000N; it is a variant of the Mirage 2000 and thus is designed to deliver nuclear strikes. Other nuclear devices like the Plateau d'Albion's Intermediate-range ballistic missile and the short range Hadès missiles have been disarmed. With 350 nuclear heads stockpiled France is the world's third largest nuclear power.^[118]
The Marine Nationale is regarded as one of the world's most powerful navies. The professional compendium flottes de combats, in its 2006 edition, ranked it world's 6th biggest navy after the American, Russian, Chinese, British and Japanese navies.^[119]

File:French Marines Afghanistan.JPG

French Chasseurs alpins patrolling the valleys of Kapisa province in Afghanistan.

It is equipped with the only non-American nuclear powered Aircraft Carrier in the world. Recently Mistral class ships joined the Marine Nationale, the Mistral itself having taken part to operations in Lebanon. For the 2004 centennial of the Entente Cordiale President Chirac announced the Future French aircraft carrier would be jointly designed with Great Britain. The French navy is equipped with the La Fayette class frigates, early examples of stealth ships, and several ships are expected to be retired in the next few years and replaced by more modern ships, examples of future surface ships are the Forbin and the Aquitaine class frigates. The attack submarines are also part of the Force Océanique Stratégique although they do not carry the nuclear dissuasion, the current class is the Rubis Class and will be replaced in the future by the expected Suffren Class.

The Armée de Terre employs as of 2009 123,100 people.^[120] It is famous for the Légion Etrangère (French Foreign Legion) though the French special forces are not the Legion but the Dragons Parachutistes and the Marines Parachutistes. The French assault rifle is the FAMAS and future infantry combat system is the Félin. France uses both tracked and wheeled vehicles to a significant points, examples of wheeled vehicles would be the Caesar or the AMX 10 RC. Although its main battle tank is the Leclerc many older AMX 30 tanks are still operational. It uses the AMX 30 AuF1 for artillery and is equipped with Eurocopter Tigers helicopters.
The Armée de l'Air is the oldest and first professional air force worldwide.^[121] It still today retains a significant capacity. It uses mainly two aircraft fighters: the older Mirage F1 and the more recent Mirage 2000. The later model exists in a ground attack version called the Mirage2000D. The modern Rafale is in deployment in both the French air force and navy.

Conventions and notations

France is the home of the International System of Units (the metric system).^[122] Some pre-metric units are still used, essentially the livre (a unit of weight equal to half a kilogram) and the quintal (a unit of weight equal to 100 kilograms).
In mathematics, France uses the infix notation like most countries. For large numbers the long scale is used. Thus, the French use the word billion for the number 1,000,000,000,000, which in countries using short scale is called a trillion. However, there exists a French word, milliard, for the number 1,000,000,000, which in countries using the short scale is called a billion. Thus, despite the use of the long scale, one billion is called un milliard ("one milliard") in French, and not mille millions ("one thousand million"). It should also be noted that names of numbers above the milliard are rarely used. Thus, one trillion will most often be called mille milliards (“one thousand milliard”) in French, and rarely un billion.
In the French numeral notation, the comma (,) is the decimal separator, whereas a space is used between each group of three digits (fifteen million five hundred thousand and thirty-two should be written as 15 500 032). In finance, the currency symbol is used as a decimal separator or put after the number. For example, €25,048.05 is written either 25 048€05 or 25 048,05 € (always with an extra space between the figure and the currency symbol).
In computing, a bit is called a bit yet a byte is called an octet^[123] (from the Latin root octo, meaning "8"). SI prefixes are used.
24-hour clock time is used, with h being the separator between hours and minutes (for example 2:30 p.m. is 14h30).
The all-numeric form for dates is in the order day-month-year, using a slash as the separator (example: 31/12/1992 or 31/12/92).

Transport

The railway network of France, which as of 2008 stretches 29,473 kilometres (18,314 mi)^[124] is the second most extensive in Western Europe after the German one.^[125] It is operated by the SNCF, and high-speed trains include the Thalys, the Eurostar and TGV, which travels at 320 km/h (199 mph) in commercial use.^[126]^[127] The Eurostar, along with the Eurotunnel Shuttle, connects with the United Kingdom through the Channel Tunnel. Rail connections exist to all other neighbouring countries in Europe, except Andorra. Intra-urban connections are also well developed with both underground services and tramway services complementing bus services.

There are approximately 1,027,183 kilometres (638,262 mi) of serviceable roadway in France, ranking it the most extensive network of the European continent.^[128] The Paris region is enveloped with the most dense network of roads and highways that connect it with virtually all parts of the country. French roads also handle substantial international traffic, connecting with cities in neighboring Belgium, Spain, Andorra, Monaco, Switzerland, Germany and Italy. There is no annual registration fee or road tax; however, motorway usage is through tolls except in the vicinity of large communes. The new car market is dominated by domestic brands such as Renault (27% of cars sold in France in 2003), Peugeot (20.1%) and Citroën (13.5%).^[129] Over 70% of new cars sold in 2004 had diesel engines, far more than contained petrol or LPG engines.^[130] France possesses the Millau Viaduct, the world's tallest bridge,^[131] and has built many important bridges such as the Pont de Normandie.

There are 475 airports in France.^[10] Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport located in the vicinity of Paris is the largest and busiest airport in the country, handling the vast majority of popular and commercial traffic of the country and connecting Paris with virtually all major cities across the world. Air France is the national carrier airline, although numerous private airline companies provide domestic and international travel services. There are ten major ports in France, the largest of which is in Marseille,^[132] which also is the largest bordering the Mediterranean Sea.^[133]^[134] 12,261 kilometres (7,619 mi) of waterways traverse France including the Canal du Midi which connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean through the Garonne river.^[10]

Administrative divisions

France is divided into 26 administrative regions.^[10] 22 are in metropolitan France (21 are on the continental part of metropolitan France; one is the territorial collectivity of Corsica), and four are overseas regions. The regions are further subdivided into 100 departments^[135] which are numbered (mainly alphabetically). This number is used in postal codes and vehicle number plates amongst others. The 100 departments are subdivided into 341 arrondissements which are, in turn, subdivided into 4,032 cantons. These cantons are then divided into 36,680 communes, which are municipalities with an elected municipal council. There also exist 2,588 intercommunal entities grouping 33,414 of the 36,680 communes (i.e. 91.1% of all the communes). Three communes, Paris, Lyon and Marseille are also subdivided into 45 municipal arrondissements.

The regions, departments and communes are all known as territorial collectivities, meaning they possess local assemblies as well as an executive. Arrondissements and cantons are merely administrative divisions. However, this was not always the case. Until 1940, the arrondissements were also territorial collectivities with an elected assembly, but these were suspended by the Vichy regime and definitely abolished by the Fourth Republic in 1946. Historically, the cantons were also territorial collectivities with their elected assemblies.

Metropolitan regions and departments

Region	Departments
Alsace	Bas-Rhin, Haut-Rhin
Aquitaine	Dordogne, Gironde, Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Auvergne	Allier, Cantal, Haute-Loire, Puy-de-Dôme
Basse-Normandie	Calvados, Manche, Orne
Bourgogne	Côte-d'Or, Nièvre, Saône-et-Loire, Yonne
Brittany	Côtes-d'Armor, Finistère, Ille-et-Vilaine, Morbihan
Centre	Cher, Eure-et-Loir, Indre, Indre-et-Loire, Loiret, Loir-et-Cher
Champagne-Ardenne	Ardennes, Aube, Haute-Marne, Marne
Corsica (Corse)	Corse-du-Sud, Haute-Corse
Franche-Comté	Doubs, Haute-Saône, Jura, Territoire de Belfort
Haute-Normandie	Eure, Seine-Maritime
Île-de-France	Essonne, Hauts-de-Seine, Paris, Seine-et-Marne, Seine-Saint-Denis, Val-de-Marne, Val-d'Oise, Yvelines
Languedoc-Roussillon	Aude, Gard, Hérault, Lozère, Pyrénées-Orientales
Limousin	Corrèze, Creuse, Haute-Vienne
Lorraine	Meurthe-et-Moselle, Meuse, Moselle, Vosges
Midi-Pyrénées	Ariège, Aveyron, Gers, Haute-Garonne, Hautes-Pyrénées, Lot, Tarn, Tarn-et-Garonne
Nord-Pas-de-Calais	Nord, Pas-de-Calais
Pays de la Loire	Loire-Atlantique, Maine-et-Loire, Mayenne, Sarthe, Vendée
Picardie	Aisne, Oise, Somme
Poitou-Charentes	Charente, Charente-Maritime, Deux-Sèvres, Vienne
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur	Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Alpes-Maritimes, Bouches-du-Rhône, Hautes-Alpes, Var, Vaucluse
Rhône-Alpes	Ain, Ardèche, Drôme, Haute-Savoie, Isère, Loire, Rhône, Savoie

Overseas regions/departments, collectivities, and territories

Among the 100 departments of France, four (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion) are in overseas regions (ROMs) that are also simultaneously overseas departments (DOMs) and are an integral part of France (and the European Union) and thus enjoy a status similar to metropolitan departments.

In addition to the 26 regions and 100 departments, the French Republic also has six overseas collectivities (French Polynesia, Mayotte, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, and Wallis and Futuna), one sui generis collectivity (New Caledonia), one overseas territory (French Southern and Antarctic Lands), and one island possession in the Pacific Ocean (Clipperton Island).

The lands making up the French Republic, shown at the same geographic scale.

Name	Constitutional status
Clipperton Island	State private property under the direct authority of the French government
French Guiana	Overseas region (régions d'outre-mer) and simultaneously overseas department (département d'outre-mer or DOM)
French Polynesia	Designated as an overseas land (pays d'outre-mer or POM), the status is the same as an overseas collectivity.
French Southern and Antarctic Lands	overseas territory (territoire d'outre-mer or TOM)
Guadeloupe	Overseas region and department (DOM)
Martinique	Overseas region and department (DOM)
Mayotte	Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM). In the 2009 Mahoran status referendum, Mahorans voted to become an overseas department in 2011.
New Caledonia	Sui generis collectivity
Réunion	Overseas region and department (DOM)
Saint Barthélemy	Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM)
Saint Martin	Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM)
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM). Still referred to as a collectivité territoriale.
Wallis and Futuna	Overseas collectivity (collectivité d'outre-mer or COM). Still referred to as a territoire.

Overseas collectivities and territories form part of the French Republic, but do not form part of the European Union or its fiscal area (with the exception of St. Bartelemy, which seceded from Guadeloupe in 2007). The Pacific Collectivities (COMs) of French Polynesia, Wallis and Fortuna, and New Caledonia continue to use the Pacific franc^[136]^[137]^[138] whose value is linked to that of the euro. In contrast, the four overseas regions used the French franc and now use the euro.^[139]

Economy

A member of the G8 group of leading industrialised countries, it is ranked as the fifth largest economy by nominal GDP.^[140] France joined 11 other EU members to launch the euro on 1 January 1999, with euro coins and banknotes completely replacing the French franc (₣) in early 2002.^[141]

France has a mixed economy which combines extensive private enterprise (nearly 2.5 million companies registered)^[143]^[144] with substantial (though declining^[145]) state enterprise and government intervention (see dirigisme). The government retains considerable influence over key segments of infrastructure sectors, with majority ownership of railway, electricity, aircraft, nuclear power and telecommunications.^[145] It has been gradually relaxing its control over these sectors since the early 1990s.^[145] The government is slowly corporatizing the state sector and selling off holdings in France Télécom, Air France, as well as the insurance, banking, and defence industries.^[145] France has an important aerospace industry led by the European consortium Airbus, and has its own national spaceport, the Centre Spatial Guyanais.

According to the WTO, in 2009 France was the world's sixth-largest exporter and the fourth-largest importer of manufactured goods.^[146] In 2008, France was the third-largest recipient of foreign direct investment among OECD countries at $117.9 billion, ranking behind Luxembourg (where foreign direct investment was essentially monetary transfers to banks located in that country) and the United States ($316.1 billion), but above the United Kingdom ($96.9 billion), Germany ($24.9 billion), or Japan ($24.4 billion).^[147]^[148] In the same year, French companies invested $220 billion outside of France, ranking France as the second most important outward direct investor in the OECD, behind the United States ($311.8 billion), and ahead of the United Kingdom ($111.4 billion), Japan ($128 billion) and Germany ($156.5 billion).^[147]^[148] With in 2010 39 of the 500 biggest companies of the world, Frances ranks 4th in the Fortune Global 500, behind the USA, Japan and China, but ahead of Germany and the UK.^[149]

France is the smallest emitter of carbon dioxide among the seven most industrialized countries in the world, due to its heavy investment in nuclear power.^[150] As a result of large investments in nuclear technology, most of the electricity produced in the country is generated by 59 nuclear power plants (78% in 2006,^[151] up from only 8% in 1973, 24% in 1980, and 75% in 1990). In this context, renewable energies (see the power cooperative Enercoop) are having difficulties taking off the ground.

Agriculture and agrobusiness

France has historically been an important producer of agricultural products.^[152] Large tracts of fertile land, the application of modern technology, and EU subsidies have combined to make France the leading agricultural producer and exporter in Europe^[153] (representing alone 20% of the EU's agricultural production^[154]) and the world's third biggest exportator of agricultural products.^[155]

Wheat, poultry, dairy, beef, and pork, as well as an internationally recognized foodstuff and wine industry are primary French agricultural exports. EU agriculture subsidies to France have decreased for the last years, but still amounted to $8 billion in 2007.^[156] This same year, France sold for 33.4 billions euros of transformed agricultural products.^[157]

Agriculture is thus an important sector of France's economy : 3,5% of the active population is employed in agriculture,^[154] whereas the total agri-food industry made up 4.2% of French GDP in 2005.^[154]

Labour market

The French GDP per capita is similar the GDP per capita of other comparable European countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom.^[159] GDP per capita is determined by (i) productivity per hour worked, which in France is the highest of the G8 countries in 2005, according to the OECD,^[160] (ii) the number of hours worked, which is one the lowest of developed countries,^[161] and (iii) the employment rate. France has one of the lowest 15–64 years employment rates of the OECD countries: in 2004, only 69% of the French population aged 15–64 years were in employment, compared to 80% in Japan, 79% in the UK, 77% in the US, and 71% in Germany.^[162]

This gap is due to the very low employment rates at both age extremes: the employment rate of people aged 55–64 was 38.3% in 2007, compared to 46.6% in the EU15;^[163] for the 15–24 years old, the employment rate was 31.5% in 2007, compared to 37.2% in EU25.^[164] These low employment rates are explained by the high minimum wages which prevent low productivity workers – such as young people – from easily entering the labour market,^[165] ineffective university curricula that fail to prepare students adequately for the labour market,^[166] and, concerning the older workers, restrictive legislation on work and incentives for premature retirement.^[167]^[168]

The unemployment rate decreased from 9% in 2006 to 7% in 2008 but remains one of the highest in Europe.^[169]^[170] In June 2009, the unemployment rate for France was 9.4%.^[171] Shorter working hours and the reluctance to reform the labour market are mentioned as weak spots of the French economy in the view of the right, when the left mentions the lack of government policies fostering social justice. Liberal economists have stressed repeatedly over the years that the main issue of the French economy is an issue of structural reforms, in order to increase the size of the working population in the overall population, reduce the taxes' level and the administrative burden.

