2019 in spaceflight
Highlights from spaceflight in 2019[a] | |
Orbital launches | |
---|---|
First | 10 January |
Last | 27 December |
Total | 102 |
Successes | 97 |
Failures | 5 |
Catalogued | 97 |
National firsts | |
Satellite | |
Space traveller | |
Rockets | |
Maiden flights | |
Retirements | |
Crewed flights | |
Orbital | 3 |
Suborbital | 1 (private) |
Total travellers | 12 (3 suborbital) |
EVAs | 11 |
This article documents notable spaceflight events during the year 2019.
Overview
Lunar exploration
The Chinese probe Chang'e 4 made the humanity's first soft landing on the far side of the Moon on 3 January and released its Yutu 2 rover to explore the lunar surface on the far side for the first time in human history. Israel's SpaceIL, one of the participants in the expired Google Lunar X Prize[1] launched the first private mission to the Moon in February. The Beresheet lander from SpaceIL made the landing attempt in April, but crashed onto the Moon.[2] India launched the delayed Chandrayaan-2 lunar orbiter/lander/rover in July; the orbiter reached lunar orbit by September, but the Vikram lander crashed into the lunar surface.[3]
Exploration of the Solar System
The probe New Horizons encountered the Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth on 1 January. This is the farthest object from the Sun ever to have a close encounter with a spacecraft.[4] The Japanese asteroid exploration mission Hayabusa2 made a second touchdown with 162173 Ryugu to collect samples,[5] and departed for Earth on 12 November.[6] NASA declared the Mars rover Opportunity's mission over on 13 February.[7] The InSight lander observed the first recorded Marsquake in April.[8]
Human spaceflight
The first Commercial Crew Development test missions flew this year, aiming to restore United States human spaceflight capability following Space Shuttle retirement in 2011. In an uncrewed test flight, SpaceX Dragon 2 successfully flew on a Falcon 9 to the International Space Station on 3 March 2019; the crewed mission was delayed when the recovered capsule exploded during testing on 20 April.[9] Boeing's CST-100 Starliner launched a similar uncrewed test flight on an Atlas V on 20 December, but an anomaly during launch meant that it could not reach the ISS and had to land only 2 days later.[10]
Rocket innovation
At the beginning of the year, around 100 small satellite launchers were in active use, in development, or were recently cancelled or stalled.[11] Three Chinese manufacturers launched their first orbital rocket in 2019: The maiden flight of OS-M1 in March failed to reach orbit,[12] the maiden flights of Hyperbola-1 in July[13] and of Jielong 1 in August[14] were successful. The PSLV-DL and PSLV-QL variants of the Indian PSLV first flew in January and April respectively.
SpaceX began testing of the SpaceX Starship in 2019, with an uncrewed prototype "Starhopper" flying 150m in the air in a suborbital test flight on 27 August.[15] The heavy-lift Long March 5 made its return to flight in December, more than two years after the July 2017 launch failure that grounded the vehicle and forced an engine redesign.[16]
The "single stick" Delta IV was retired in August,[17] and the analog-controlled Soyuz-FG was retired in September.[18] Due to Ukraine banning control system exports to Russia, Rokot was retired after a final flight in December.[19]
Orbital launches
Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
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Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) |
Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
Remarks | |||||||
January | |||||||
10 January 17:05[20] |
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3B-Y56[21] | ![]() |
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CNSA | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
11 January 15:31[22] |
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F9-067 | ![]() |
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Iridium | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
15 January[23][24] | ![]() |
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Amirkabir University of Technology | Low Earth | Earth observation | 15 January | Launch failure | ||
Third stage malfunctioned, satellite failed to reach orbit.[23] | |||||||
18 January 00:50:20[26] |
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JAXA | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Astro Live Experiences | Low Earth (SSO) | Artificial meteor shower | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Tohoku University | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VNSC | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Nanyang Technological University, Kyutech | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Nihon University | Low Earth (SSO) | Amateur radio | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Tokyo Institute of Technology | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
Launch of the Innovative Satellite Technology Demonstration-1 mission. | |||||||
19 January 19:05[28] |
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D-382 | ![]() |
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NRO | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
21 January 05:42[29] |
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Y6[30] | ![]() |
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Chang Guang Satellite Technology | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Chang Guang Satellite Technology | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Tianyi Research Institute | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Beijing ZeroG Technology | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
24 January 18:07[34] |
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C44[35] | ![]() |
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DRDO | Low Earth | Earth observation ASAT target |
27 March | Destroyed[36] | ||
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Space Kidz India[37] | Low Earth | HAM Radio[37] | In orbit | Operational | ||
Maiden flight of PSLV-DL. Microsat-R served as target for Indian ASAT experiment on 27 March 2019. | |||||||
February | |||||||
5 February[38][39] | ![]() |
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Sharif University of Technology | Low Earth | Communications, Remote sensing | 5 February | Launch failure[41][42] | ||
5 February 21:01[43] |
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VA247 | ![]() |
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Hellas-Sat / ArabSat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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ISRO | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
21 February 16:47[45] |
