Voiced labiodental approximant
| Voiced labiodental approximant | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ʋ | |||
| IPA Number | 150 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ʋ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+028B | ||
| X-SAMPA | P or v\ | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
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The labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is similar to an English w pronounced with the teeth and lips held in the position used to articulate the letter V. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is P or v\.
The labiodental approximant is the typical realization of /v/ in the Indian South African variety of English. As the voiceless /f/ is also realized as an approximant ([ʋ̥]), it is also an example of a language contrasting voiceless and voiced labiodental approximants.[1]
Features
Features of the labiodental approximant:
- Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by narrowing the vocal tract at the place of articulation, but not enough to produce a turbulent airstream.
- Its place of articulation is labiodental, which means it is articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth.
- Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
- It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
- Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
- The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armenian | Eastern[2] | ոսկի | [ʋɔski] | 'gold' | |
| Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | [hawa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [haːʋa] | 'wind' | Predominant in the Urmia dialects. For some speakers, [v] is used. Corresponds to [w] in the other varieties. | |
| Catalan | Balearic | [treballava] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t̪ɾəbəˈʎ̟aʋə] | 'worked' | Allophone of /v/.[3] See Catalan phonology |
| Valencian[3] | [t̪ɾe̠bäˈʎ̟aʋä] | ||||
| Danish | Standard[4] | [[[Danish orthography|véd]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʋe̝ːˀð̠˕ˠ] | 'know(s)' | Also described as a short plosive [b̪̆]; rarely realized as a fricative [v] instead.[5] See Danish phonology |
| Dutch | Netherlandic | [[[Dutch orthography|wang]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʋɑŋ] | 'cheek' | In southern dialects of the Netherlands realised as bilabial [β̞]. See Dutch phonology |
| English | Indian South African[1] | [[[English orthography|vine]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʋaɪn] | 'vine' | Corresponds to a fricative [v] in other accents. |
| Some speakers | [[[English orthography|red]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʋe̞d̥] | 'red' | Mostly idiosyncratic but somewhat dialectal[6] (especially in London and South East England). See English phonology and R-labialization | |
| Faroese[7] | [røða] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈɹøːʋa] | 'speech' | Word-initial and intervocalic allophone of /v/. In the first case, it is in a free variation with a fricative [v].[7] See Faroese phonology | |
| Finnish | [[[Finnish alphabet|vauva ]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʋɑuʋːɑ] | 'baby' | See Finnish phonology | |
| German | Standard | [[[German orthography|was]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʋas] | 'what' | Post-consonantal allophone of /v/ for most speakers. Also used word-initially by some, especially in the South. See Standard German phonology. |
| Swiss | Corresponds to /v/ in Standard German[8] | ||||
| Guaraní | [avañe'ẽ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʔãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ] | 'Guaraní language' | Contrasts with /w/ and /ɰ/ | |
| Hawaiian | [[[Hawaiian alphabet|wikiwiki]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʋikiʋiki] | 'fast' | May also be realized as [w] or [v]. See Hawaiian phonology | |
| Hindi | वरुण | [ʋəruɳ] | 'Varuna' | See Hindustani phonology | |
| Italian | Northern dialects[9] | [[[Italian orthography|raro]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʋäːʋo] | 'rare' | Some speakers, especially in Parma. May also be uvular, either a fricative [ʁ] or a trill [ʀ].[9] See Italian phonology |
| Marathi | वजन | [ʋə(d)zən] | 'weight' | See Marathi phonology | |
| Miyako[10] | [ʋ̩tɑ] | 'thick' | May be syllabic. | ||
| Norwegian | Urban East[11][12] | [[[Norwegian alphabet|venn]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʋe̞nː] | 'friend' | Sometimes realized as a fricative [v].[12][13] See Norwegian phonology |
| Nsenga | [ŵanthu] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʋaⁿtʰu] | 'people' | ||
| Portuguese | Some speakers[14] | [[[Portuguese orthography|louvo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈloːʋu] | 'I praise' | Very rare intervocalic allophone of /v/ in unstressed syllables. See Portuguese phonology |
| Punjabi | ਵਾਲ | [ʋäːl] | 'hair' | ||
| Serbo-Croatian | [[[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|цврчак]] / cvrčak] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [t͡sʋř̩ːt͡ʃak] | 'cricket' | May also be realized as [v], depending on dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |
| Slovak[15] | [[[Slovak alphabet|voda]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | 'water' | Usual realization of /v/.[15] See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovene[16] | [veter] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ˈʋéːtər] | 'wind' | Also described as fricative [v].[17][18] See Slovene phonology | |
| Swedish | [[[Swedish alphabet|vän]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʋɛn] | 'friend' | Some speakers. See Swedish phonology | |
| Spanish[19] | Chilean | hablar | [äˈʋläɾ] | 'to speak' | Allophone of /b/. See Spanish phonology |
| Tamil | வாய் | [ʋɑj] | 'mouth' | See Tamil phonology | |
| Ukrainian[20] | він | [ʋin] | 'he' | Possible prevocalic realization of /w/, most commonly before /i/.[20] See Ukrainian phonology | |
| West Frisian | [[[West Frisian language|wêr]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) | [ʋɛːr] | 'where' | See West Frisian phonology | |
See also
References
- ^ a b Mesthrie (2004:960)
- ^ Dum-Tragut (2009:20)
- ^ a b Saborit Vilar (2009:52)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:62)
- ^ Basbøll (2005:27 and 66)
- ^ Foulkes & Docherty (1999:?)
- ^ a b Árnason (2011:115)
- ^ Schmid, Stephan (2010), Segmental features of Swiss German ethnolects, retrieved 2015-04-27
- ^ a b Canepari (1999), pp. 98–101.
- ^ Thomas Pellard, Why it is important to study the Ryukyuan languages Archived 2015-10-18 at the Wayback Machine (presentation)
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000:22 and 25)
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979:41)
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000:74)
- ^ Principais Fenómenos de Variação Registados nas Transcrições das Amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP Template:Pt icon
- ^ a b Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:374)
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999:136)
- ^ Priestley (2002:394)
- ^ Greenberg (2006:18)
- ^ "El alófono labiodental sonoro [v] del fonema /b/ en el castellano de Concepción (Chile): Una investigación exploratoria" (PDF).
- ^ a b Žovtobrjux & Kulyk (1965:121–122)
Bibliography
- Árnason, Kristján (2011). The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199229317.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
- Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard J., eds. (1999), Urban Voices, Arnold
- Greenberg, Mark L. (2006), A Short Reference Grammar of Standard Slovene, Kansas: University of Kansas
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162
- Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000), The Phonology of Norwegian, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5
- Mesthrie, Rajend (2004), "Indian South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 953–963, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
- Priestley, T.M.S. (2002), "Slovene", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 388–451, ISBN 0-415-28078-8
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Saborit Vilar, Josep (2009), Millorem la pronúncia, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua
- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Žovtobrjux, M.A.; Kulyk, B.M. (1965), Kurs sučasnoji ukrajins’koji literaturnoji movy. Častyna I., Kiev: Radjans’ka škola