Keynesian economists have different answers to the unemployment issue, and their theories led to the 35-hour workweek law in the early 2000s, which turned out to be a failure in reducing unemployment. Afterwards, between 2004 and 2008, the Government made some supply-oriented reforms to combat unemployment but met with fierce resistance,^[172] especially with the contrat nouvelle embauche and the contrat première embauche which both were eventually repealed.^[173] The current Government is experiencing the Revenu de solidarité active.^[174]

Tourism

The Palace of Versailles is one of the most popular tourist destinations in France.

With 81.9 million foreign tourists in 2007,^[21] France is ranked as the first tourist destination in the world, ahead of Spain (58.5 million in 2006) and the United States (51.1 million in 2006). This 81.9 million figure excludes people staying less than 24 hours in France, such as Northern Europeans crossing France on their way to Spain or Italy during the summer.

France features cities of high cultural interest (Paris being the foremost), beaches and seaside resorts, ski resorts, and rural regions that many enjoy for their beauty and tranquillity (green tourism). France also attracts many religious pilgrims to Lourdes, a town in the Hautes-Pyrénées département, that hosts a few million visitors a year.

Disneyland Paris is France's and indeed Europe's most popular tourist site, with 15,405,000 combined visitors to the resort's Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park in 2009.^[175]

Other popular tourist sites include: (according to a 2003 ranking^[176] visitors per year): Eiffel Tower (6.2 million), Louvre Museum (5.7 million), Palace of Versailles (2.8 million), Musée d'Orsay (2.1 million), Arc de Triomphe (1.2 million), Centre Pompidou (1.2 million), Mont-Saint-Michel (1 million), Château de Chambord (711,000), Sainte-Chapelle (683,000), Château du Haut-Kœnigsbourg (549,000), Puy de Dôme (500,000), Musée Picasso (441,000), Carcassonne (362,000).

Demography

With an estimated population of 65.4 million people (as of 1 Jan. 2010),^[7] France is the 20th most populous country in the world. In 2003, France's natural population growth (excluding immigration) was responsible for almost all natural population growth in the European Union. In 2004, population growth was 0.68% and then in 2005 birth and fertility rates continued to increase. The natural increase of births over deaths rose to 299,800 in 2006. The total fertility rate rose to 2.02 in 2008,^[7] from 1.88 in 2002.^[177]

In 2004, a total of 140,033 people immigrated to France. Of them, 90,250 were from Africa and 13,710 from Europe.^[178] In 2008, France granted citizenship to 137,000 persons, mostly to people from Morocco, Algeria and Turkey.^[179]

It is illegal for the French state to collect data on ethnicity and race, a law with its origins in the 1789 revolution and reaffirmed in the constitution of 1958.^[180] Nonetheless, France is an ethnically diverse nation with about six million North Africans and an estimated 2.5 million blacks.^[181]^[182] It is currently estimated that 40% of the French population descends at least partially from the different waves of immigration the country has received.^[183] Between 1921 and 1935 about 1.1 million net immigrants came to France.^[184] An estimated 1.6 million European pieds noirs returned to France as the country's North African possessions gained independence.^[185]^[186]

According to the French National Institute for Statistics and Economic Studies, it has an estimated 4.9 million foreign-born immigrants, of which 2 million have acquired French citizenship.^[187] France is the leading asylum destination in Western Europe with an estimated 50,000 applications in 2005 (a 15% decrease from 2004).^[188] The European Union allows free movement between the member states. While UK and Ireland did not impose restrictions, France put in place controls to curb Eastern European migration.

A perennial political issue concerns rural depopulation. Over the period 1960–1999 fifteen rural départements experienced a decline in population. In the most extreme case, the population of Creuse fell by 24%.

According to Article 2 of the Constitution, amended in 1992, French is the sole official language of France.^[189] Therefore, France is the only Western European nation (excluding microstates) to have only one officially recognised language. However, 77 regional languages are also spoken, in metropolitan France as well as in the overseas departments and territories. Until recently, the French government and state school system discouraged the use of any of these languages, but they are now taught to varying degrees at some schools.^[190] Other languages, such as Portuguese, Italian, Maghrebi Arabic and several Berber languages are spoken by immigrants.

Religion

Religion in France in 2006^[191]
Religion			percent
Roman Catholicism			65%
Athiesm or Agnosticism			24%
Islam			6%
Protestantism			2%
Judaism			1%
Others			2%

Christianity is the largest religion in France, which is a secular country, and freedom of religion is a constitutional right. The French government does not keep statistics on religious adherence, nor on ethnicity or on political affiliation. However, some unofficial survey estimates exist:

A poll published early 2010, presented following figures. Whilst, in 1965, 81% of the French declared themselves as Catholics, they were no more than 64% in 2009, the reduction in active Catholics was even more profound whilst 27% of the French went to Mass once a week or more in 1952, there are no more than 4.5% in 2006.^[192] Besides 64 % Catholics, there were 3 % Protestants, 5 % other religions and 28 % without religion.^[192]

According to a January 2007 poll by the Catholic World News:^[193] and only 5 % of the French population attended church regularly (or 10% attend church services regularly among the respondents who did identify themselves as Catholics), the poll showed ^[194] 51% identified as being Catholics, 31% identified as being agnostics or atheists (another poll^[195] sets the proportion of atheists equal to 27%), 10% identified as being from other religions or being without opinion, 4% identified as Muslim, 3% identified as Protestant, 1% identified as Buddhist, 1% identified as Jewish. According to independent estimates by the politologist Pierre Bréchon, as of 2009 the number of Catholics has fallen to 42% while the number of atheists and agnostics has risen to 50%.^[196]

According to the most recent but in 2010 somewhat outdated Eurobarometer Poll 2005,^[197] 34% of French citizens responded that “they believe there is a god”, whereas 27% answered that “they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force” and 33% that “they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force”. One other study shows 32% of people in France declaring themselves to be atheists, and another 32% declaring themselves “sceptical about the existence of God but not an atheist”.^[198]

Estimates of the number of Muslims in France vary widely. According to the more than one decade old 1999 French census returns, there were 3.7 million people of “possible Muslim faith” in France (6.3% of the total population). In 2003, the French Ministry of the Interior estimated the total number of Muslims to be between five and six million (8–10%).^[199]^[200] The current Jewish community in France numbers around 600,000 according to the World Jewish Congress and is the largest in Europe.

Since 1905 the French government has followed the principle of laïcité, in which it is prohibited from recognizing any religion (except for legacy statutes like that of military chaplains and the local law in Alsace-Moselle). Instead, it merely recognizes religious organizations, according to formal legal criteria that do not address religious doctrine. Conversely, religious organizations should refrain from intervening in policy-making.

Certain body of beliefs such as Scientology, Children of God, the Unification Church, or the Order of the Solar Temple are considered cults ("sectes" in French),^[201] and therefore do not have the same status as religions in France. Secte is considered a pejorative term in France.^[202]

Public health

The French healthcare system was ranked first worldwide by the World Health Organization in 1997^[203] and then again in 2000.^[204] Care is generally free for people affected by chronic diseases (Affections de longues durées) such as cancer, AIDS or Cystic Fibrosis. Average life expectancy at birth is 77 years for men and 84 years for women, one of the highest of the European Union.^[205] There is 3,22 physicians for 1000 inhabitants in France,^[206] whereas average health care spending per capita is US$4,719 in 2008.^[207] As of 2007, there are approximately 140,000 inhabitants (0.4%) of France who are living with HIV/AIDS.^[145]

Even if the French have the reputation of being one of the thinnest people in developed countries,^[208]^[209]^[210]^[211]^[212]^[213] France - like other rich countries - faces an increasing and recent epidemy of obesity, due mostly of the replacement of traditional healthy French cuisine by the junk food in eating habits of French people.^[208]^[209]^[214] Nevertheless, French obesity rate is far below the one of the USA (for instance, obesity rate in France is the same that the American once was in the 1970s^[209]), and is still the lowest of Europe,^[211]^[214] but it is now regarded by the authorities as one of the main issues on public health,^[215] and is fiercely fought : rates of childhood obesity are slowing in France, while continuing to grow in other countries.^[216]

France, as all EU countries, is under an EU directive to reduce sewage discharge to sensitive areas. As of 2006, France is only 40% in compliance with this directive, placing it as one of the lowest achieving countries within the EU with regard to this wastewater treatment standard.^[217]

The death of Chantal Sébire revived the debate over euthanasia in France. It was reported on 21 March 2008.^[218]

Education

In 1802, Napoléon Bonaparte created the lycée.^[219] Nevertheless it is Jules Ferry who is considered to be the father of the French modern school, which is free, secular, and compulsory until the age of 13 since 1882^[220] (school attendace in France is now compulsory until the age of 16^[221]).

Nowadays, the schooling system in France is centralized, and is composed of three stages, primary education, secondary education, and higher education. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks France's education as the 25th best in the world, being neither significantly higher nor lower than the OECD average.^[222] Primary and secondary education are predominantly public, run by the Ministry of National Education.

Culture

Arts

Architecture

Technically speaking, there is no standard type of "French" architecture, although that has not always been true. Gothic Architecture's old name was French Architecture (or Opus Francigenum).^[223] The term “Gothic” appeared later as a stylistic insult and was widely adopted. The Gothic Architecture was the first French style of Architecture to be copied in all Europe.^[224] Northern France is the home of some of the most important Gothic cathedrals and basilicas, the first of these being the Saint Denis Basilica (used as the royal necropolis); other important French Gothic cathedrals are Notre-Dame de Chartres and Notre-Dame d'Amiens. The kings were crowned in another important Gothic church: Notre-Dame de Reims.^[225] Aside from churches, Gothic Architecture had been used for many religious palaces, the most important one being the Palais des Papes in Avignon.

During the Middle Ages, fortified castles were built by feudal nobles to mark their powers against their rivals. When King Philip II took Rouen from King John, for example, he demolished the ducal castle to build a bigger one. Fortified cities were also common, unfortunately most French castles did not survive the passage of time. This is why Richard the Lionheart's Château Gaillard was demolished, as well as the Château de Lusignan. Some important French castles that survived are Chinon, Château d'Angers, the massive Château de Vincennes and the so called Cathar castles.

Before the appearance of this architecture France had been using Romanesque architecture like most of Western Europe (with the exception of the Iberian Peninsula, which used Mooresque architecture, which now consists of Spain and Portugal). Some of the greatest examples of Romanesque churches in France are the Saint Sernin Basilica in Toulouse (largest romanesque church in Europe^[226]) and the remains of the Cluniac Abbey (largely destroyed during the Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars).

The end of the Hundred Years' War marked an important stage in the evolution of French architecture. It was the time of the French Renaissance and several artists from Italy and Spain were invited to the French court; many residential palaces, inspired by the Italians, were built, but mainly in the Loire Valley. Such residential castles were the Château de Chambord, the Château de Chenonceau, or the Château d'Amboise. Following the renaissance and the end of the Middle Ages, Baroque Architecture replaced the traditional gothic style. However, in France, baroque architecture found a greater success in the secular domain than in a religious one.^[227] In the secular domain the Palace of Versailles has many baroque features. Jules Hardouin Mansart was said to be the most influential French architect of the baroque era, with his famous dome, Les Invalides. Some of the most impressive provincial baroque architecture is found in places that were not yet French such as the Place Stanislas in Nancy. On the military architectural side, Vauban designed some of the most efficient fortresses in Europe and became an influential military architect; as a result, imitations of his works can been found all over Europe, the Americas, Russia and Turkey.^[228]^[229]

The Eiffel Tower is an icon of both Paris and France

After the Revolution the Republicans favoured Neoclassicism although neoclassicism was introduced in France prior to the revolution with such building as the Parisian Pantheon or the Capitole de Toulouse. Built during the French Empire the Arc de Triomphe and Sainte Marie-Madeleine represent this trend the best.^[230]

Under Napoleon III a new wave of urbanism and architecture was given birth. If extravagant buildings such as the neo-baroque Palais Garnier were built, the urban planning of the time was very organised and rigorous.^{[citation needed]} For example, Baron Haussmann rebuilt Paris. The architecture associated to this era is named Second Empire in English, the term being taken from the Second French Empire. At this time there was a strong Gothic resurgence across Europe and in France the associated architect was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. In the late 19th century Gustave Eiffel designed many bridges, such as Garabit viaduct, and remains one of the most influential bridge designer of his time, although he is best remembered for the iconic Eiffel Tower.

In the 20th century, Swiss Architect Le Corbusier designed several buildings in France. More recently French architects have combined both modern and old architectural styles. The Louvre Pyramid is an example of modern architecture added to an older building. Certainly the most difficult buildings to integrate within French cities are skyscrapers, as they are visible from afar. For instance, in Paris, since 1977, new buildings must have been under 37 meters, or 121 feet.^[231] France's largest financial district is La Defense, where a significant number of skyscrapers are located.^[232] Other massive buildings that are a challenge to integrate into their environment are large bridges; a good example of the way this has been done is the Millau Viaduct. Some famous modern French architects include Jean Nouvel or Paul Andreu.

Literature

The earliest French literature dates from the Middle Ages, when what is now known as modern France did not have a single, uniform language. There were several languages and dialects and each writer used his own spelling and grammar.^{[citation needed]} The authors of French mediaeval texts are unknown, such as Tristan and Iseult and Lancelot and the Holy Grail. Much mediaeval French poetry and literature were inspired by the legends of the Matter of France, such as The Song of Roland and the various Chansons de geste. The “Roman de Renart”, written in 1175 by Perrout de Saint Cloude tells the story of the mediaeval character Reynard ('the Fox') and is another example of early French writing. The names of some authors from this period are known, for example Chrétien de Troyes and Duke William IX of Aquitaine, who wrote in Occitan.

An important 16th century writer was François Rabelais who influenced modern French vocabulary and metaphor.^{[citation needed]} During the 17th century, plays by Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine and Molière, as well as the moral and philosophical books by Blaise Pascal and René Descartes, deeply influenced the French aristocracy leaving an important new niche for authors of the following decades, such as Jean de La Fontaine, who was an important poet from this century.

French literature and poetry flourished in the 18th and 19th centuries. The 18th century saw the works of writers, essayists and moralists such as Voltaire, Denis Diderot and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Charles Perrault was a prolific writer of famous children's fairy tales including “Puss in Boots”, “Cinderella”, “Sleeping Beauty” and “Bluebeard”.