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NARSS | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
Third stage anomaly but achieved orbit in contingency mode | |||||||
22 February 01:45[47] |
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F9-068 | ![]() |
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PSN | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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SpaceIL | Moon transfer | Lunar lander | 11 April | Landing failure | ||
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AFRL | Geosynchronous | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
Beresheet raised its orbit towards the moon from a supersynchronous transfer orbit with 60,000 km apogee.[46] | |||||||
27 February 21:37[51] |
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VS21 | ![]() |
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OneWeb | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational[52] | ||
First flight for OneWeb satellite constellation. Kourou flight 1. | |||||||
March | |||||||
2 March 07:49:03[53] |
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F9-069 | ![]() |
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SpaceX / NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Flight test / ISS logistics | 8 March | Successful | ||
Crew Dragon Demo 1: Test of the Dragon 2 as part of Commercial Crew Development program. | |||||||
9 March 17:28[55] |
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3B-Y54[21] | ![]() |
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China Satcom | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
300th launch of the Long March rocket family.[54] | |||||||
14 March 19:14:09[57] |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Expedition 59/60 | 3 October 10:59 |
Successful | ||
Crewed flight with three cosmonauts. | |||||||
16 March 00:26[59] |
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D-383 | ![]() |
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U.S. Air Force | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Last flight of Delta IV M+ (5,4) variant[58] | |||||||
22 March 01:50:35[60] |
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VV14 | ![]() |
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Italian Space Agency | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
600th satellite orbited by Arianespace[60] | |||||||
27 March 09:39[61] |
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Beijing ZeroG Technology | Low Earth | Earth observation | 27 March | Launch failure[61] | ||
Maiden flight of OS-M1 rocket | |||||||
28 March 23:27[62] |
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"Two Thumbs Up" | ![]() |
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DARPA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
31 March 15:50[64] |
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3B-Y44[65] | ![]() |
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CNSA | Geosynchronous | Communications (tracking and relay) | In orbit | Operational | ||
April | |||||||
1 April 03:57[66] |
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C45[35] | ![]() |
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ISRO | Low Earth | ELINT[67] | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Spire Global | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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AST and Science | Low Earth | Test flight | In orbit | Operational | ||
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SpaceWorks Orbital / Lacuna Space | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Planet Labs | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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GomSpace | Low Earth | Communications, Traffic monitoring | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Astrocast SA | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Maiden flight of PSLV-QL | |||||||
4 April 11:01:35[70] |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 29 July | Successful | ||
4 April 17:03[71] |
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VS22 | ![]() |
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SES S.A. | Medium Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
11 April 22:35[72] |
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FH-002 | ![]() |
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ArabSat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
17 April 20:46[77] |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 6 December | Successful | ||
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University of Illinois / Purdue University | Low Earth | Technology demonstration / Education | 28 April[78] | Spacecraft failure[79] | ||
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Virginia Space | Low Earth | Technology demonstration / Educational | 28 April[78] | Successful (49/60 ThinSats)[80] | ||
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ISAE-SUPAERO / ONERA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Orbital Micro Systems | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Virginia Space Grant Consortium | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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KyuTech | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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ACCIMT | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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KyuTech / NAST | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NUS / SSTA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Aerospace | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NASA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Successful | ||
SASSI2 and the 60 ThinSats were secondary payloads carried aboard the Antares upper stage booster.[74] EntrySat, IOD-1, KRAKsat, Swiatowid, Virginia Cubesat Constellation, Uguisu, Raavana 1, NepaliSat-1, and SpooQy-1 were carried in Cygnus and later deployed from the ISS. The AeroCubes and Seeker were carried in the unpressurized compartment of Cygnus, and deployed from Cygnus after its departure from the ISS. Uguisu, Raavana 1, NepaliSat-1, and SpooQy-1 were deployed into orbit from the ISS on 17 June 2019. IOD-1 GEMS, KRAKsat, Swiatowid, EntrySat, and three Virginia Cubesat Constellation satellites were deployed into orbit on 3 July 2019. NepaliSat-1 is the first Nepalese satellite and Raavana 1 is the first Sri Lankan satellite. On the departure of Cygnus NG-11 from the ISS, SlingShot Deployer—carrying Quantum Radar, NARSSCube-2, RFTSat, and ORCA—was placed on its hatch bulkhead.[75] Those CubeSats and also AeroCube-10 were deployed into orbit from Cygnus on 7 August 2019.[76] | |||||||
20 April 14:41[81] |
