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Steve Jobs
Born (1955-02-24) February 24, 1955 (age 69)[1]
San Francisco, California[1]
OccupationCEO of Apple Computer[2]

Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is the co-founder and CEO of Apple Computer and was the CEO of Pixar until its acquisition by Disney [2], and he is currently the largest shareholder at Disney. [5] He is considered to be a leading figure in both the computer and entertainment industries. [6] Jobs' history in business has contributed greatly to the mythos of the quirky, individualistic Silicon Valley entrepreneur, emphasizing the importance of design while understanding the crucial role aesthetics play in public appeal. His work driving forward the development of products that are both functional and elegant has earned him a devoted cult following.[7]

Together with Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, Jobs helped popularize the concept of the personal computer in the late '70s. In the early '80s, still at Apple, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of the mouse-driven GUI.[8] After being pushed aside in 1985 by Apple's board of directors, Jobs founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher education and business markets. NeXT's subsequent 1997 buyout by Apple brought Jobs back to the company he co-founded, and he has served as its chief executive officer since his return.

Biography

Early years

Steve Jobs was born in San Francisco,[1] to an American woman and a Syrian man—Joanne Carole Schieble and Abdulfattah John Jandali, a graduate student who later became a political science professor.[9] One week after birth, Jobs was put up for adoption by his unmarried mother, who was also in graduate school. He was adopted by Paul and Clara (née Hagopian) Jobs of Mountain View, Santa Clara County, California.[10] They gave him the name Steven Paul Jobs. His biological parents later married and gave birth to Jobs' sister, the novelist Mona Simpson, whom Jobs did not meet until they were adults. The marriage of his biological parents ended in divorce years later. Jobs dislikes hearing the "adoptive parents" appellation applied to Paul and Clara Jobs and refers to them as his only parents.

Jobs attended Cupertino Middle School and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California,[11] and frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California. He was soon hired there and worked with Steve Wozniak as a summer employee.[12] In 1972, Jobs graduated from high school and enrolled in Reed College in Portland, Oregon, but he dropped out after only one semester.[13] When speaking at the Stanford University graduation ceremony in 2005, Jobs told the graduates that, after dropping out, he continued auditing classes at Reed, including one in calligraphy. "If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts," he said.[14]

In the autumn of 1974, Jobs returned to California and began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Steve Wozniak.[15] He took a job as a technician at Atari, a manufacturer of popular video games, with the primary intent of saving money for a spiritual retreat to India. During the 1960s, it had been discovered by phone phreakers (and popularized by John Draper) that a slightly modified toy whistle included in every box of Cap'n Crunch breakfast cereal was able to reproduce the 2600 Hz supervision tone used by the AT&T long distance telephone system. After reading about it and later meeting with John Draper, Jobs and Wozniak went into business briefly in 1974 to build "blue boxes" that allowed free long distance calls.

Jobs then backpacked around India with a Reed College friend (and, later, first Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of philosophical enlightenment. He came back with his head shaved and wearing traditional Indian clothing. He returned to his previous job at Atari and was given the task of creating a circuit board for the game Breakout. According to Atari Founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari had offered $100 for each chip that was reduced in the machine. Jobs had little interest or knowledge in circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the bonus evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line. At the time, Jobs told Wozniak that Atari had only given them $700 (instead of the actual $5000) and that Wozniak's share was thus $350. [16] [17] [18] [19] [20]

Beginnings of Apple Computer

File:Apple first logo.jpg
The original Apple logo featuring Isaac Newton under the fabled apple tree, designed by cofounder Ron Wayne.
See also: History of Apple Computer

When the then twenty-one-year-old Jobs saw a computer that Wozniak had designed for his own use, he convinced Wozniak to assist him and started a company to market the computer. Apple Computer Co. was founded as a partnership on April 1, 1976. Though their initial plan was to sell just printed circuit boards, Jobs and Wozniak ended up creating a batch of completely assembled computers and entered the personal computer business. The first personal computer Jobs and Wozniak introduced- called the Apple I- sold for $666.66, a number Wozniak came up with because he liked repeating digits (Wozniak 2006, 180). Its successor, the Apple II, was introduced the following year and became a huge success, turning Apple into an important player in the nascent personal computer industry. In December 1980, with a successful IPO, Apple Computer became a publicly traded corporation, making Jobs a multi-millionaire.