At the turn of the 19th century symbolist poetry was an important movement in French literature, with poets such as Charles Baudelaire, Paul Verlaine and Stéphane Mallarmé.^{[clarification needed]}^[234] The 19th century saw the writings of French authors: Victor Hugo (Les Misérables), Alexandre Dumas (The Three Musketeers and The Count of Monte-Cristo), and Jules Verne (Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea), which are amongst the most well-known in France and the world. Other 19th century fiction writers include Émile Zola, Honoré de Balzac, Guy de Maupassant, Théophile Gautier and Stendhal.

The Prix Goncourt is a French literary prize first awarded in 1903.^[235] Important writers of the 20th century include Marcel Proust, Louis-Ferdinand Céline, Albert Camus, and Jean-Paul Sartre. Antoine de Saint Exupéry wrote Little Prince which has remained popular for decades with children and adults around the world.^[236]

Music

Although the musical creation in France dates back to the Middle Ages, it knew its golden age in the seventeenth century thanks to Louis XIV, who employed several musicians and composers in the royal court. The most renowned composers of this period include Marc-Antoine Charpentier, François Couperin, Michel-Richard Delalande, Jean-Baptiste Lully and Marin Marais, all of them composers at the court. After the death of the "Roi Soleil", French musical creation lost dynamism, but in the next century the music of Jean-Philippe Rameau reached some prestige, and today he is still one of the most renowned French composers. French classical music knew a revival in the nineteenth and twentieth century, at the end of the romantic movement, at first with opera composers Hector Berlioz, Georges Bizet, Gabriel Fauré, Charles Gounod, Jacques Offenbach, Édouard Lalo, Jules Massenet and Camille Saint-Saëns. This period was a golden age for operas, being popular in the country the opéra bouffon, the opera-ballet and the opéra comique genres. Later came precursors of modern classical music Érik Satie, Francis Poulenc, and above all Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel. More recently, at the middle of the twentieth century, Maurice Ohana, Pierre Schaeffer and Pierre Boulez contributed to the transformations of contemporary classical music.

Daft Punk, pioneers of the French house.

French music then followed the rapid emergence of pop and rock music at the middle of the twentieth century. Although English-speaking creations has reached some popularity in the country, French pop music, known as chanson française, has remained very popular. Among the most important French artists of the century are Edith Piaf, Georges Brassens, Léo Ferré, Charles Aznavour and Serge Gainsbourg. Although there are very few rock bands in France compared to English-speaking countries,^[237] bands such as Noir Désir, Mano Negra, Niagara, Rita Mitsouko and more recently Superbus, Phoenix and Gojira^[238] have reached worldwide popularity. Others French artists with international careers have been popular in several countries, for example female singers Mireille Mathieu and Mylène Farmer,^[238] electronic music pioneers Jean-Michel Jarre, Laurent Garnier and Bob Sinclar, and later David Guetta. In the 1990s and 2000s, electronic duos Daft Punk, Justice and Air also reached worldwide popularity and contributed to the reputation of modern electronic music in the world.^[238]^[239]^[240]

Among current musical events and institutions in France, many are dedicated to classical music and operas. The most prestigious institutions are the state-owned Paris National Opera (with its two sites Palais Garnier and Opéra Bastille), the Opéra National de Lyon, the Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris, the Théâtre du Capitole in Toulouse and the Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux. As for music festivals, there are several events organized, the most popular being the Eurockéennes and Rock en Seine. The Fête de la Musique, imitated by many foreign cities, was first launched by the French government in 1982.^[241]^[242] Major music halls and venues in France include Le Zénith sites present in many cities and other places in Paris (Paris Olympia, Théâtre Mogador, Élysée Montmartre, etc.).

Cinema

France has historical and strong links with Cinema. It is two Frenchmen, Auguste and Louis Lumière (known as the Lumiere Brothers) who created the Cinema in 1895.^[243] More recently, in 2006, France produced more films than any other European country.^[244] Cannes Festival is the most important and famous film festival in the world.^[245]^[246]

Althoug French film market is dominated by Hollywood, it is however the Western country (out of the U.S.A) where the share of the American films in the total film revenues is the smallest, at 50,1%, to compare with 77,3% of Germany and 69,4% of Japan.^[247] Thus, French films account for 34,8% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national films revenues in developed countries (the U.S are not included), to compare with 13,7% in Spain and 8,3% in the UK.^[247]

France was for centuries, and not so long ago, the cultural center of the world.^[248] But France's dominant position has been overthrown by american culture, and thus France tries to protect its culture. France has been a strong advocate of the cultural exception.^[249] France therefore succeeded in convincing all the EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalized sectors of the WTO in 1993.^[250]

Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a voting in the UNESCO in 2005, and the principe of "cultural exception" won an overwhelming victory : 198 countries voted for it, only 2 countries, the U.S and Israel, voted against it.^[251]

Sports

France is ranked sixth greatest sports nation, behind the United States, China, Russia, Germany, and Italy.^[252]

Popular sports played in France include football, judo and tennis.^[253] France has hosted events such as the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups,^[254] and hosted the 2007 Rugby Union World Cup.^[255] Stade de France in Paris is the largest stadium in France and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup final, and hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup final in October 2007. France also hosts the annual Tour de France, the most famous road bicycle race in the world.^[256]^[257] France is also famous for its 24 Hours of Le Mans sports car endurance race held in the Sarthe department.^[258] Several major tennis tournaments take place in France, including the Paris Masters and the French Open, one of the four Grand Slam tournaments.

France has a close association with the Modern Olympic Games; it was a French aristocrat, Baron Pierre de Coubertin, who suggested the Games' revival, at the end of the 19th century.^[259]^[260] After Athens was awarded the first Games, in reference to the Greek origins of the ancient Olympics, Paris hosted the second Games in 1900.^[261] Paris was also the first home of the International Olympic Committee, before it moved to Lausanne.^[262] Since that 1900 Games, France has hosted the Olympics on four further occasions: the 1924 Summer Olympics, again in Paris^[260] and three Winter Games (1924 in Chamonix, 1968 in Grenoble and 1992 in Albertville).^[260]

Both the national football team and the national rugby union team are nicknamed “Les Bleus” in reference to the team’s shirt color as well as the national French tricolor flag. The football team is among the most successful in the world, particularly at the turn of the 21st century, with one FIFA World Cup victory in 1998,^[263] one FIFA World Cup second place in 2006,^[264] and two European Championships in 1984^[265] and 2000.^[266] The top national football club competition is the Ligue 1. Rugby is also very popular, particularly in Paris and the southwest of France.^[267] The national rugby team has competed at every Rugby World Cup, and takes part in the annual Six Nations Championship. Following from a strong domestic tournament the French rugby team has won sixteen Six Nations Championships, including eight grand slams; and have reached the semi-finals and final of the Rugby World Cup.

Society and reputation

According to a BBC poll based on 29,977 responses in 28 countries, France is globally seen as a positive influence in the world's affairs : 49 % have a positive view of the country's influence, whereas 19 % have a negative view.^[268]^[269] The Nation Brand Index of 2008 suggested that France has the second best international reputation, only behind Germany.^[270]

In January 2010, the International Living ranked France as "best country to live in", ahead of 193 other countries surveyed, for the fifth year running, according to a survey taking in account 9 criteria of quality of life: Cost of Living, Culture and Leisure, Economy, Environment, Freedom, Health, Infrastructure, Safety and Risk and Climate.^[271]^[272]

France has historical strong ties with Human Rights.^[273] Since the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen of 1789, France is often nicknamed as "the country of Human Rights".^[274] Furthermore, in 1948, a Frenchman, René Cassin, was one of the main redactors of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which was adopted by the UN members in Paris.^[273]

France is tolerant of the LGBT community. Since 1999, civil unions for homosexual couples are permitted, although same-sex marriage is illegal in France. Laws sentencing racism, sexism or antisemitism are old and important, for instance, laws prohibiting discriminatory speech in the press are as old as 1881.^[275] France is one of the most tolerant countries of the world, religiously speaking, according to a survey conducted in 15 different countries.^[276] French Muslims are also more tolerant than British Muslims are.^[277]

There are also stereotypes about the French people: on one hand, French are seen as "elegant", "sophisticated", "cheerful", "respectful of human rights", however, they may be seen as "arrogant", "rude", "messy" and "noisy".^[278]

Cuisine

French cuisine is renowned for being one of the finest in the world.^[279]^[280]^[281]^[282]^[283]^[284]^[285] French cuisine is extremely diverse and has exerted a major influence on other western cuisines.^[286] According to the regions, traditional recipes are differents, the North of the country prefers to use butter as the preferred fat for cooking, whereas olive oil is more commonly used in the South.^[287] Moreover, each region of France has an iconic traditional speciality : Cassoulet in the Southwest, Choucroute in Alsace, Quiche in the Lorraine region, Beef bourguignon in the Bourgogne, provençal Tapenade, etc. France's most renowned products are wines,^[288] including Champagne, Bordeaux, Bourgogne, and Beaujolais as well as a large variety of different cheeses, such as Camembert, Roquefort and Brie. There are more than 400 different varieties.^[289]^[290]

French cuisine is also considerated to be a key element of the quality of life and the attractiveness of France.^[272] Michelin guide awarned 620 stars to French restaurants, more than any other country in the world (Italy came second with 255 stars).^[291]

Marianne

Marianne is a symbol of the French Republic.^[292] She is an allegorical figure of liberty and the Republic and first appeared at the time of the French Revolution. The earliest representations of Marianne are of a woman wearing a Phrygian cap. In 1792, the National Convention chose Marianne to incarnate the French Republic.^[293] The origins of the name Marianne are unknown, but Marie-Anne was a very common first name in the 18th century.^[294] Anti-revolutionaries of the time derisively called her "La Gueuse" ("The Commoner"). It is believed that revolutionaries from the South of France adopted the Phrygian cap as it symbolised liberty, having been worn by freed slaves in both Greece and Rome.^[294] Mediterranean seamen and convicts manning the galleys also wore a similar type of cap.

Under the Third Republic, statues, and especially busts, of Marianne began to proliferate, particularly in town halls. She was represented in several different manners, depending on whether the aim was to emphasise her revolutionary nature or her “wisdom”.^[294] Over time, the Phrygian cap was felt to be too seditious, and was replaced by a diadem or a crown.^[294] In recent times, famous French women have been used as the model for those busts : recent ones include Sophie Marceau, and Laetitia Casta.^[295] She also features on everyday articles such as postage stamps^[296] and coins.^[297]

International rankings

Organization	Survey	Ranking
World Bank	Total GDP, 2009	5 out of 144^[140]
Institute for Economics and Peace	Global Peace Index	30 out of 144 ^[298]
Reporters Without Borders	Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2005	30 out of 167^[299]
Transparency International	Corruption Perceptions Index 2008	18 out of 163^[300]
United Nations Development Programme	Human Development Index ( 2009)	8 out of 182^[301]