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3B-Y59[21] | ![]() |
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CNSA | IGSO | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
29 April 22:52[82] |
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4B-Y36[83] | ![]() |
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CNSA | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CNSA | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
May | |||||||
4 May 06:48[85] |
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F9-070 | ![]() |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 3 June | Successful | ||
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DARPA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
Red-Eye was carried in CRS-17, and deployed into orbit from the ISS on 27 June 2019.[84] | |||||||
5 May 06:00[86] |
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"That's a Funny Looking Cactus" | ![]() |
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U.S. Air Force | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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U.S. Air Force | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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U.S. Air Force | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
17 May 15:48[87] |
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3C-Y16[21] | ![]() |
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CNSA | Geosynchronous | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
22 May 00:00[88] |
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C46[35] | ![]() |
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ISRO | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation (radar) | In orbit | Operational | ||
22 May 22:49[89] |
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4C-Y23[90] | ![]() |
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CAS | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | 22 May | Launch failure | ||
24 May 02:30[91] |
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F9-071 | ![]() |
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SpaceX | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
Starlink test mission, launching 60 Starlink v0.9 experimental satellites. | |||||||
27 May 06:23[92] |
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VKS | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
30 May 17:42[93] |
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Gazprom Space Systems | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
June | |||||||
5 June 04:06[94] |
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CAST | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CAST | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Chang Guang Satellite Technology | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Guodian Gaoke | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CETC | Low Earth | Technology demonstration Communications |
In orbit | Operational | ||
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CETC | Low Earth | Technology demonstration Communications |
In orbit | Operational | ||
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Tianyi Research Institute | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
China’s first sea launch in the Yellow Sea off Shandong. | |||||||
12 June 14:17[97] |
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F9-072 | ![]() |
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Canadian Space Agency | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
20 June 21:43[100] |
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VA248 | ![]() |
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Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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DirecTV | Geosynchronous | Satellite television | In orbit | Operational | ||
24 June 18:09[102] |
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3B-Y60[21] | ![]() |
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CNSA | IGSO | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
25 June 06:30[104] |
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FH-003 | ![]() |
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U.S. Air Force | Low Earth, Medium Earth[105] | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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AFRL | Medium Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NOAA / NSPO | Low Earth | Atmospheric | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NASA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Michigan Technological University | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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General Atomics Electromagnetic Systems | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NRL | Low Earth | Atmospheric | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Georgia Institute of Technology | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NASA | Low Earth | Atmospheric | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Cal Poly | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Merritt Island High School | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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United States Naval Academy | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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United States Naval Academy | Low Earth | Amateur radio | In orbit | Operational | ||
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United States Naval Academy | Low Earth | Technology demonstration / Amateur radio | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NRL | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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The Planetary Society | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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UT Austin | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
STP-2 carries multiple cubesats and other small payloads for NASA, NOAA, The Planetary Society and others in addition to the primary mission which consists of multiple U.S. Air Force payloads. | |||||||
29 June 04:30[106] |
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"Make It Rain" | ![]() |
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BlackSky Global | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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USSOCOM | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Melbourne Space Program | Low Earth | Education | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Swarm Technologies | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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SEDENA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