As Apple continued to expand, the company began looking for an experienced executive to help manage its expansion. In 1983, Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola, to serve as Apple's CEO, challenging him, "Do you want to spend the rest of your life selling sugared water, or do you want to change the world?" The following year, Apple set out to do just that, starting with a Super Bowl television commercial titled, "1984". Two days later at Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Apple Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium".[21] The Macintosh became the first commercially successful computer with a graphical user interface, that was heavily influenced by Xerox PARC. The development of the Mac was started by Jef Raskin, and eventually taken over by Jobs.

While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic evangelist for Apple, some of his employees from that time had described him as an erratic and tempestuous manager. An industry-wide sales slump towards the end of 1984 caused a deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley, and at the end of May 1985 – following an internal power struggle and an announcement of significant layoffs – Sculley forcibly relieved Jobs of his duties as head of the Macintosh division.[22]

NeXT

Jobs founded NeXT Computer shortly after leaving Apple.

Finding himself sidelined by the company he had founded, Jobs sold all but one of his shares in Apple. In 1986 he bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm for US$5 million and gave another US$5 million to the company as capital.

Around the same time, Jobs founded another computer company, NeXT Computer. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced, but was never able to break into the mainstream mainly owing to its high cost. Among those who could afford it, however, the NeXT workstation garnered a strong following because of its technical strengths, chief among them its object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the scientific and academic fields because of the innovative, experimental new technologies it incorporated (such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in Ethernet port).

The NeXT Cube was described by Jobs as an "interpersonal" computer, which he believed was the next step after "personal" computing. That is, if computers could allow people to communicate and collaborate together in an easy way, it would solve a lot of the problems that "personal" computing had come up against. Jobs had been criticized for not including built-in networking features on the original Macintosh (calling it an "umbilical cord to the company"), and he was determined not to repeat the mistake. During a time when e-mail for most people was plain text, Jobs loved to demo the NeXT's e-mail system, NeXTMail, as an example of his "interpersonal" philosophy. NeXTMail was one of the first to support universally visible, clickable embedded graphics and audio within e-mail.

Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by such things as the NeXT Cube's magnesium case. This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.

NeXT technology played a large role in catalyzing two unrelated events:

  • The World Wide Web. Tim Berners-Lee developed the original World Wide Web system at CERN on a NeXT workstation. Jobs' insistence that average people should be able to write custom "mission-critical" applications formed the basis of Interface Builder, which Berners-Lee utilized to do just that — by writing a program entitled "WorldWideWeb 1.0".
  • The return of Apple Computer. Apple's reliance on ancient software and internal mismanagement, particularly its inability to release a major operating system upgrade, had brought it near bankruptcy in the early-to-mid 1990s. Jobs' progressive stance on Unix underpinnings was considered overly ambitious and somewhat backward in the 1980s, but his choice ultimately became an expandable, solid foundation for an operating system. Apple would later acquire this software and, under Jobs' leadership, experience a renaissance.

Return to Apple

File:Steve Jobs with iMac.jpg
In 1998, Jobs introduced the iMac in an attempt to bring Apple back into profitability.
See also: “1998 to 2005: New beginnings” in Apple Computer

In 1996, Apple bought NeXT for $402 million, bringing Jobs back to the company he founded. In 1997 he became Apple's interim CEO after the directors lost confidence in and ousted then-CEO Gil Amelio in a boardroom coup. In March of 1998, in order to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs immediately terminated a number of projects such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened". The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company.[23] This practice became known as "getting Steved."

With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs' guidance the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. Being Apple's interim CEO along with the introduction of the iMac led Jobs to use the title iCEO.

In recent years, the company has branched out. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software and the iTunes Store, the company is making forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminds his employees that "real artists ship",[24] by which he means that delivering working products on time is as important as innovation and killer design.