Notes and references

^
The country's long name in its regional languages include:
- Template:Lang-gsw;
- Template:Lang-eu;
- Template:Lang-br;
- Template:Lang-ca;
- Template:Lang-co;
- Template:Lang-nl;
- Template:Lang-vls;
- Template:Lang-frp;
- Template:Lang-de;
- Norman: Républyique fraunceise;
- Template:Lang-oc;
- Picard: République franchoèse
^ Template:Fr Ministère de la culture et de la communication – Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France. "DGLF – Langues régionales et " trans-régionales " de France". Culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
^ ^a ^b Whole territory of the French Republic, including all the overseas departments and territories, but excluding the French territory of Terre Adélie in Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended since the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959.
^ Template:Fr French National Geographic Institute data.
^ French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.
^ Template:Fr INSEE, Government of France. "Population totale par sexe et âge au 1er janvier 2010, France métropolitaine". Retrieved 19 January 2010. {{cite web}}: Check |first= value (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Template:Fr INSEE, Government of France. "Bilan démographique 2009". Retrieved 19 January 2010. {{cite web}}: Check |first= value (help)
^ ^a ^b ^c Metropolitan France only.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "France". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 21 April 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The World Factbook : France
^ Human Development Report 2009. The United Nations. Retrieved 5 October 2009.
^ Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.
^ French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.
^ In addition to .fr, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas départements and territories: .re, .mq, .gp, .tf, .nc, .pf, .wf, .pm, .gf and .yt. France also uses .eu, shared with other members of the European Union. The .cat domain is used in Catalan-speaking territories.
^ For more information, see Category:Overseas departments, collectivities and territories of France.
^ ^a ^b France on Europa Official Site
^ "UNDP.org" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^ Field listing – GDP (official exchange rate), CIA World Factbook
^ "CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity)". Cia.gov. Retrieved 26 April 2009.
^ "Microsoft Word - WPP2006_Highlights_0823.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^ ^a ^b Template:Fr "Tourisme international en France en 2007" (PDF). Direction du Tourisme (French government's tourism agency). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.
^ "Federation of American Scientists : Status of World Nuclear Forces". Fas.org. 26 May 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Elizabeth M. Hallam & Judith Everard – Capetian France 937–1328, chapter 1 "The origins of Western Francia" page 7: "What did the name Francia mean in the tenth and eleventh centuries? It still retained a wide general use; both Byzantine and western writers at the time of the crusades described the western forces as Franks. But it was also taking on more specific meanings. From 911 onwards the west Frankish king was known as the Rex Francorum -king of the Franks- and the name Francia could be used to describe his kingdom, as it was also used by the east Frankish, or German, kingdom... The Robertines, forerunners of the Capetians, were duces francorum, dukes of the Franks, and their 'duchy' covered in theory most of northern France. Then as royal power contracted further, leaving the early Capetians only a small bloc of lands around Paris and Orleans, the term Francia was used for this region."
^ History of France on DiscoverFrance
^ Tarassuk, Leonid; Blair, Claude (1982). The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations. Simon & Schuster. p. 186. ISBN 067142257X.
^ Reisman, Arnold; Saha, P.K. (21 March 2005). "French as Lingua Franca: An Asset or Liability in the Development of Nations?– page 2" (PDF). Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Retrieved 7 March 2010– click on "One-Click Download" {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)
^ Plutarch claimed that one million people (probably 1 in 4 of the Gauls) died, another million were enslaved, 300 tribes were subjugated and 800 cities were destroyed during the Gallic Wars.
^ Faith of the Eldest Daughter - Can France retain her Catholic heritage? - Women for Faith and Family
^ Treaty of Verdun - Howstuffworks
^ History of France : The Capetian kings of France: AD 987-1328 - History World
^ "Massacre of the Pure". Time. New York. 28 April 1961.
^ ^a ^b ^c Albert Guerard, France: A Modern History (University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 1959) pp. 100, 101.
^ France VII. — History Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Archived 31 October 2009.
^ Don O'Reilly. "Hundred Years' War: Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orléans". TheHistoryNet.com.
^ Massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
^ Language and Diplomacy - Naked Translations
^ Furlaud, Alice (9 July 1989). "Vive la Contre-Révolution!". The New York Times.
^ Blanning, Tim (April 1998). "Napoleon and German identity". History Today. Vol. 48. London.
^ "France's oldest WWI veteran dies". BBC News Online. London. 20 January 2008.
^ Kimmelman, Michael (4 March 2009). "In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War". The New York Times.
^ From Fourth to Fifth Republic - University of Sunderland
^ Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council - Elysee.fr May 13, 2004
^ Eu constitution timeline - The Daily Telegraph
^ French parliament adopts Lisbon treaty - France 24
^ Sovereignty claims in Antarctica are governed by the Antarctic Treaty System
^ "Mont Blanc shrinks by 45cm in two years". Smh.com.au. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ France Eyes Massive Expansion of its Oceans - Spiegel
^ Template:Fr Méditerranée : la France prend le contrôle en créant une zone économique exclusive
^ According to a different calculation cited by the Pew Research Center, the EEZ of France would be 10,084,201 km² (3,893,532 sq mi), still behind the United States (12,174,629 km² (4,700,651 sq mi)^*), and still ahead of Australia (8,980,568 km² (3,467,417 sq mi)^*) and Russia (7,566,673 km² (2,921,509 sq mi)^*).
^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2005). "Discovering France: Geography". Retrieved 29 December 2006.
^ Protection of the Environment on the Official Site of the French Ambassy in Canada
^ Nuclear Power in France - World Nuclear Association
^ Energy profile of France - The encyclopedia of Earth
^ Template:Fr CO2 : la France mois pollueuse grâce au nucléaire
^ Template:Fr L'énergie nucléaire en France - Ambassade française en Chine
^ EU promises 20% reduction in carbon emissions by 2020 - The Guardian
^ ^a ^b Template:Fr Les quatres enjeux de Copenhague - La Croix
^ China unveils emissions targetsahead of Copenhagen - BBC
^ China's Carbon Intensity Target - World ressources Institute
^ Per-Capita Emissions Rising in China - The New York Times
^ France Sets Carbon Tax at 17 Euros a Ton - The NY Times
^ France set to impose carbon tax - BBC NEWS
^ France Abandons Plan for Carbon Tax - The NY Times
^ "Environmental Performance Index : France". Epi.yale.edu. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Template:Fr La France au 7ème rang mondial pour l'environnement - Le Monde
^ "Forest area by country". Nationmaster.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Evolution of the French forest from 1984 to 1996 - French National Forest Inventory
^ Template:Fr Economie de la France - Mission permanente de la France auprès de l'office des Nations Unies à Genève
^ Template:Fr Une situation privilégiée en France et en Europe - Papier, bois et forêt
^ Parks, Reserves, and Other Protected Areas in France - The portal about parks in Italy
^ Template:Fr Fédération des parcs naturels régionaux de France
^ Template:Fr La France veut créer une Zone Économique Exclusive en Méditérannée - Actu-Environnement
^ France: Fifth Republic - Flags of the Wolrd
^ Template:Fr Le quinquennat : le référendum du 24 Septembre 2000
^ The National Assembly and the Senate - General Characteristics of the Parliament on the Official Site of the French National Assembly
^ Election of deputies on the Official Site of the National Assembly
^ The senatorial elections - on the Official Site of the Senate
^ Template:Fr Le role du Sénat
^ Template:Fr Grunberg, Gérard (2007). La France vers le bipartisme ? : La présidentialisation du PS et de l'UMP. ISBN 2724610105. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ Membership of the Security Councils of the UN on the Official Site of the UN
^ Understanding the WTO - Members
^ History on the Official Site of the SPC
^ Template:Fr Pays membres - Site officiel de la COI
^ About the Association of Caribbean States on the Official site of the ACS
^ Template:Fr États et gouvernements : le monde de la Francophonie - Site officiel de l'OIF
^ History of the Château de la Muette, OECD headquarters, Paris - Official Site of the OECD
^ Paris Headquarters on the Official Site of the UNESCO
^ Interpol. "Official Site of the Interpol". Interpol.int. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Template:Fr "Alliance Base" existe bien - L'Express
^ "Home page of the IBWM". Bipm.org. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Template:Fr Le faisceau de licteur - Présidence de la République
^ De Gaulle says 'non' to Britain - again BBC
^ Template:Fr L'alliance franco-allemande au coeur de la puissance européenne
^ Template:Fr Quand Mitterand, déjà, négociait le retour de la France dans l'OTAN - Le Figaro
^ France ends four-decade Nato rift - BBC
^ Template:Fr Roger, Patrick (11 March 2009). "Le retour de la France dans l'OTAN suscite un malaise dans les rangs de la droite". Le Monde. Paris.
^ Fifth French nuclear test sparks international outrage - CNN
^ China adds voice to Iraq war doubts CNN
^ EU allies unite against Iraq war BBC
^ "Foreign Policy Implications of the Iraq War". Usforeignpolicy.about.com. 11 March 2004. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ House cafeterias change names for 'french' fries and 'french' toast CNN
^ Template:Fr France-Diplomatie : Royaume-Uni - Ministère des Affaires Étrangères
^ Template:Fr L'empire colonial français
^ "France involvement in peace-keeping operations". Delegfrance-onu-geneve.org. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Embassies and consulates on the Official Site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France
^ Aids targets slipping out of reach ? - OECD
^ Development assistance and humanitarian action - France Diplomatie
^ ^a ^b France priorities - France Diplomatie
^ Template:Fr La fin du service militaire obligatoire - La documentation française
^ Template:Fr Personnel militaire - Ministère de la Défense
^ Template:Fr "Budget de la Défense - Les 10 principales mesures et chiffres clés pour 2010" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |auteur= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |consulté le= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b NATO-Russia compendium of financial and economic data relating to defence - NATO
^ The aerospace industry : XII. Foreign countries in aerospace - Yale University
^ "Aerospace industry of France". Bbfrenchtranslation.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ "En 2001, la France a vendu pour 1,288 milliard de dollars d'équipements militaires, ce qui la met au troisième rang mondial des exportateurs derrière les Etats-Unis et la Russie." " In 2001, France sold for $1,288 billion of military equipments, ranking 3rd in the world for arms exportations behind the USA and Russia" France stays one of the biggest arms supplier - L'express
^ "La France est au 4ème rang mondial des exportateurs d'armes, derrière les Etats-Unis, le Royaume-Uni et la Russie, et devant Israël, selon un rapport du ministère de la Défense publié l'an dernier." "France is 4th biggest arms exportator, behind the USA, the UK and Russia, and ahead of Israel, according to a report of the Ministry of Defense published a year ago" Arms sellings explode in 2009 - 20 minutes
^ Anatomy of a Hijack - Time
^ Comparison of recognised and alleged nuclear powers.
^ Template:Fr "La marine chinoise accède au rang de 3ème puissance mondiale".
^ Template:Fr Direction des ressources humaines de l'armée de Terre - Ministère de la Défense
^ French Military Aircraft - Military Aircraft
^ International System of Units (SI) - Physics Laboratory
^ English translation of "Octet" on Reverso
^ Template:Pdf Template:Fr "Chiffres clés du transport 2010" (PDF). - Site officiel du Ministère de l'Écologie, de l'Énergie, du Développement Durable et de la Mer
^ Coutry comparison : railways - The World Factbook
^ TGV High-Speed Rail Network, France - Railways-technology.com
^ TGV - The French High-speed Train Service - BBC
^ Country Comparison : roadways - The World Factbook
^ Template:Fr L'automobile magazine, hors-série 2003/2004 page 294
^ "Guide pratique de l' ADEME, la voiture". Ademe.fr. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
^ France builds world's tallest bridge - BBC
^ Strikes block French ports - BDP International
^ Template:Fr Marseille : un grand port maritime qui ne demande qu'à se montrer - La Provence
^ Marseille – A French Pearl in the Mediterranean Sea - Hotel Club Travel Blog
^ Departments of France - My French Property
^ Currency and Exchange Rate - The Tahiti Traveler
^ Walis and Futuna - Pacific Islands Network
^ New Caledonia travel Guide - South Pacific Organizer
^ The euro outside the euro area - The European Comission
^ ^a ^b "Gross domestic product 2009" (PDF). World Bank.
^ History of the Euro - BBC
^ EnerPub (8 June 2007). "France: Energy profile". Spero News. Retrieved 25 August 2007.
^ Template:Fr "Entreprises selon le nombre de salariés et l'activité". INSEE. July 2008.
^ Template:Fr "Entreprises publiques selon l'activité économique". INSEE. March 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "France". The World Factbook. CIA. 2009.
^ "International Trade Statistics 2008" (PDF). WTO. 2009. p. 12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |sub-title= ignored (help)
^ ^a ^b "Country fact sheet: France" (PDF). World Investment Report 2009. UNCTAD.
^ ^a ^b "Country fact sheet: Japan" (PDF). World Investment Report 2009. UNCTAD.
^ Global 500 by Country - Fortune
^ "CO₂ emissions per capita in 2006". Environmental Indicators. United Nations. August 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |subtitle= ignored (help)
^ DGEMP / Observatoire de l'énergie (2007). "Électricité en France: les principaux résultats en 2006". Retrieved 23 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
^ France - Agriculture - Encyclopedia of the Nations
^ "Key figures of the French economy". French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. France is the world's fifth largest exporter of goods (mainly durables). The country ranks fourth in services and third in agriculture (especially in cereals and the agri-food sector). It is the leading producer and exporter of farm products in Europe.
^ ^a ^b ^c A panorama of the agriculture and agri-food industries - Ministère de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche
^ Template:Fr Un ministère au service de votre alimentation - Ministère de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche
^ "Financial year 2007" (PDF). Distribution of direct aid to farmers. European Commission. 22 April 2009.
^ Template:Fr Les enjeux des industries agroalimentaires françaises - Panorama des Industries Agroalimentaires
^ La Défense: Europe largest buisiness district Sets a New Standart for Sustainable Devloment - EcoHeart
^ "Rank Order – GDP – per capita (PPP)". The World Factbook. 2008.
^ OECD in Figures 2005, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). "Labour productivity 2003". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 23 January 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ; in 2004, the GDP per hour worked in France was $48, ranking France above the United States ($46.3), Germany ($42.1), the United Kingdom ($39.6), or Japan ($32.5) (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). "Differentials in GDP per capita and their decomposition, 2004" (Microsoft Excel). Retrieved 20 April 2006.)
^ Template:Fr Objectif croissance 2008, OCDE, February 2008, page 67 ; graphic visible in the Summary page 8; effective annual working duration in France is 1580 hours, compared to 1750 for developed countries
^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). "OECD Employment Outlook 2005 – Statistical Annex" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2006.
^ INSEE (2008). "Taux d'emploi des travailleurs âgés de 55 à 64 ans" (in French). Retrieved 1 September 2008.
^ INSEE (2008). "Taux d'emploi des jeunes de 15 à 24 ans dans l'Union européenne" (in French). Retrieved 1 September 2008.
^ Template:Fr Philippe Aghion (2007). "Les leviers de la croissance française" (PDF). Conseil d'analyse économique. p. 55. Retrieved 1 September 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ "Enhancing Incentives to Improve Performances in the Education System in France" (PDF). OECD. 1 August 2007. Initial education, especially secondary education and the universities, along with labour market policies themselves, do not always succeed in improving labour market entry for a significant proportion of young people.
^ "Employment Outlook 2008 – How does FRANCE compare?" (PDF). OECD. Only 38% of people aged 55 to 64 are working, 15.5 percentage points less than the OECD average.
^ "France: Jobs and older workers". OECD Observer.
^ Template:Fr INSEE (2008). "Taux de Chômage en France Métropolitaine". Retrieved 1 September 2008.
^ Template:Fr INSEE (2008). "Taux de Chômage dans l'Union Européenne". Retrieved 1 September 2008.
^ Harmonised unemployment rate by gender – total – % (SA). Eurostat.
^ More than 1 million protest French jobs law - CNN
^ Q&A: French labour law row - BBC
^ "Le Revenu de Solidarité active". Rsa.gouv.fr. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ "2009 Theme Index. The Global Attractions Attendance Report, 2009" (PDF).
^ Template:Fr "Fréquentation des musées et des bâtiments historiques".
^ Template:Fr INSEE, Government of France. "Tableau 44 – Taux de fécondité générale par âge de la mère". Retrieved 13 January 2009. {{cite web}}: Check |first= value (help)
^ "Inflow of third-country nationals by country of nationality". 2004.
^ Swalec, Andrea (6 July 2010). "Turks and Moroccans top list of new EU citizens". Reuters.
^ Oppenheimer, David B. (2008). "Why France needs to collect data on racial identity...in a French way". Hastings International and Comparative Law Review. 31 (2): 735–752.
^ Richburg, Keith B. (24 April 2005). "Europe's Minority Politicians in Short Supply". The Washington Post.
^ Sachs, Susan (12 January 2007). "In officially colorblind France, blacks have a dream – and now a lobby". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston, MA.
^ "Paris Riots in Perspective". ABC News. New York. 4 November 2005.
^ "Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. III. French Government and the Refugees". American Philosophical Society, James E. Hassell (1991). p.22. ISBN 087169817X
^ Markham, James M. (6 April 1988). "For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures". The New York Times.
^ Raimondo Cagiano De Azevedo (1994). "Migration and development co-operation.". p.25.
^ Template:Fr INSEE (25 January 2005). "Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005". Retrieved 14 December 2006.
^ UNHCR (2006). "UNHCR Global Report 2005: Western Europe" (PDF). Retrieved 14 December 2006.
^ Template:Fr La Constitution- La Constitution du 4 Octobre 1958 - Légifrance
^ Jeanjean, Henri. "Language Diversity in Europe: Can the EU Prevent the Genocide of French Linguistic Minorities?" (PDF).^{[dead link]}
^ Panorama religieux de la France - La Documentation Française
^ ^a ^b Template:Fr La France reste catholique mais moins pratiquante - La Croix
^ Catholic World News (2003). "France is no longer Catholic, survey shows". Retrieved 19 December 2009.
^ Template:Ro icon Franţa nu mai e o ţară catolică, Cotidianul 11 January 2007
^ La Vie, issue 3209, 1 March 2007 Template:Fr icon
^ http://www.la-croix.com/article/index.jsp?docId=2389007&rubId=786
^ "Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 – page 11" (PDF). Retrieved 5 May 2007.
^ Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country, Financial Times/Harris Poll, December 2006
^ France to train imams in 'French Islam', The Guardian
^ "France – International Religious Freedom Report 2005".
^ "Commission d'enquête sur les sectes".
^ "Society2 ; religion in France ; beliefs ; secularism (laicité)". Understandfrance.org. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
^ "The ranking, see spreadsheet details for a whole analysis"., photius.com
^ Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries - WHO
^ Template:Fr Espérance de vie, taux de mortalité et taux de mortalité infantile dans le monde - INSEE
^ Template:Fr Nombre de médecins pour 1000 habitants - Statistiques mondiales
^ Template:Fr Dépenses de santé par habitants - Statistiques mondiales
^ ^a ^b Even the French are fighting obesity - The NY Times
^ ^a ^b ^c France's obesity crisis: All those croissants really do add up, after all - Daily Finance
^ Lambert, Victoria (8 March 2008). "The French children learning to fight obesity". London: Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ ^a ^b Why So Few French Are Fat - Bloomberg Businessweek
^ Let them eat cake - The Guardian
^ "The French diet : Eat, Drink, and be Thin". Streetdirectory.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ ^a ^b France heading for US obesity levels says study - Food Navigator
^ "New French food guidelines aimes at tabkling obesity". Nutraingredients.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Petah Marian (23 May 2008). "France urged to get tough on child obesity". Just-food.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ "EEA.Europa.eu". Epaedia.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 22 October 2008.
^ "France searches its soul after euthanasia plea woman dies". CNN.com. ^{[dead link]}
^ Lycée - Encyclopeadia Britannica
^ Template:Fr 1881-1882 : Lois Ferry Ecole publique gratuite, laïque et obligatoire - Assemblé Nationale
^ Template:Fr II. L'évolution du contenu de l'obligation scolaire - Sénat.fr
^ Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale - OECD
^ Opus Francigenum - Answers.com
^ The Gothic period - France Travel
^ Template:Fr Histoire et Architecture - Site officiel de la Cathedrale de Notre-Dame de Reims
^ Toulouse’s Saint Sernin, Largest Romanesque Church in Europe - EuropeUpClose
^ Template:Fr Claude Lébedel – Les Splendeurs du Baroque en France: Histoire et splendeurs du baroque en France page 9: “Si en allant plus loin, on prononce les mots ‘art baroque en France’, on provoque alors le plus souvent une moue interrogative, parfois seulement étonnée, parfois franchement réprobatrice: Mais voyons, l'art baroque n'existe pas en France!”
^ "Fortifications of Vauban". Whc.unesco.org. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ "Official site of the UNESCO". Unesco.org. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Paris: City Guide. Lonely Planet. 2008. p. 48. ISBN 1740598504. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
^ Des gratte-ciel à Paris : qu'en pensez-vous ? - LCI
^ In the heart of the main European Business area - NCI Buisness Center
^ Template:Fr « Victor Hugo est le plus grand écrivain français » Template:Pdf
^ Template:Fr Le symbolisme français
^ Template:Fr La première Académie Goncourt - Site officiel de l'Académie Goncourt
^ The Little Prince - Completely Novel
^ RFI Musique, Biography of Noir Désir, March 2009 : “Rock music doesn't come naturally to the French. A Latin country, with more affinity to poetry and melody, France has very rarely produced talented rock musicians. Rock music has other, more Anglo-Saxon ingredients”
^ ^a ^b ^c France Diplomatie, French music has the whole planet singing, June 2009
^ The Telegraph, Daft Punk: Behind the robot masks, 17 November 2007 : "Daft Punk were in many ways responsible for turning the spotlight on a new, cool underground of French music in the late 1990s, including bestselling acts such as Air, and have been a huge influence on the current generation of international star DJs"
^ BBC News, The return of French pop music, 20 December 2001
^ Ministry of Culture of France, About « Fête de la Musique »
^ France Diplomatie, Fête de la Musique, June 21, 2007
^ Template:Fr Les frères Lumière
^ Cinema: production of feature films - UNESCO
^ Cannes - a festival virgin's guide - CannesGuide
^ Cannes Film Festival - www.whatsonwhen.com
^ ^a ^b Template:Fr [1] « Cinéma et diversité culturelle : le cinéma indépendant face à la mondialisation des industries culturelles » - Erudit.org
^ Is the French obsession with "cultural exception" declining? - France in London
^ The End of Cultural Exception ? - CNRS
^ The cultural exception is not negotiable by Catherine Trautmann - Ministry of Culture
^ Template:Fr La Convention UNESCO pour la diversité culturelle : vers un droit international culturel contraignant ? - www.fnsac-cgt.com
^ The Greatest Sports Nations - Bloomberg Businessweek
^ Template:Fr Les licences sportives en France - Insee
^ History of the World Cup Final Draw - FIFA
^ France wins right to host the 2007 rugby world cup - Rugby.com
^ The Tour De France: The Most Famous Bicycle Race In The World - Weightlossdietinformation.com
^ "Cycling: Tour de France". Faqs.org. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Template:Fr Une course légendaire - Site officiel du 24 heures du Mans
^ Hill, Christopher R. (1996). Olympic Politics. Manchester University Press ND. p. 5. ISBN 0719044510.
^ ^a ^b ^c Olympic History - World Atlas of Travel
^ Paris 1900 Summer Olympics on the Official Site of the Olympic Movement
^ Lausanne, olympic capital - Tourism in Lausanne
^ Vive la France - CNN
^ Italy 1-1 France - BBC
^ 1984: Platini shines for flamboyant France on the UEFA Official Site
^ 2000: Trezeguet strikes gold for France on the UEFA Official Site
^ Rugby - 123 Voyage
^ World warming to US under Obama, BBC poll suggests - BBC
^ BBC Wolrd Servie poll - BBC
^ "Germany on Top, U.S. Seventh in Nation Brands IndexSM". Gfk.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Britain falls to 25th best place to live in the world... behind Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Hungary - Mail Online
^ ^a ^b Why France is best place to live in world - CNN
^ ^a ^b France’s human rights policy - France Diplomatie
^ France, the country of Human Rights - 1906 : Dreyfus rehabilitated
^ Template:Fr La lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémintisme en France - AmbaFrance
^ High degree of tolerance in France - AmbaFrance
^ Riazat Butt, Religious affairs correspondent (7 May 2009). "Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll". London: Guardian. Retrieved 9 August 2010. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Intercultural differences - Understand France
^ Template:Fr Cuisine : sommes-nous les meilleurs du monde ? - La Dépêche
^ French Cuisine - Discover France
^ Top 10 Most Tasty Cuisines in the World - Hotel Club Travel Blog
^ Template:Fr Ateliers de cuisine française - Art de vivre à Paris
^ France Culture on Travour.com
^ Template:Fr La Gastronomie Française - Chinese Lovers of France
^ About our vacations in France -Cooking Vacations to France
^ Template:Fr "Recettes françaises". - Delices du Monde
^ Template:Fr La France du beurre et celle de l'huile d'olive maintiennent leurs positions - Agence France Presse
^ "Wines of France". Userweb.cs.utexas.edu. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ French Cheese - GoodCooking
^ French Cheese on Traditional French Food
^ Michelin 3 Star Restaurants around the world
^ The Symbols of the Republic : Marianne on the Official Site of the Foreign Affairs Minsitry of France
^ Template:Fr Le triomphe de Marianne - Site officiel de la Préfecture de Tarn-et-Garonne
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d The symbols of the Repulic : Marianne - Elysee.fr
^ Europe Model choice for France - BBC
^ "Marianne : a French national symbol, with French definitive stamps". Abelard.org. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ France - Euro Coin Sets - Eurocoins.co.uk
^ "Vision of Humanity". Vision of Humanity. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
^ Klaus Kästle. "Press Freedom Index 2005". Nationsonline.org. Retrieved 9 August 2010.
^ Annual Report Transparency International 2008 Transparency International
^ Human Development Report 2009 - HDI rankings - UNO