July | |||||||
5 July 05:41[109] |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (SSO) | Meteorology | In orbit | Operational[110] | ||
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German Orbital Systems | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational[110] | ||
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Momentus Space | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational[110] | ||
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TUM | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational[110] | ||
10 July 17:14[113][114][115] |
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VKS | Low Earth | Satellite inspection | In orbit | Operational[116] | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Satellite inspection | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Radar calibration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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VKS | Low Earth | Radar calibration | In orbit | Operational | ||
11 July 01:53:03[117] |
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VV15 | ![]() |
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UAE Armed Forces | Low Earth | IMINT (Reconnaissance) | 11 July | Launch failure | ||
Possibly an ignition failure of the second stage.[117] Later investigation findings showed the failure mostly traced into a structural failure on the second stage's forward dome resulting from higher temperatures.[118] | |||||||
13 July 12:30:57[120] |
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IKI RAN Max Planck Institute |
Sun–Earth L2, halo orbit | X-ray astronomy | In orbit | Operational[122] | ||
20 July 16:28:20[124] |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Expedition 60/61 | 6 February 2020 | Successful | ||
Crewed flight with three cosmonauts.[123] | |||||||
22 July 09:13[126] |
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M1 | ![]() |
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ISRO | Selenocentric | Lunar orbiter, lander and rover | In orbit | Operational | ||
The lander crashed on the lunar surface and broke into pieces during powered descent. The Orbiter remains operational.[125] | |||||||
25 July 05:00[128] |
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CAMSAT | Low Earth | Amateur radio | 6 August[130] | Successful | ||
Maiden flight of Hyperbola-1.[13][127] | |||||||
25 July 22:01:56[133] |
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F9-073 | ![]() |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 27 August | Successful | ||
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Northwest Nazarene University | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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DARPA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
RFTSat, NARSSCube-2, and ORCA are carried in CRS-18 to ISS.[131][132] They were placed in SlingShot Deployer on Cygnus NG-11 hatch bulkhead.[75] They were deployed into orbit by SlingShot Deployer on 7 August 2019 after the departure of Cygnus NG-11 from the ISS. | |||||||
26 July 03:57[136] |
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2C-Y37[137] | ![]() |
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CAS | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CAS | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CAS | Low Earth | Reconnaissance | In orbit | Operational | ||
Grid fins located on the interstage of the rocket are being used to test first stage landing zone control and recovery technologies.[134][135] | |||||||
30 July 05:56[138] |
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VKS | Molniya | Communications (military) | In orbit | Operational | ||
31 July 12:10:46[139] |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 29 November | Successful | ||
August | |||||||
5 August 21:56[140] |
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VKS | Geosynchronous | Communications (military) | In orbit | Operational | ||
Fourth Blagovest satellite launch, completing the initial Blagovest satellite constellation.[140] | |||||||
6 August 19:30[141] |
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VA249 | ![]() |
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ESA / Avanti | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Intelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
6 August 23:23[143] |
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F9-074 | ![]() |
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Spacecom | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
The launch was free of charge for Spacecom as compensation for Amos-6's destruction on 1 September 2016. The booster, B1047, was expended. | |||||||
8 August 10:13[146] |
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AV-084 | ![]() |
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U.S. Air Force | Geosynchronous | Communications (military) | In orbit | Operational | ||
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U.S. Air Force | Geosynchronous | Space debris tracking | In orbit | Operational | ||
17 August 04:11[14] |
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Guodian Gaoke | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Qian Sheng Exploration | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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ADASpace[152] | Low Earth | Remote sensing | In orbit | Operational | ||
Maiden flight of Jielong 1 (also known as Smart Dragon 1). First launch for the Qian Sheng satellite constellation. | |||||||
19 August 12:03[155] |
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3B-Y58[156] | ![]() |
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China Satcom | Intended: Geosynchronous Actual: GTO |
Communications | In orbit | Spacecraft failure | ||
Spacecraft apparently failed to deploy solar panels after stage separation. It remains inoperable in geostationary transfer orbit (GTO).[153][154] The satellite has been declared as total loss by the Chinese government. | |||||||
19 August 12:12[158] |
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"Look Ma, No Hands"[159] | ![]() |
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BlackSky Global | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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UnseenLabs | Low Earth | ELINT | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Air Force Space Command | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
22 August 03:38:31[165] |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Test flight / ISS logistics | 6 September 21:32[166] |
Successful | ||