Jobs worked at Apple for several years with an annual salary of $1, and this earned him a listing in Guinness World Records as the "Lowest Paid Chief Executive Officer". At the 2000 keynote speech of Macworld Expo in San Francisco, the company dropped the "interim" from his title, making him permanent CEO of Apple. His current salary at Apple officially remains $1 per year, although he has traditionally been the recipient of a number of lucrative "executive gifts" from the board, including a $46 million jet in 1999 and just under 30 million shares of restricted stock in 2000-2002. As such, Jobs is well compensated for his efforts at Apple despite the nominal one-dollar salary. This effectively reduces his tax liability, because under current U.S. tax law, salary income is taxed at a top rate of 35%, whereas capital gains tax, which applies to stock grants, maxes out at 15% for profits derived from long-term capital gains. Obtaining remuneration through stock instead of income is a common tax minimization strategy for many upper-echelon U.S. executives.

File:Steve Jobs Apple Store.jpg
Steve Jobs at the opening of the Fifth Avenue Apple Store in 2006.

Jobs is both admired and criticized for his consummate skills of persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and is particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos. The "RDF" is an encapsulating term, also referring to Apple's sometimes premium market pricing, the overly-expensive Power Mac G4 Cube being a case in point.

In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the U.S. by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. When asked by a representative of a liberal investment fund why Apple's programs lagged behind Dell's and HP's, Jobs wound up his critic by calling the advocates' complaints "bullshit". However, a few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the keynote speaker. The banner read "Steve - Don't be a mini-player recycle all e-waste". In 2006 he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any U.S. customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.[25]

In December 2006, it was disclosed that the United States government was investigating Apple for falsifying records, and that Jobs received 7.5 million shares of Apple stock in 2001 without approval of the board of directors.[26] The case is the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations.[27]

Pixar and Disney

File:Pixar.jpg
Pixar is best known for its Toy Story, A Bug's Life, Toy Story 2, Monsters Inc., Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, and Cars animation films.

In 1986, Steve Jobs bought Lucasfilm's computer graphics division from George Lucas for $5 million, a computer animation studio named Pixar.[28] The new company, which was originally based in Point Richmond, California but has since relocated to Emeryville, California, contracted with Disney to produce a number of computer-animated feature films, which Disney would co-finance and distribute.

The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next ten years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company would produce the box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998), Toy Story 2 (1999), Monsters, Inc. (2001), Finding Nemo (2003), The Incredibles (2004), and Cars (2006). Both Finding Nemo and The Incredibles received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.

In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership, and in early 2004 Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films once its contract with Disney expired. Personal animosity between the two executives was largely blamed for the companies' failure to renew their partnership.

In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. Once the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately 7 percent of the company's stock.[29] Jobs' holdings in Disney far exceeds those of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who holds about one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner included the soured Pixar relationship and accelerated his ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger.

Wikinews has related news:

Jobs also helps oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses with a seat on a special six-man steering committee. One of the committee's first decisions was to discontinue the production of so-called "cheapquels" (cheap direct-to-video sequels). Many also see Jobs as a valuable and influential advisor to Iger and Disney on technology matters. Pixar's latest film, Cars, was released June 9, 2006.

Managerial style

Much has been made of Steve Jobs’s aggressive and demanding personality. Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Mike Moritz’s The Little Kingdom, one of the few authorized biographies of Jobs; Jeffrey S. Young’s unauthorized Steve Jobs: The Journey Is the Reward; the aforementioned The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon.

In iCon: Steve Jobs the authors point out that Paul Jobs, his father by adoption, was also known for his aggressive side: "Paul was soon hired as a kind of strongarm man by a finance company that sought help collecting on auto loans—an early repo man. Both his bulk and his aggressive personality were well suited to this somewhat dangerous pursuit, and his mechanical bent enabled him to pick the locks of the cars he had to repossess and hot-wire them if necessary."