External links

France, from the BBC
"France". The World Factbook (2024 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
France at UCB Libraries GovPubs
Template:Dmoz
Wikimedia Atlas of France

Economy

Government

Template:Fr Élysée.fr - Official site of the French Presidency
Template:Fr Official Site of the Government
Official site of the French public service – Links to various administrations and institutions
Chief of State and Cabinet Members on The World Factbook
Official site of the National Assembly
Official site of the Senate

Culture

Cocorico! French culture
Contemporary French Civilization, journal, University of Illinois.
Frenchculturenow.com: French society, culture, politics news

Tourism

FranceGuide - Official website of the French Government Tourist Office
Template:Wikitravel

47°N 2°E / 47°N 2°E / 47; 2{{#coordinates:}}: cannot have more than one primary tag per page

Template:Link GA Template:Link GA Template:Link GA Template:Link GA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA Template:Link FA

[1] The country's long name in its regional languages include:
Template:Lang-gsw;

Template:Lang-eu;

Template:Lang-br;

Template:Lang-ca;

Template:Lang-co;

Template:Lang-nl;

Template:Lang-vls;

Template:Lang-frp;

Template:Lang-de;

Norman: Républyique fraunceise;

Template:Lang-oc;

Picard: République franchoèse

[2] Template:Lang-gsw;

[3] Template:Lang-eu;

[4] Template:Lang-br;

[5] Template:Lang-ca;

[6] Template:Lang-co;

[7] Template:Lang-nl;

[8] Template:Lang-vls;

[9] Template:Lang-frp;

[10] Template:Lang-de;

[11] Norman: Républyique fraunceise;

[12] Template:Lang-oc;

[13] Picard: République franchoèse

[2] Template:Fr Ministère de la culture et de la communication – Délégation générale à la langue française et aux langues de France. "DGLF – Langues régionales et " trans-régionales " de France". Culture.gouv.fr. Retrieved 27 January 2010.

[whole_territory-3] Whole territory of the French Republic, including all the overseas departments and territories, but excluding the French territory of Terre Adélie in Antarctica where sovereignty is suspended since the signing of the Antarctic Treaty in 1959.

[IGN_figure-4] Template:Fr French National Geographic Institute data.

[cadastre_figure-5] French Land Register data, which exclude lakes, ponds and glaciers larger than 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) as well as the estuaries of rivers.

[6] Template:Fr INSEE, Government of France. "Population totale par sexe et âge au 1er janvier 2010, France métropolitaine". Retrieved 19 January 2010. {{cite web}}: Check |first= value (help)

[population-7] Template:Fr INSEE, Government of France. "Bilan démographique 2009". Retrieved 19 January 2010. {{cite web}}: Check |first= value (help)

[metropolitan_France-8] Metropolitan France only.

[imf2-9] "France". International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 21 April 2010.

[France-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f The World Factbook : France

[11] Human Development Report 2009. The United Nations. Retrieved 5 October 2009.

[12] Whole of the French Republic except the overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean.

[13] French overseas territories in the Pacific Ocean only.

[14] In addition to .fr, several other Internet TLDs are used in French overseas départements and territories: .re, .mq, .gp, .tf, .nc, .pf, .wf, .pm, .gf and .yt. France also uses .eu, shared with other members of the European Union. The .cat domain is used in Catalan-speaking territories.

[CatTOM-15] For more information, see Category:Overseas departments, collectivities and territories of France.

[superficy-16] France on Europa Official Site

[17] "UNDP.org" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2010.

[18] Field listing – GDP (official exchange rate), CIA World Factbook

[19] "CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity)". Cia.gov. Retrieved 26 April 2009.

[20] "Microsoft Word - WPP2006_Highlights_0823.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 27 April 2010.

[tourism.stat-21] Template:Fr "Tourisme international en France en 2007" (PDF). Direction du Tourisme (French government's tourism agency). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 5 June 2008.

[22] "Federation of American Scientists : Status of World Nuclear Forces". Fas.org. 26 May 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[23] Elizabeth M. Hallam & Judith Everard – Capetian France 937–1328, chapter 1 "The origins of Western Francia" page 7: "What did the name Francia mean in the tenth and eleventh centuries? It still retained a wide general use; both Byzantine and western writers at the time of the crusades described the western forces as Franks. But it was also taking on more specific meanings. From 911 onwards the west Frankish king was known as the Rex Francorum -king of the Franks- and the name Francia could be used to describe his kingdom, as it was also used by the east Frankish, or German, kingdom... The Robertines, forerunners of the Capetians, were duces francorum, dukes of the Franks, and their 'duchy' covered in theory most of northern France. Then as royal power contracted further, leaving the early Capetians only a small bloc of lands around Paris and Orleans, the term Francia was used for this region."

[24] History of France on DiscoverFrance

[25] Tarassuk, Leonid; Blair, Claude (1982). The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons: the most comprehensive reference work ever published on arms and armor from prehistoric times to the present with over 1,250 illustrations. Simon & Schuster. p. 186. ISBN 067142257X.

[26] Reisman, Arnold; Saha, P.K. (21 March 2005). "French as Lingua Franca: An Asset or Liability in the Development of Nations?– page 2" (PDF). Social Science Research Network (SSRN). Retrieved 7 March 2010– click on "One-Click Download" {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link)

[27] Plutarch claimed that one million people (probably 1 in 4 of the Gauls) died, another million were enslaved, 300 tribes were subjugated and 800 cities were destroyed during the Gallic Wars.

[28] Faith of the Eldest Daughter - Can France retain her Catholic heritage? - Women for Faith and Family

[29] Treaty of Verdun - Howstuffworks

[30] History of France : The Capetian kings of France: AD 987-1328 - History World

[31] "Massacre of the Pure". Time. New York. 28 April 1961.

[guerard-32] Albert Guerard, France: A Modern History (University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, 1959) pp. 100, 101.

[Encarta-33] France VII. — History Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2009. Archived 31 October 2009.

[34] Don O'Reilly. "Hundred Years' War: Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orléans". TheHistoryNet.com.

[35] Massacre of Saint Bartholomew’s Day. Encyclopaedia Britannica.

[36] Language and Diplomacy - Naked Translations

[37] Furlaud, Alice (9 July 1989). "Vive la Contre-Révolution!". The New York Times.

[38] Blanning, Tim (April 1998). "Napoleon and German identity". History Today. Vol. 48. London.

[39] "France's oldest WWI veteran dies". BBC News Online. London. 20 January 2008.

[40] Kimmelman, Michael (4 March 2009). "In France, a War of Memories Over Memories of War". The New York Times.

[41] From Fourth to Fifth Republic - University of Sunderland

[42] Declaration by the Franco-German Defense and Security Council - Elysee.fr May 13, 2004

[43] Eu constitution timeline - The Daily Telegraph

[44] French parliament adopts Lisbon treaty - France 24

[45] Sovereignty claims in Antarctica are governed by the Antarctic Treaty System

[46] "Mont Blanc shrinks by 45cm in two years". Smh.com.au. 6 November 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[47] France Eyes Massive Expansion of its Oceans - Spiegel

[48] Template:Fr Méditerranée : la France prend le contrôle en créant une zone économique exclusive

[Pew-49] According to a different calculation cited by the Pew Research Center, the EEZ of France would be 10,084,201 km² (3,893,532 sq mi), still behind the United States (12,174,629 km² (4,700,651 sq mi)^*), and still ahead of Australia (8,980,568 km² (3,467,417 sq mi)^*) and Russia (7,566,673 km² (2,921,509 sq mi)^*).

