Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps: Difference between revisions
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| colspan="2" | [[Albanian language|Albanian]] || {{lang|sq|[[Albanian alphabet|''emë'''r''''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɛməɾ]}} || 'name' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|r}} in all positions |
| colspan="2" | [[Albanian language|Albanian]] || {{lang|sq|[[Albanian alphabet|''emë'''r''''']]}} || {{IPA|[ɛməɾ]}} || 'name' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|r}} in all positions |
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| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=16}}</ref> || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|رجل]]}} || {{IPA|[ɾeɡl]}} || ' |
| [[Arabic language|Arabic]] || [[Egyptian Arabic|Egyptian]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Watson|2002|p=16}}</ref> || {{lang|ar|[[Arabic alphabet|رجل]]}} || {{IPA|[ɾeɡl]}} || 'man' || Contrasts with [[Emphatic consonant|emphatic]] form. See [[Arabic phonology]] |
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| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=19}}</ref> || {{lang|sm|[[Armenian alphabet|'''ր'''ոպե]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|ɾopɛ.ogg|[ɾopɛ]}} || 'minute' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|r}} in all positions |
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Eastern Armenian|Eastern]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=19}}</ref> || {{lang|sm|[[Armenian alphabet|'''ր'''ոպե]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|ɾopɛ.ogg|[ɾopɛ]}} || 'minute' || Contrasts with {{IPAslink|r}} in all positions |
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Revision as of 07:40, 21 October 2012
| Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɾ | |||
| IPA Number | 124 | ||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɾ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+027E | ||
| X-SAMPA | 4 | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
The alveolar flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar flaps is ⟨ɾ⟩.
Definition
The terms tap and flap may be used interchangeably.
Peter Ladefoged proposed for a while that it may be useful to distinguish between them. However, his usage has been inconsistent, contradicting itself even between different editions of the same text.[1] The last proposed distinction was that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief stop, whereas a flap strikes the point of contact tangentially: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing." However, later on, he no longer felt this was a useful distinction to make, and preferred to use the word flap in all cases.
For linguists who do make the distinction, the coronal tap is transcribed as a fish-hook "r", [ɾ], while the flap is transcribed as a small capital "d", [ᴅ], which is not recognized by the IPA. Otherwise, alveolars and dentals are typically called taps, and other articulations flaps. No language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same place of articulation.
This sound is often analyzed (and therefore transcribed) by native English speakers as an 'R-sound' in many foreign languages. For example, the 'Japanese R' in hara, akira, tora, etc. is actually an alveolar tap. In languages where this segment is present but is not a true phoneme, an alveolar tap is often an allophone of either an alveolar stop (/t/ or /d/) or a rhotic consonant like the alveolar trill or alveolar approximant.
Features
Features of the alveolar flap/tap:
- Its manner of articulation is tap, which means it is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that the tongue makes very brief contact.
- Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albanian | [[[Albanian alphabet|emër]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɛməɾ] | 'name' | Contrasts with /r/ in all positions | |
| Arabic | Egyptian[2] | رجل | [ɾeɡl] | 'man' | Contrasts with emphatic form. See Arabic phonology |
| Armenian | Eastern[3] | րոպե | 'minute' | Contrasts with /r/ in all positions | |
| Asturian | [[[Asturian alphabet|yera]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʝe̞ɾa] | 'I/it was' | Contrasts with /r/ | |
| Austro-Bavarian | [Rose] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɾoːzə] | 'rose' | ||
| Basque | [lore] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [lo̞ɾe̞] | 'flower' | Contrasts with /r/ | |
| Catalan[4] | [[[Catalan orthography|mira]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈmiɾə] | 'look' | Contrasts with /r/. See Catalan phonology | |
| Chechen | рагI / [raġ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ɾɑɣ] | 'mountain range' | ||
| Dutch | Many dialects | [[[Dutch orthography|Peru]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'Peru' | In free variation with [r]. Pronunciation of /r/ varies regionally. See Dutch phonology | |
| English[5] | RP [citation needed] |
[[[English orthography|better]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈbe̞ɾə] | 'better' | Rarely used allophone of /t/ and /d/. See English phonology and flapping |
| Australian[6] | Intervocalic allophone of /t/, and also /d/ among few speakers. Used more often in Australia than in New Zealand. See Australian English phonology and flapping | ||||
| New Zealand[7] | [ˈbeɾɘ] | ||||
| Cockney [citation needed] |
[ˈbɛɾə] | Intervocalic allophone of /t/. In free variation with [ʔ ~ tʰ ~ tˢ]. See flapping | |||
| Dublin | Intervocalic allophone of /t/ and /d/, present in many dialects. In Local Dublin it can be [ɹ] instead, unlike New and Mainstream. See English phonology and flapping | ||||
| North America | |||||
| Ulster | |||||
| West Country | |||||
| Irish | three | [θɾiː] | 'three' | Conservative accents. Corresponds to [ɹ], [ɻ] or [ʁ] in other accents. | |
| Scottish | Most speakers. Others use [ɹ ~ r]. | ||||
| Older RP[8] | Allophone of /ɹ/ | ||||
| Scouse | |||||
| South African | Broad speakers. Can be [ɹ ~ r] instead. | ||||
| Galician | [cordeiro] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [koɾˈðejɾo] | 'lamb' | Contrasts with /r/ in all positions | |
| Hebrew | Mizrahi | רבע | ['ɾevaʕ] | 'quarter' | See Modern Hebrew phonology |
| Sephardic | |||||
| Ilokano | tumakder | [tʊmakˈdeɾ] | 'to stand up' | ||
| Japanese | 心 kokoro | 'heart' | May instead be an alveolar lateral flap. See Japanese phonology | ||
| Korean | 바람 [[[Revised Romanization of Korean|baram]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [paɾam] | 'wind' | See Korean phonology | |
| Māori | [reo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɾeo] | 'language' | ||
| Norwegian | [[[Norwegian alphabet|Norge]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈnɔɾɡə] | 'Norway' | See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | كشور | [keʃvæɾ] | 'country' | See Persian phonology | |
| Portuguese[9] | [[[Portuguese orthography|prato]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈpɾatu] | 'dish' | Dental to retroflex allophones, varying by dialect. Contrasts with /ʁ/, with its guttural allophones and, in all positions, with its archaic form [r]. See Portuguese phonology | |
| Sicilian | [[[Sicilian language|corna]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkɔɾna] | 'horns' | ||
| Spanish[10] | [[[Spanish orthography|caro]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈkaɾo̞] | 'expensive' | Contrasts with /r/. See Spanish phonology | |
| Tagalog | bihira | [bɪˈhiɾɐ] | 'rare' | See Tagalog phonology | |
| Turkish | [[[Turkish alphabet|Türkiye]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈt̪yɾcijɛ] | 'Turkey' | See Turkish phonology | |
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan[11] | ran | [ɾaŋ] | 'to see' | |
See also
References
- ^ Ladefoged, P. and Maddieson, I. (1996:230–231): The sounds of the World's Languages, UK. Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
- ^ Watson (2002:16)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:19)
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992:53)
- ^ Ogden (2009:92)
- ^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007:343)
- ^ Trudgill & Hannah (2002:24)
- ^ Wise, Claude Merton. Introduction to phonetics. Englewood Cliffs, 1957.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995:91)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:255)
- ^ Merrill (2008:108)
Bibliography
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
- Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341–349, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
- Trudgill, Peter; Hannah, Jean (2002), International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 4th ed., p. 24
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
- Ogden, Richard (2009), An Introduction to English Phonetics, Edinburgh University Press
{{citation}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
- Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360