In the documentary Triumph of the Nerds, the reaction to Jobs' famous firing from Apple Computer by CEO John Sculley and the Apple Board of Directors was talked about by various people:

  • Chris Espinosa: "The grandiose plans of what Macintosh was gonna be was just so far out of whack with the truth of what the product was doing. And the truth of what the product was doing was not horrible, it was salvageable. But the gap between the two was just so unthinkable that somebody had to do something, and that somebody was John Sculley."
  • John Sculley: "The board had to make a choice and I said look, it's Steve's company, I was brought in here to help. If you want him to run it, that's fine by me. But we gotta at least decide what we're gonna do and everybody's got to get behind it ... and ultimately after the board talked with Steve and talked with me, the decision was that we would go forward with my plans and Steve left."
  • Steve Jobs: "What can I say? I hired the wrong guy. He destroyed everything I spent 10 years working for; starting with me, but that wasn't the saddest part. I would have gladly left Apple if Apple would have turned out like I wanted it to."
  • Larry Tesler: "People in the company had very mixed feelings about it, everyone had been terrorized by Steve Jobs at some point or another, and so there was a certain relief that the terrorist would be gone. And on the other hand I think there was incredible respect for Steve Jobs by the very same people, and we were all very worried what would happen to this company without the visionary, without the founder, without the charisma."
  • Andy Hertzfeld: "He took it as a personal attack, started attacking Sculley, in which, you know, backed himself into a corner. Because he was sure that the board would support him and not Sculley ... Apple never recovered from losing Steve; Steve was the heart and soul and driving force; it would be quite a different place today; they lost their soul."

Personal life

File:Steve Jobs at Stanford.jpg
Steve Jobs speaking at Stanford University in 2005.

Jobs married Laurene Powell, nine years his junior, on March 18, 1991 and has had three children with her.[10] He also had a daughter named Lisa Brennan-Jobs with Chris-Ann Brennan, whom he did not marry. Lisa (born May 17, 1978) is a journalist, who wrote for The Harvard Crimson. In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan."

In the unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children. Baez included a mention of Jobs in the acknowledgements of her 1987 memoir And A Voice To Sing With.

Jobs is not a vegetarian or vegan as is often claimed. Although he does not eat mammalian meat, he reportedly eats fish from time to time. This is known as pescetarianism.

In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building with a politically progressive reputation, where Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had an apartment. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 frontman Bono. Jobs had never moved in.

In 1984, Jobs purchased a 17,000 square foot, 14 bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion, designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California, also known as Jackling House. Although Jobs lived in the mansion for ten years, reportedly in an almost unfurnished state, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998, the mansion was allowed to fall into a state of disrepair. Planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property, he met complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition of the property. Litigation has been ongoing since September of 2005.[30]

Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes". On October 6, 1997, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he owned then-troubled Apple Computer, said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."[31] The feud now appears to be over as Dell and Apple reached an agreement for Dell's online store to sell iPods in 2004. (As of November 2006, Dell no longer offers iPods on its online store.)

In 2005, Steve Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from the Apple retail stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.[32]

In an interview in the book What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry, Jobs says that taking LSD was "one of the two or three most important things he has done in his life".

Health concerns

In mid-2004, Jobs announced to his employees that he had been diagnosed with a malignant tumor in his pancreas.[33] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very grim; Jobs, however, stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.[33] On July 31, 2004, Jobs successfully underwent surgery to remove the tumor, which did not require chemotherapy or radiation therapy.[33] During his absence, Timothy D. Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[33]

In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His “thin, almost gaunt” appearance and unusually “listless” delivery,[34][35] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and internet speculation about his health.[36] According to an Ars Technica journal report, WWDC attendees who saw Jobs in person said he “looked fine.”[37]

Following the Keynote an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."[38]


Jobs was prominently featured in three films about the history of the personal computing industry.

  • In the anime Eureka 7 there are two members of Gekko State called Jobs and Woz, both engineers/software specialists. Their names are homages to Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
  • In the Remnants series by K.A. Applegate, which takes place in the near-future where characters can name themselves, one of the main characters calls himself "Jobs" after him.