[climate-50] Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2005). "Discovering France: Geography". Retrieved 29 December 2006.

[51] Protection of the Environment on the Official Site of the French Ambassy in Canada

[52] Nuclear Power in France - World Nuclear Association

[53] Energy profile of France - The encyclopedia of Earth

[54] Template:Fr CO2 : la France mois pollueuse grâce au nucléaire

[55] Template:Fr L'énergie nucléaire en France - Ambassade française en Chine

[56] EU promises 20% reduction in carbon emissions by 2020 - The Guardian

[Les_quatre_enjeux_de_Copenhague-57] Template:Fr Les quatres enjeux de Copenhague - La Croix

[58] China unveils emissions targetsahead of Copenhagen - BBC

[59] China's Carbon Intensity Target - World ressources Institute

[60] Per-Capita Emissions Rising in China - The New York Times

[61] France Sets Carbon Tax at 17 Euros a Ton - The NY Times

[62] France set to impose carbon tax - BBC NEWS

[63] France Abandons Plan for Carbon Tax - The NY Times

[64] "Environmental Performance Index : France". Epi.yale.edu. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[65] Template:Fr La France au 7ème rang mondial pour l'environnement - Le Monde

[66] "Forest area by country". Nationmaster.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[67] Evolution of the French forest from 1984 to 1996 - French National Forest Inventory

[68] Template:Fr Economie de la France - Mission permanente de la France auprès de l'office des Nations Unies à Genève

[69] Template:Fr Une situation privilégiée en France et en Europe - Papier, bois et forêt

[70] Parks, Reserves, and Other Protected Areas in France - The portal about parks in Italy

[71] Template:Fr Fédération des parcs naturels régionaux de France

[72] Template:Fr La France veut créer une Zone Économique Exclusive en Méditérannée - Actu-Environnement

[73] France: Fifth Republic - Flags of the Wolrd

[74] Template:Fr Le quinquennat : le référendum du 24 Septembre 2000

[75] The National Assembly and the Senate - General Characteristics of the Parliament on the Official Site of the French National Assembly

[76] Election of deputies on the Official Site of the National Assembly

[77] The senatorial elections - on the Official Site of the Senate

[78] Template:Fr Le role du Sénat

[79] Template:Fr Grunberg, Gérard (2007). La France vers le bipartisme ? : La présidentialisation du PS et de l'UMP. ISBN 2724610105. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[80] Membership of the Security Councils of the UN on the Official Site of the UN

[81] Understanding the WTO - Members

[82] History on the Official Site of the SPC

[83] Template:Fr Pays membres - Site officiel de la COI

[84] About the Association of Caribbean States on the Official site of the ACS

[85] Template:Fr États et gouvernements : le monde de la Francophonie - Site officiel de l'OIF

[86] History of the Château de la Muette, OECD headquarters, Paris - Official Site of the OECD

[87] Paris Headquarters on the Official Site of the UNESCO

[88] Interpol. "Official Site of the Interpol". Interpol.int. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[89] Template:Fr "Alliance Base" existe bien - L'Express

[90] "Home page of the IBWM". Bipm.org. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[91] Template:Fr Le faisceau de licteur - Présidence de la République

[92] De Gaulle says 'non' to Britain - again BBC

[93] Template:Fr L'alliance franco-allemande au coeur de la puissance européenne

[94] Template:Fr Quand Mitterand, déjà, négociait le retour de la France dans l'OTAN - Le Figaro

[95] France ends four-decade Nato rift - BBC

[96] Template:Fr Roger, Patrick (11 March 2009). "Le retour de la France dans l'OTAN suscite un malaise dans les rangs de la droite". Le Monde. Paris.

[97] Fifth French nuclear test sparks international outrage - CNN

[98] China adds voice to Iraq war doubts CNN

[99] EU allies unite against Iraq war BBC

[100] "Foreign Policy Implications of the Iraq War". Usforeignpolicy.about.com. 11 March 2004. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[101] House cafeterias change names for 'french' fries and 'french' toast CNN

[102] Template:Fr France-Diplomatie : Royaume-Uni - Ministère des Affaires Étrangères

[103] Template:Fr L'empire colonial français

[104] "France involvement in peace-keeping operations". Delegfrance-onu-geneve.org. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[105] Embassies and consulates on the Official Site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of France

[106] Aids targets slipping out of reach ? - OECD

[107] Development assistance and humanitarian action - France Diplomatie

[aid-108] France priorities - France Diplomatie

[109] Template:Fr La fin du service militaire obligatoire - La documentation française

[110] Template:Fr Personnel militaire - Ministère de la Défense

[111] Template:Fr "Budget de la Défense - Les 10 principales mesures et chiffres clés pour 2010" (PDF). {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |auteur= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |consulté le= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help)

[NATO-112] NATO-Russia compendium of financial and economic data relating to defence - NATO

[113] The aerospace industry : XII. Foreign countries in aerospace - Yale University

[114] "Aerospace industry of France". Bbfrenchtranslation.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[115] "En 2001, la France a vendu pour 1,288 milliard de dollars d'équipements militaires, ce qui la met au troisième rang mondial des exportateurs derrière les Etats-Unis et la Russie." " In 2001, France sold for $1,288 billion of military equipments, ranking 3rd in the world for arms exportations behind the USA and Russia" France stays one of the biggest arms supplier - L'express

[116] "La France est au 4ème rang mondial des exportateurs d'armes, derrière les Etats-Unis, le Royaume-Uni et la Russie, et devant Israël, selon un rapport du ministère de la Défense publié l'an dernier." "France is 4th biggest arms exportator, behind the USA, the UK and Russia, and ahead of Israel, according to a report of the Ministry of Defense published a year ago" Arms sellings explode in 2009 - 20 minutes

[117] Anatomy of a Hijack - Time

[118] Comparison of recognised and alleged nuclear powers.

[119] Template:Fr "La marine chinoise accède au rang de 3ème puissance mondiale".

[120] Template:Fr Direction des ressources humaines de l'armée de Terre - Ministère de la Défense

[121] French Military Aircraft - Military Aircraft

[122] International System of Units (SI) - Physics Laboratory

[123] English translation of "Octet" on Reverso

[124] Template:Pdf Template:Fr "Chiffres clés du transport 2010" (PDF). - Site officiel du Ministère de l'Écologie, de l'Énergie, du Développement Durable et de la Mer

[125] Coutry comparison : railways - The World Factbook

[126] TGV High-Speed Rail Network, France - Railways-technology.com

[127] TGV - The French High-speed Train Service - BBC

[128] Country Comparison : roadways - The World Factbook

[129] Template:Fr L'automobile magazine, hors-série 2003/2004 page 294

[130] "Guide pratique de l' ADEME, la voiture". Ademe.fr. Retrieved 22 October 2008.

[131] France builds world's tallest bridge - BBC

[132] Strikes block French ports - BDP International

[133] Template:Fr Marseille : un grand port maritime qui ne demande qu'à se montrer - La Provence

[134] Marseille – A French Pearl in the Mediterranean Sea - Hotel Club Travel Blog

[135] Departments of France - My French Property

[136] Currency and Exchange Rate - The Tahiti Traveler

[137] Walis and Futuna - Pacific Islands Network

[138] New Caledonia travel Guide - South Pacific Organizer

[139] The euro outside the euro area - The European Comission

[WB-140] "Gross domestic product 2009" (PDF). World Bank.

[141] History of the Euro - BBC

[energy_profile-142] EnerPub (8 June 2007). "France: Energy profile". Spero News. Retrieved 25 August 2007.

[143] Template:Fr "Entreprises selon le nombre de salariés et l'activité". INSEE. July 2008.

[144] Template:Fr "Entreprises publiques selon l'activité économique". INSEE. March 2009.

[CIAWorldFactbook-145] "France". The World Factbook. CIA. 2009.

[146] "International Trade Statistics 2008" (PDF). WTO. 2009. p. 12. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |sub-title= ignored (help)

[FDI-147] "Country fact sheet: France" (PDF). World Investment Report 2009. UNCTAD.

[FDI2-148] "Country fact sheet: Japan" (PDF). World Investment Report 2009. UNCTAD.

[149] Global 500 by Country - Fortune

[150] "CO₂ emissions per capita in 2006". Environmental Indicators. United Nations. August 2009. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |subtitle= ignored (help)

[151] DGEMP / Observatoire de l'énergie (2007). "Électricité en France: les principaux résultats en 2006". Retrieved 23 May 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[agriculture-152] France - Agriculture - Encyclopedia of the Nations

[153] "Key figures of the French economy". French Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. France is the world's fifth largest exporter of goods (mainly durables). The country ranks fourth in services and third in agriculture (especially in cereals and the agri-food sector). It is the leading producer and exporter of farm products in Europe.

[ministère-154] A panorama of the agriculture and agri-food industries - Ministère de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche

[155] Template:Fr Un ministère au service de votre alimentation - Ministère de l'Alimentation, de l'Agriculture et de la Pêche

[156] "Financial year 2007" (PDF). Distribution of direct aid to farmers. European Commission. 22 April 2009.

[157] Template:Fr Les enjeux des industries agroalimentaires françaises - Panorama des Industries Agroalimentaires

[158] La Défense: Europe largest buisiness district Sets a New Standart for Sustainable Devloment - EcoHeart

[159] "Rank Order – GDP – per capita (PPP)". The World Factbook. 2008.

[Labour2003-160] OECD in Figures 2005, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). "Labour productivity 2003". Archived from the original (Microsoft Excel) on 23 January 2007. Retrieved 20 April 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ; in 2004, the GDP per hour worked in France was $48, ranking France above the United States ($46.3), Germany ($42.1), the United Kingdom ($39.6), or Japan ($32.5) (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). "Differentials in GDP per capita and their decomposition, 2004" (Microsoft Excel). Retrieved 20 April 2006.)

[161] Template:Fr Objectif croissance 2008, OCDE, February 2008, page 67 ; graphic visible in the Summary page 8; effective annual working duration in France is 1580 hours, compared to 1750 for developed countries

[Employment2004-162] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (2005). "OECD Employment Outlook 2005 – Statistical Annex" (PDF). Retrieved 29 June 2006.

[163] INSEE (2008). "Taux d'emploi des travailleurs âgés de 55 à 64 ans" (in French). Retrieved 1 September 2008.

[164] INSEE (2008). "Taux d'emploi des jeunes de 15 à 24 ans dans l'Union européenne" (in French). Retrieved 1 September 2008.

[165] Template:Fr Philippe Aghion (2007). "Les leviers de la croissance française" (PDF). Conseil d'analyse économique. p. 55. Retrieved 1 September 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[166] "Enhancing Incentives to Improve Performances in the Education System in France" (PDF). OECD. 1 August 2007. Initial education, especially secondary education and the universities, along with labour market policies themselves, do not always succeed in improving labour market entry for a significant proportion of young people.

[167] "Employment Outlook 2008 – How does FRANCE compare?" (PDF). OECD. Only 38% of people aged 55 to 64 are working, 15.5 percentage points less than the OECD average.

[168] "France: Jobs and older workers". OECD Observer.

[169] Template:Fr INSEE (2008). "Taux de Chômage en France Métropolitaine". Retrieved 1 September 2008.

[170] Template:Fr INSEE (2008). "Taux de Chômage dans l'Union Européenne". Retrieved 1 September 2008.

[171] Harmonised unemployment rate by gender – total – % (SA). Eurostat.

[172] More than 1 million protest French jobs law - CNN

[173] Q&A: French labour law row - BBC

[174] "Le Revenu de Solidarité active". Rsa.gouv.fr. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[175] "2009 Theme Index. The Global Attractions Attendance Report, 2009" (PDF).

[176] Template:Fr "Fréquentation des musées et des bâtiments historiques".

[177] Template:Fr INSEE, Government of France. "Tableau 44 – Taux de fécondité générale par âge de la mère". Retrieved 13 January 2009. {{cite web}}: Check |first= value (help)

[178] "Inflow of third-country nationals by country of nationality". 2004.

[179] Swalec, Andrea (6 July 2010). "Turks and Moroccans top list of new EU citizens". Reuters.

[Oppenheimer-180] Oppenheimer, David B. (2008). "Why France needs to collect data on racial identity...in a French way". Hastings International and Comparative Law Review. 31 (2): 735–752.

[181] Richburg, Keith B. (24 April 2005). "Europe's Minority Politicians in Short Supply". The Washington Post.

[182] Sachs, Susan (12 January 2007). "In officially colorblind France, blacks have a dream – and now a lobby". The Christian Science Monitor. Boston, MA.

[183] "Paris Riots in Perspective". ABC News. New York. 4 November 2005.

[184] "Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. III. French Government and the Refugees". American Philosophical Society, James E. Hassell (1991). p.22. ISBN 087169817X

[185] Markham, James M. (6 April 1988). "For Pieds-Noirs, the Anger Endures". The New York Times.

[186] Raimondo Cagiano De Azevedo (1994). "Migration and development co-operation.". p.25.

[INSEE1-187] Template:Fr INSEE (25 January 2005). "Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005". Retrieved 14 December 2006.

[UNHCR-188] UNHCR (2006). "UNHCR Global Report 2005: Western Europe" (PDF). Retrieved 14 December 2006.

[189] Template:Fr La Constitution- La Constitution du 4 Octobre 1958 - Légifrance

[190] Jeanjean, Henri. "Language Diversity in Europe: Can the EU Prevent the Genocide of French Linguistic Minorities?" (PDF).^{[dead link]}

[191] Panorama religieux de la France - La Documentation Française

[catho-192] Template:Fr La France reste catholique mais moins pratiquante - La Croix

[193] Catholic World News (2003). "France is no longer Catholic, survey shows". Retrieved 19 December 2009.

[religion-194] Template:Ro icon Franţa nu mai e o ţară catolică, Cotidianul 11 January 2007

[195] La Vie, issue 3209, 1 March 2007 Template:Fr icon

[196] ttp://www.la-croix.com/article/index.jsp?docId=2389007&rubId=786

[EUROBAROMETER-197] "Eurobarometer on Social Values, Science and technology 2005 – page 11" (PDF). Retrieved 5 May 2007.

[198] Religious Views and Beliefs Vary Greatly by Country, Financial Times/Harris Poll, December 2006

[199] France to train imams in 'French Islam', The Guardian

[200] "France – International Religious Freedom Report 2005".

[201] "Commission d'enquête sur les sectes".

[202] "Society2 ; religion in France ; beliefs ; secularism (laicité)". Understandfrance.org. Retrieved 20 September 2009.