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Steve Jobs". 1995-04-20. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
  2. ^ a b "Apple - Press Info - Bios - Steve Jobs". 2006. Retrieved 2006-09-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ^ (reference outdated) "Technology Briefing | Hardware: Apple's Chief Gets $1 Salary - New York Times". 2001-12-27. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
  4. ^ Kroll, Luisa (2006-02-06). "Steven Jobs, The World's Richest People - Forbes.com". Retrieved 2006-11-16. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ "Steve Jobs' Magic Kingdom". 2006-01-06. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
  6. ^ Burrows, Peter (2004-11-04). "Steve Jobs: He Thinks Different". Retrieved 2006-09-20.
  7. ^ Cringely, Robert X. (2004). "Steve Jobs". Retrieved 2006-09-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ^ Kahney, Leander (2004-01-06). "Wired News: We're All Mac Users Now". Retrieved 2006-09-20.
  9. ^ Behrendt, Andy (2005-12-05). "Apple Computer mogul's roots tied to Green Bay". Green Bay Press-Gazette. Retrieved 2006-04-19. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b Smith, David (2006-01-29). "The non-stop revolutionary". Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 2006-03-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Cringely, Robert X. (April 2004). "Steve Jobs – Apple Computer, Pixar". Inc.: America's 25 Most Fascinating Entrepreneurs. Retrieved 2006-05-18.
  12. ^ "Biography: Steve Jobs". The Apple Museum. Retrieved 2006-05-18.
  13. ^ Campbell, Duncan (2004-06-08). "The Guardian Profile: Steve Jobs". Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved 2006-03-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. ^ "'You've got to find what you love,' Jobs says". Stanford Report. 2005-06-14. Retrieved 2006-03-31. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  15. ^ Seyfer, Jessie (2006-05-10). "New can-do club wants to build better cell phone". The Mercury News. Retrieved 2006-05-18. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  16. ^ Letters - General Questions Answered, Woz.org
  17. ^ Wozniak, Steven: "iWoz", pages 147-148. Norton, 2006. ISBN 13:978-0-393-06143-7
  18. ^ Kent, Stevn: "The Ultimate History of Video Games", pages 71-73. Three Rivers, 2001. ISBN 0-7615-3643-4}}
  19. ^ http://www.thedoteaters.com/p2_stage1.php
  20. ^ http://www.arcade-history.com/index.php?page=detail&id=3397
  21. ^ Andy Hertzfeld. "The Times They Are A-Changin'". folklore.org.
  22. ^ Andy Hertzfeld. "The End Of An Era". folklore.org.
  23. ^ "The once and future Steve Jobs". 2000-10-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. ^ "Real Artists Ship".
  25. ^ "Apple Improves Recycling Plan". 2006-04-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  26. ^ "Apple 'falsified' files on Jobs' options". 2006-12-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  27. ^ "New questions raised about Steve Jobs's role in Apple stock options scandal". 2006-12-28. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ Pixar Founding Documents
  29. ^ January 25, 2006 Disney buys Pixar for $7.4 bn, rediff.com
  30. ^ Friends of the Jackling House
  31. ^ CNet
  32. ^ Hafner, Katie (2005-04-30). "Steve Jobs's Review of His Biography: Ban It". New York times. p. Technology. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
  33. ^ a b c d Evangelista, Benny (2004-08-02). "Apple's Jobs has cancerous tumor removed". San Francisco Chronicle. p. A1. Retrieved 2006-08-09.
  34. ^ “Looking very thin, almost gaunt”: Kahney, Leander. "Has Steve Jobs Lost His Magic?". Cult of Mac. Wired News. Retrieved 2006-08-08.
  35. ^ “they were uninspired (and concerned) by Jobs' relatively listless delivery”: Meyers, Michelle. "Jobs speech wasn't very Jobs-like". BLOGMA. CNET News.com. Retrieved 2006-08-08.
  36. ^ Saracevic, Al (2006-08-09). "Where's Jobs' Mojo?". San Francisco Chronicle. p. C1. Retrieved 2006-08-09.
  37. ^ Cheng, Jacqui. "What happened to The Steve we know and love?". Infinite Loop. Ars Technica. Retrieved 2006-08-08.
  38. ^ "Mac Rumors: Steve Jobs in Good Health". Infinite Loop. MacRumors.com. Retrieved 2006-08-08.

References

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Interviews

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Preceded by Apple CEO
1997–present 		Succeeded by
Incumbent

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