[203] "The ranking, see spreadsheet details for a whole analysis"., photius.com

[204] Measuring overall health system performance for 191 countries - WHO

[205] Template:Fr Espérance de vie, taux de mortalité et taux de mortalité infantile dans le monde - INSEE

[206] Template:Fr Nombre de médecins pour 1000 habitants - Statistiques mondiales

[207] Template:Fr Dépenses de santé par habitants - Statistiques mondiales

[obesity-208] Even the French are fighting obesity - The NY Times

[daily-209] France's obesity crisis: All those croissants really do add up, after all - Daily Finance

[Telegraph-210] Lambert, Victoria (8 March 2008). "The French children learning to fight obesity". London: Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[bloomberg-211] Why So Few French Are Fat - Bloomberg Businessweek

[212] Let them eat cake - The Guardian

[213] "The French diet : Eat, Drink, and be Thin". Streetdirectory.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[obesity2-214] France heading for US obesity levels says study - Food Navigator

[215] "New French food guidelines aimes at tabkling obesity". Nutraingredients.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[216] Petah Marian (23 May 2008). "France urged to get tough on child obesity". Just-food.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[217] "EEA.Europa.eu". Epaedia.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 22 October 2008.

[218] "France searches its soul after euthanasia plea woman dies". CNN.com. ^{[dead link]}

[219] Lycée - Encyclopeadia Britannica

[220] Template:Fr 1881-1882 : Lois Ferry Ecole publique gratuite, laïque et obligatoire - Assemblé Nationale

[221] Template:Fr II. L'évolution du contenu de l'obligation scolaire - Sénat.fr

[222] Range of rank on the PISA 2006 science scale - OECD

[223] Opus Francigenum - Answers.com

[224] The Gothic period - France Travel

[225] Template:Fr Histoire et Architecture - Site officiel de la Cathedrale de Notre-Dame de Reims

[226] Toulouse’s Saint Sernin, Largest Romanesque Church in Europe - EuropeUpClose

[227] Template:Fr Claude Lébedel – Les Splendeurs du Baroque en France: Histoire et splendeurs du baroque en France page 9: “Si en allant plus loin, on prononce les mots ‘art baroque en France’, on provoque alors le plus souvent une moue interrogative, parfois seulement étonnée, parfois franchement réprobatrice: Mais voyons, l'art baroque n'existe pas en France!”

[228] "Fortifications of Vauban". Whc.unesco.org. 8 July 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[229] "Official site of the UNESCO". Unesco.org. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[230] Paris: City Guide. Lonely Planet. 2008. p. 48. ISBN 1740598504. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

[231] Des gratte-ciel à Paris : qu'en pensez-vous ? - LCI

[232] In the heart of the main European Business area - NCI Buisness Center

[233] Template:Fr « Victor Hugo est le plus grand écrivain français » Template:Pdf

[234] Template:Fr Le symbolisme français

[235] Template:Fr La première Académie Goncourt - Site officiel de l'Académie Goncourt

[236] The Little Prince - Completely Novel

[237] RFI Musique, Biography of Noir Désir, March 2009 : “Rock music doesn't come naturally to the French. A Latin country, with more affinity to poetry and melody, France has very rarely produced talented rock musicians. Rock music has other, more Anglo-Saxon ingredients”

[frmusic-238] France Diplomatie, French music has the whole planet singing, June 2009

[239] The Telegraph, Daft Punk: Behind the robot masks, 17 November 2007 : "Daft Punk were in many ways responsible for turning the spotlight on a new, cool underground of French music in the late 1990s, including bestselling acts such as Air, and have been a huge influence on the current generation of international star DJs"

[240] BBC News, The return of French pop music, 20 December 2001

[241] Ministry of Culture of France, About « Fête de la Musique »

[242] France Diplomatie, Fête de la Musique, June 21, 2007

[243] Template:Fr Les frères Lumière

[244] Cinema: production of feature films - UNESCO

[245] Cannes - a festival virgin's guide - CannesGuide

[246] Cannes Film Festival - www.whatsonwhen.com

[erudit-247] Template:Fr [1] « Cinéma et diversité culturelle : le cinéma indépendant face à la mondialisation des industries culturelles » - Erudit.org

[248] Is the French obsession with "cultural exception" declining? - France in London

[249] The End of Cultural Exception ? - CNRS

[250] The cultural exception is not negotiable by Catherine Trautmann - Ministry of Culture

[251] Template:Fr La Convention UNESCO pour la diversité culturelle : vers un droit international culturel contraignant ? - www.fnsac-cgt.com

[252] The Greatest Sports Nations - Bloomberg Businessweek

[253] Template:Fr Les licences sportives en France - Insee

[254] History of the World Cup Final Draw - FIFA

[255] France wins right to host the 2007 rugby world cup - Rugby.com

[256] The Tour De France: The Most Famous Bicycle Race In The World - Weightlossdietinformation.com

[257] "Cycling: Tour de France". Faqs.org. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[258] Template:Fr Une course légendaire - Site officiel du 24 heures du Mans

[259] Hill, Christopher R. (1996). Olympic Politics. Manchester University Press ND. p. 5. ISBN 0719044510.

[Olympic-260] Olympic History - World Atlas of Travel

[261] Paris 1900 Summer Olympics on the Official Site of the Olympic Movement

[262] Lausanne, olympic capital - Tourism in Lausanne

[263] Vive la France - CNN

[264] Italy 1-1 France - BBC

[265] 1984: Platini shines for flamboyant France on the UEFA Official Site

[266] 2000: Trezeguet strikes gold for France on the UEFA Official Site

[267] Rugby - 123 Voyage

[268] World warming to US under Obama, BBC poll suggests - BBC

[269] BBC Wolrd Servie poll - BBC

[270] "Germany on Top, U.S. Seventh in Nation Brands IndexSM". Gfk.com. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[271] Britain falls to 25th best place to live in the world... behind Lithuania, the Czech Republic and Hungary - Mail Online

[quality-272] Why France is best place to live in world - CNN

[droits-273] France’s human rights policy - France Diplomatie

[274] France, the country of Human Rights - 1906 : Dreyfus rehabilitated

[275] Template:Fr La lutte contre le racisme et l'antisémintisme en France - AmbaFrance

[276] High degree of tolerance in France - AmbaFrance

[277] Riazat Butt, Religious affairs correspondent (7 May 2009). "Muslims in Britain have zero tolerance of homosexuality, says poll". London: Guardian. Retrieved 9 August 2010. {{cite news}}: |author= has generic name (help)

[278] Intercultural differences - Understand France

[279] Template:Fr Cuisine : sommes-nous les meilleurs du monde ? - La Dépêche

[280] French Cuisine - Discover France

[281] Top 10 Most Tasty Cuisines in the World - Hotel Club Travel Blog

[282] Template:Fr Ateliers de cuisine française - Art de vivre à Paris

[283] France Culture on Travour.com

[284] Template:Fr La Gastronomie Française - Chinese Lovers of France

[285] About our vacations in France -Cooking Vacations to France

[cuisine-286] Template:Fr "Recettes françaises". - Delices du Monde

[287] Template:Fr La France du beurre et celle de l'huile d'olive maintiennent leurs positions - Agence France Presse

[288] "Wines of France". Userweb.cs.utexas.edu. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[289] French Cheese - GoodCooking

[290] French Cheese on Traditional French Food

[291] Michelin 3 Star Restaurants around the world

[292] The Symbols of the Republic : Marianne on the Official Site of the Foreign Affairs Minsitry of France

[293] Template:Fr Le triomphe de Marianne - Site officiel de la Préfecture de Tarn-et-Garonne

[Marianne-294] The symbols of the Repulic : Marianne - Elysee.fr

[295] Europe Model choice for France - BBC

[296] "Marianne : a French national symbol, with French definitive stamps". Abelard.org. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[297] France - Euro Coin Sets - Eurocoins.co.uk

[298] "Vision of Humanity". Vision of Humanity. Retrieved 27 April 2010.

[299] Klaus Kästle. "Press Freedom Index 2005". Nationsonline.org. Retrieved 9 August 2010.

[300] Annual Report Transparency International 2008 Transparency International

[301] Human Development Report 2009 - HDI rankings - UNO

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[7]

[6]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

@@ Line 658: / Line 658: @@
 {{Main|Culture of France}}
-=== Architecture ===
+=== Arts ===
+==== Architecture ====
 {{Main|French architecture}}
 Technically speaking, there is no standard type of "French" architecture, although that has not always been true. [[Gothic Architecture]]'s old name was ''French Architecture'' (or Opus Francigenum).<ref>[http://www.answers.com/topic/opus-francigenum-art Opus Francigenum] - Answers.com</ref> The term “Gothic” appeared later as a stylistic insult and was widely adopted. The Gothic Architecture was the first French style of Architecture to be copied in all Europe.<ref>[http://www.justfrance.org/france/architecture/001.asp The Gothic period] - France Travel</ref> Northern France is the home of some of the most important Gothic [[cathedrals]] and [[basilicas]], the first of these being the [[Saint Denis Basilica]] (used as the royal necropolis); other important French Gothic cathedrals are [[Cathedral of Chartres|Notre-Dame de Chartres]] and [[Amiens Cathedral|Notre-Dame d'Amiens]]. The kings were crowned in another important Gothic church: [[Notre-Dame de Reims]].<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.cathedrale-reims.culture.fr/histoire.html Histoire et Architecture] - [http://www.cathedrale-reims.culture.fr/ Site officiel de la Cathedrale de Notre-Dame de Reims]</ref> Aside from churches, Gothic Architecture had been used for many religious palaces, the most important one being the [[Palais des Papes]] in Avignon.
@@ Line 677: / Line 678: @@
 [[File:Molière - Nicolas Mignard (1658).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Molière]] is the most played author in the [[Comédie-Française]]]]
-=== Literature ===
+==== Literature ====
 {{Main|French literature}}
-[[File:Bonnat Hugo001z.jpg|thumb|left|[[Victor Hugo]] is one of the most important French novelists and poets, and is sometimes seen as the greatest French writer of all times<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.lecavalierbleu.com/images/30/extrait_75.pdf « Victor Hugo est le plus grand écrivain français » ] {{pdf}}</ref>]]
+[[File:Bonnat Hugo001z.jpg|thumb|left|190px|[[Victor Hugo]] is one of the most important French novelists and poets, and is sometimes seen as the greatest French writer of all times<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.lecavalierbleu.com/images/30/extrait_75.pdf « Victor Hugo est le plus grand écrivain français » ] {{pdf}}</ref>]]
 The earliest French literature dates from the [[Middle Age]]s, when what is now known as modern France did not have a single, uniform language. There were several languages and dialects and each writer used his own spelling and grammar.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} The authors of French mediaeval texts are unknown, such as [[Tristan and Iseult]] and [[Lancelot and the Holy Grail]]. Much mediaeval French poetry and literature were inspired by the legends of the [[Matter of France]], such as [[The Song of Roland]] and the various [[Chansons de geste]]. The “Roman de Renart”, written in 1175 by [[Perrout de Saint Cloude]] tells the story of the mediaeval character [[Reynard]] ('the Fox') and is another example of early French writing. The names of some authors from this period are known, for example [[Chrétien de Troyes]] and [[William IX of Aquitaine|Duke William IX of Aquitaine]], who wrote in [[Occitan]].
@@ Line 692: / Line 693: @@
 The [[Prix Goncourt]] is a French literary prize first awarded in 1903.<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.academie-goncourt.fr/?article=1229174089 La première Académie Goncourt] - [http://www.academie-goncourt.fr/? Site officiel de l'Académie Goncourt]</ref> Important writers of the 20th century include [[Marcel Proust]], [[Louis-Ferdinand Céline]], [[Albert Camus]], and [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]. [[Antoine de Saint Exupéry]] wrote ''[[The Little Prince|Little Prince]]'' which has remained popular for decades with children and adults around the world.<ref>[http://www.completelynovel.com/books/50599 The Little Prince] - Completely Novel</ref>
-=== Sports ===
+==== Music ====
-{{Main|Sport in France}}
+{{Main|Music of France}}
+Although the musical creation in France dates back to the Middle Ages, it knew its golden age in the seventeenth century thanks to Louis XIV, who employed several musicians and composers in the royal court. The most renowned composers of this period include [[Marc-Antoine Charpentier]], [[François Couperin]], [[Michel-Richard Delalande]], [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] and [[Marin Marais]], all of them composers at the court. After the death of the "Roi Soleil", French musical creation lost dynamism, but in the next century the music of [[Jean-Philippe Rameau]] reached some prestige, and today he is still one of the most renowned French composers. French classical music knew a revival in the nineteenth and twentieth century, at the end of the romantic movement, at first with opera composers [[Hector Berlioz]], [[Georges Bizet]], [[Gabriel Fauré]], [[Charles Gounod]], [[Jacques Offenbach]], [[Édouard Lalo]], [[Jules Massenet]] and [[Camille Saint-Saëns]]. This period was a golden age for operas, being popular in the country the [[opéra bouffon]], the [[opera-ballet]] and the [[opéra comique]] genres. Later came precursors of modern classical music [[Érik Satie]], [[Francis Poulenc]], and above all [[Claude Debussy]] and [[Maurice Ravel]]. More recently, at the middle of the twentieth century, [[Maurice Ohana]], [[Pierre Schaeffer]] and [[Pierre Boulez]] contributed to the transformations of [[contemporary classical music]].
-[[File:TourDeFrance 2005 07 09.jpg|thumb|[[Tour de France]]]]
+[[File:DaftAlive.jpeg|thumb|[[Daft Punk]], pioneers of the [[French house]].]]
-France is ranked sixth greatest sports nation, behind the [[United States]], [[China]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]], and [[Italy]].<ref>[http://images.businessweek.com/ss/10/02/0218_vancouver_olympics_contenders/7.htm The Greatest Sports Nations] - Bloomberg Businessweek</ref>
+French music then followed the rapid emergence of pop and rock music at the middle of the twentieth century. Although English-speaking creations has reached some popularity in the country, French pop music, known as ''[[chanson française]]'', has remained very popular. Among the most important French artists of the century are [[Edith Piaf]], [[Georges Brassens]], [[Léo Ferré]], [[Charles Aznavour]] and [[Serge Gainsbourg]]. Although there are very few rock bands in France compared to English-speaking countries,<ref>[[Radio France Internationale|RFI Musique]], [http://www.rfimusique.com/siteen/biographie/biographie_6049.asp Biography of Noir Désir], March 2009 : “Rock music doesn't come naturally to the French. A Latin country, with more affinity to poetry and melody, France has very rarely produced talented rock musicians. Rock music has other, more Anglo-Saxon ingredients”</ref> bands such as [[Noir Désir]], [[Mano Negra]], [[Niagara]], [[Rita Mitsouko]] and more recently [[Superbus]], [[Phoenix (band)|Phoenix]] and [[Gojira]]<ref name=frmusic>France Diplomatie, [http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/culture-and-media_6819/culture_6874/music_5335/french-music-has-the-whole-planet-singing_13031.html French music has the whole planet singing], June 2009</ref> have reached worldwide popularity. Others French artists with international careers have been popular in several countries, for example female singers [[Mireille Mathieu]] and [[Mylène Farmer]],<ref name=frmusic/> electronic music pioneers [[Jean-Michel Jarre]], [[Laurent Garnier]] and [[Bob Sinclar]], and later [[David Guetta]]. In the 1990s and 2000s, electronic duos [[Daft Punk]], [[Justice (French band)|Justice]] and [[Air (band)|Air]] also reached worldwide popularity and contributed to the reputation of modern electronic music in the world.<ref name=frmusic/><ref>The Telegraph, [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/3669339/Daft-Punk-Behind-the-robot-masks.html Daft Punk: Behind the robot masks], 17 November 2007 : "Daft Punk were in many ways responsible for turning the spotlight on a new, cool underground of French music in the late 1990s, including bestselling acts such as Air, and have been a huge influence on the current generation of international star DJs"</ref><ref>[[BBC News]], [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1721450.stm The return of French pop music], 20 December 2001</ref>
-Popular sports played in France include [[Association football|football]], [[judo]] and [[tennis]].<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATTEF05401&reg_id=0 Les licences sportives en France] - Insee</ref> France has hosted events such as the [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]] and [[1998 FIFA World Cup]]s,<ref>[http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mcwc/ip-201_10e_fwcdraw-history_8842.pdf History of the World Cup Final Draw] - FIFA</ref> and hosted the [[2007 Rugby Union World Cup]].<ref>[http://www.rugby.com.au/news/2003_april/france_wins_right_to_host_the_2007_rugby_wor_15381,3851.html France wins right to host the 2007 rugby world cup] - Rugby.com</ref> [[Stade de France]] in Paris is the largest stadium in France and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup final, and hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup final in October 2007. France also hosts the annual [[Tour de France]], the most famous [[road bicycle race]] in the world.<ref>[http://www.weightlossdietinformation.com/the-tour-de-france-the-most-famous-bicycle-race-in-the-world.html The Tour De France: The Most Famous Bicycle Race In The World] - Weightlossdietinformation.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/sports-science/Ce-Do/Cycling-Tour-de-France.html |title=Cycling: Tour de France |publisher=Faqs.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-09}}</ref> France is also famous for its [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] [[sports car racing|sports car]] [[endurance racing (motorsport)|endurance race]] held in the [[Sarthe]] department.<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.lemans.org/fr/courses/24h/histoire.html Une course légendaire] - [http://www.lemans.org/ Site officiel du 24 heures du Mans]</ref> Several major tennis tournaments take place in France, including the [[Paris Masters]] and the [[French Open]], one of the four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournaments.
+Among current musical events and institutions in France, many are dedicated to classical music and operas. The most prestigious institutions are the state-owned [[Paris National Opera]] (with its two sites [[Palais Garnier]] and [[Opéra Bastille]]), the [[Opéra National de Lyon]], the [[Théâtre du Châtelet]] in Paris, the [[Théâtre du Capitole]] in [[Toulouse]] and the [[Grand Théâtre de Bordeaux]]. As for music festivals, there are several events organized, the most popular being the [[Eurockéennes]] and [[Rock en Seine]]. The [[Fête de la Musique]], imitated by many foreign cities, was first launched by the French government in 1982.<ref>Ministry of Culture of France, [http://www.fetedelamusique.culture.fr/site-2010/?page_id=550 About « Fête de la Musique »]</ref><ref>France Diplomatie, [http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/france_159/culture-and-media_6819/culture_6874/music_5335/fete-musique-21.06.07_9392.html Fête de la Musique], June 21, 2007</ref> Major music halls and venues in France include [[Le Zénith]] sites present in many cities and other places in Paris ([[Paris Olympia]], [[Théâtre Mogador]], [[Élysée Montmartre]], etc.).
-[[File:Christophe Lemaitre Barcelone 2010.jpg|thumb|right|[[Christophe Lemaitre]] is the first [[Caucasian]] to break the [[10-second barrier]].]]
+==== Cinema ====
-France has a close association with the [[Olympic Games|Modern Olympic Games]]; it was a French aristocrat, Baron [[Pierre de Coubertin]], who suggested the Games' revival, at the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hill | first = Christopher R. | title = Olympic Politics | page = 5 |publisher = Manchester University Press ND | year = 1996 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=0o-9AAAAIAAJ&dq=pierre+de+coubertin | isbn = 0719044510}}</ref><ref name=Olympic>[http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/olympic.htm Olympic History] - World Atlas of Travel</ref> After [[Athens]] was awarded the first Games, in reference to the Greek origins of the ancient Olympics, Paris hosted the second Games [[1900 Summer Olympics|in 1900]].<ref>[http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Summer/Paris-1900/ Paris 1900 Summer Olympics] on the [http://www.olympic.org/en/ Official Site of the Olympic Movement]</ref> Paris was also the first home of the [[International Olympic Committee]], before it moved to [[Lausanne]].<ref>[http://www.lausanne-tourisme.ch/view.asp?DomID=63416&Language=E Lausanne, olympic capital] - Tourism in Lausanne</ref> Since that 1900 Games, France has hosted the Olympics on four further occasions: the [[1924 Summer Olympics]], again in Paris<ref name=Olympic/> and three [[Winter Olympic Games|Winter Games]] ([[1924 Winter Olympics|1924]] in [[Chamonix]], [[1968 Winter Olympics|1968]] in [[Grenoble]] and [[1992 Winter Olympics|1992]] in [[Albertville]]).<ref name="  Olympic"/>
-Both the [[France national football team|national football team]] and the [[France national rugby union team|national rugby union team]] are nicknamed “''Les Bleus''” in reference to the team’s shirt color as well as the national French tricolor flag. The football team is among the most successful in the world, particularly at the turn of the 21st century, with one [[FIFA World Cup]] victory in 1998,<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/events/1998/worldcup/ Vive la France] - CNN</ref> one FIFA World Cup second place in 2006,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4991652.stm Italy 1-1 France] - BBC</ref> and two [[UEFA European Football Championship|European Championships]] in [[1984 UEFA European Football Championship|1984]]<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro2012/history/season=1984/index.html 1984: Platini shines for flamboyant France] on the [http://en.uefa.com/ UEFA Official Site]</ref> and [[2000 UEFA European Football Championship|2000]].<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro2012/history/season=2000/index.html 2000: Trezeguet strikes gold for France] on the [http://en.uefa.com/ UEFA Official Site]</ref> The top national football club competition is the [[Ligue 1]]. Rugby is also very popular, particularly in Paris and the southwest of France.<ref>[http://www.123voyage.com/realsw/tosee/rugby.htm Rugby] - 123 Voyage</ref> The national rugby team has competed at every [[Rugby World Cup]], and takes part in the annual [[Six Nations Championship]]. Following from a [[Top 14|strong domestic tournament]] the French rugby team has won sixteen Six Nations Championships, including eight grand slams; and have reached the semi-finals and final of the [[Rugby World Cup]].
-=== Cinema ===
  [[File:Cinématographe Lumière.jpg|thumb|World's first movie advertising for l'[[L'Arroseur Arrosé|Arroseur Arrosé]], 1895]]
 {{Main|Cinema of France}}
@@ Line 715: / Line 712: @@
 culturelles » - Erudit.org</ref> Thus, French films account for 34,8% of the total film revenues of France, which is the highest percentage of national films revenues in developed countries (the U.S are not included), to compare with 13,7% in Spain and 8,3% in the UK.<ref name = erudit/>
-France was for centuries, and not so long ago, the cultural center of the world.<ref>[http://www.franceinlondon.co.uk/en-Article-335-Is-the-French-obsession-with-cultural-exception-declininge-Culture--london-language.html Is the French obsession with "cultural exception" declining?] - France in London</ref> But France's dominant position has been overthrown by [[american culture]], and thus France tries to protect its culture. France has been a strong advocate of the [[cultural exception]].<ref>[http://www.wolton.cnrs.fr/EN/collcom/ouvrages/fin_exc_cult.html The End of Cultural Exception ?] - [[CNRS]]</ref> France therefore succeeded in convince all the EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalized sectors of the WTO in 1993.<ref>[http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/actualites/politique/diversite/wto-en2.htm The cultural exception is not negotiable by Catherine Trautmann] - Ministry of Culture</ref>
+France was for centuries, and not so long ago, the cultural center of the world.<ref>[http://www.franceinlondon.co.uk/en-Article-335-Is-the-French-obsession-with-cultural-exception-declininge-Culture--london-language.html Is the French obsession with "cultural exception" declining?] - France in London</ref> But France's dominant position has been overthrown by [[american culture]], and thus France tries to protect its culture. France has been a strong advocate of the [[cultural exception]].<ref>[http://www.wolton.cnrs.fr/EN/collcom/ouvrages/fin_exc_cult.html The End of Cultural Exception ?] - [[CNRS]]</ref> France therefore succeeded in convincing all the EU members to refuse to include culture and audiovisuals in the list of liberalized sectors of the WTO in 1993.<ref>[http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/actualites/politique/diversite/wto-en2.htm The cultural exception is not negotiable by Catherine Trautmann] - Ministry of Culture</ref>
 Moreover, this decision was confirmed in a voting in the [[UNESCO]] in 2005, and the principe of "cultural exception" won an overwhelming victory : 198 countries voted for it, only 2 countries, the U.S and Israel, voted against it.<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.fnsac-cgt.com/administration/upload/ARTICLE%20UNESCO%20CONF%201602_06%20(3).pdf La Convention UNESCO pour la diversité culturelle : vers un droit international culturel contraignant ?] - www.fnsac-cgt.com</ref>
+=== Sports ===
+{{Main|Sport in France}}
+[[File:TourDeFrance 2005 07 09.jpg|thumb|[[Tour de France]]]]
+France is ranked sixth greatest sports nation, behind the [[United States]], [[China]], [[Russia]], [[Germany]], and [[Italy]].<ref>[http://images.businessweek.com/ss/10/02/0218_vancouver_olympics_contenders/7.htm The Greatest Sports Nations] - Bloomberg Businessweek</ref>
+Popular sports played in France include [[Association football|football]], [[judo]] and [[tennis]].<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/tableau.asp?ref_id=NATTEF05401&reg_id=0 Les licences sportives en France] - Insee</ref> France has hosted events such as the [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]] and [[1998 FIFA World Cup]]s,<ref>[http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifafacts/mcwc/ip-201_10e_fwcdraw-history_8842.pdf History of the World Cup Final Draw] - FIFA</ref> and hosted the [[2007 Rugby Union World Cup]].<ref>[http://www.rugby.com.au/news/2003_april/france_wins_right_to_host_the_2007_rugby_wor_15381,3851.html France wins right to host the 2007 rugby world cup] - Rugby.com</ref> [[Stade de France]] in Paris is the largest stadium in France and was the venue for the 1998 FIFA World Cup final, and hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup final in October 2007. France also hosts the annual [[Tour de France]], the most famous [[road bicycle race]] in the world.<ref>[http://www.weightlossdietinformation.com/the-tour-de-france-the-most-famous-bicycle-race-in-the-world.html The Tour De France: The Most Famous Bicycle Race In The World] - Weightlossdietinformation.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/sports-science/Ce-Do/Cycling-Tour-de-France.html |title=Cycling: Tour de France |publisher=Faqs.org |date= |accessdate=2010-08-09}}</ref> France is also famous for its [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] [[sports car racing|sports car]] [[endurance racing (motorsport)|endurance race]] held in the [[Sarthe]] department.<ref>{{fr}} [http://www.lemans.org/fr/courses/24h/histoire.html Une course légendaire] - [http://www.lemans.org/ Site officiel du 24 heures du Mans]</ref> Several major tennis tournaments take place in France, including the [[Paris Masters]] and the [[French Open]], one of the four [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] tournaments.
+[[File:Christophe Lemaitre Barcelone 2010.jpg|thumb|right|[[Christophe Lemaitre]] is the first [[Caucasian]] to break the [[10-second barrier]].]]
+France has a close association with the [[Olympic Games|Modern Olympic Games]]; it was a French aristocrat, Baron [[Pierre de Coubertin]], who suggested the Games' revival, at the end of the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hill | first = Christopher R. | title = Olympic Politics | page = 5 |publisher = Manchester University Press ND | year = 1996 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=0o-9AAAAIAAJ&dq=pierre+de+coubertin | isbn = 0719044510}}</ref><ref name=Olympic>[http://www.worldatlas.com/aatlas/infopage/olympic.htm Olympic History] - World Atlas of Travel</ref> After [[Athens]] was awarded the first Games, in reference to the Greek origins of the ancient Olympics, Paris hosted the second Games [[1900 Summer Olympics|in 1900]].<ref>[http://www.olympic.org/en/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-Games/Summer/Paris-1900/ Paris 1900 Summer Olympics] on the [http://www.olympic.org/en/ Official Site of the Olympic Movement]</ref> Paris was also the first home of the [[International Olympic Committee]], before it moved to [[Lausanne]].<ref>[http://www.lausanne-tourisme.ch/view.asp?DomID=63416&Language=E Lausanne, olympic capital] - Tourism in Lausanne</ref> Since that 1900 Games, France has hosted the Olympics on four further occasions: the [[1924 Summer Olympics]], again in Paris<ref name=Olympic/> and three [[Winter Olympic Games|Winter Games]] ([[1924 Winter Olympics|1924]] in [[Chamonix]], [[1968 Winter Olympics|1968]] in [[Grenoble]] and [[1992 Winter Olympics|1992]] in [[Albertville]]).<ref name="  Olympic"/>
+Both the [[France national football team|national football team]] and the [[France national rugby union team|national rugby union team]] are nicknamed “''Les Bleus''” in reference to the team’s shirt color as well as the national French tricolor flag. The football team is among the most successful in the world, particularly at the turn of the 21st century, with one [[FIFA World Cup]] victory in 1998,<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/soccer/world/events/1998/worldcup/ Vive la France] - CNN</ref> one FIFA World Cup second place in 2006,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4991652.stm Italy 1-1 France] - BBC</ref> and two [[UEFA European Football Championship|European Championships]] in [[1984 UEFA European Football Championship|1984]]<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro2012/history/season=1984/index.html 1984: Platini shines for flamboyant France] on the [http://en.uefa.com/ UEFA Official Site]</ref> and [[2000 UEFA European Football Championship|2000]].<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro2012/history/season=2000/index.html 2000: Trezeguet strikes gold for France] on the [http://en.uefa.com/ UEFA Official Site]</ref> The top national football club competition is the [[Ligue 1]]. Rugby is also very popular, particularly in Paris and the southwest of France.<ref>[http://www.123voyage.com/realsw/tosee/rugby.htm Rugby] - 123 Voyage</ref> The national rugby team has competed at every [[Rugby World Cup]], and takes part in the annual [[Six Nations Championship]]. Following from a [[Top 14|strong domestic tournament]] the French rugby team has won sixteen Six Nations Championships, including eight grand slams; and have reached the semi-finals and final of the [[Rugby World Cup]].
 === Society and reputation ===