Uncrewed flight to certify Soyuz-2.1a for crew transport missions[162][163][164] with FEDOR (Skybot F-850) robot on board. First docking attempt on 24 August was aborted due to an issue on ISS, second attempt on 27 August was successful. Delivered Mini-EUSO telescope to ISS. | |||||||
22 August 13:06[167] |
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D-384 | ![]() |
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U.S. Air Force | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
Last flight of the Delta IV "single stick" M+ series. Only Delta IV Heavy will keep flying. | |||||||
29 August (ground test)[170] |
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Iranian Space Research Center | Low Earth | Communications | N/A | Rocket destroyed prior to launch[169] | ||
Rocket apparently exploded on the launch pad.[168] According to the Iranian Ministry of ICT, the Nahid 1 satellite had yet to be delivered to the launch site.[169] | |||||||
30 August 14:00[173] |
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VKS | Low Earth | Geodesy | In orbit | Operational | ||
30 August 23:41[174] |
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Y10[175] | ![]() |
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CAS | Low Earth (SSO) | Microgravity science Gravitational-wave astronomy |
In orbit | Operational | ||
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Tianyi Research Institute | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
September | |||||||
12 September 03:26[178] |
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4B-Y39[90] | ![]() |
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PLA | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Beijing Normal University | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Shanghai Aerospace Science and Technology | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
19 September 06:42[180] |
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Y8[30] | ![]() |
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Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Zhuhai Orbita Control Engineering | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
22 September 21:10[183] |
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3B-Y65[21] | ![]() |
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CNSA | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CNSA | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
24 September 16:05[186] |
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JAXA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 3 November 02:09[187] |
Successful | ||
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National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
University of Tokyo | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Rwanda Utilities Regulatory Authority | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
The first launch attempt on 10 September, 21:33 UTC, was postponed due to a fire on the launch pad. NARSSCube-1, AQT-D, RWASAT-1 are carried to ISS inside HTV-8 for later deployment into orbit from the ISS. RWASAT-1 is Rwanda's first satellite.[185] They were deployed into orbit from the ISS on 20 November 2019. | |||||||
25 September 00:54[188] |
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2D-Y43[137] | ![]() |
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SAST | Low Earth (SSO) | Meteorology | In orbit | Operational | ||
25 September 13:57:43[189] |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | Expedition 61/62 | 17 April 2020 05:16 |
Successful | ||
Crewed flight with three cosmonauts. Last flight of Soyuz-FG and last launch from Baikonur Site 1 ("Gagarin's Start"); replaced by Soyuz-2.1a launching from Site 31 for crewed missions starting with Soyuz MS-16 in April 2020. | |||||||
26 September 07:46[190] |
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VKS | Molniya | Early warning | In orbit | Operational | ||
October | |||||||
4 October 18:51[192] |
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4C-Y33 | ![]() |
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CAST | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
Replacement for the Gaofen 10 satellite lost on 31 August 2016. | |||||||
9 October 10:17[195] |
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Eutelsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Northrop Grumman | Geosynchronous | Satellite servicing | In orbit | Operational | ||
MEV-1 successfully rendezvoused with Intelsat 901 on 25 February 2020.[193] MEV-1 will extend Intelsat 901's operational life by five years through in-orbit station-keeping.[194] | |||||||
11 October 02:00[196] |
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F44 | ![]() |
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NASA | Low Earth | Ionospheric research | In orbit | Operational | ||
17 October 01:22[197] |
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"As The Crow Flies"[198] | ![]() |
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Astro Digital | Low Earth (Polar) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
17 October 15:21[200] |
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3B-Y57 | ![]() |
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CNSA | Geosynchronous | Communications SIGINT |
In orbit | Operational | ||
November | |||||||
2 November 13:59:47[206] |
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![]() S.S. Alan Bean |
NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | In orbit | Operational | ||
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USAF STP | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Saint Louis University | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
UM | Low Earth | Technology demonstration Atmospheric research |
In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Arizona State University | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Montana State University | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
University of Minnesota | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
University of Washington | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
University of Florida | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
NRO | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
U.S. Air Force | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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University of Texas | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
First CRS-2 mission for Cygnus. The ELaNa 25A mission launched on this resupply flight.[201] STPSat-4 was deployed into orbit from ISS on 29 January 2020.[202] AeroCube 14 × 2, AeroCube 15 × 2, HuskySat-1, SwampSat-II, and Orbital Factory 2 were deployed into orbit from Cygnus NG-12 after it departed from the ISS.[203][204] RadSat-U, Phoenix, SOCRATES, HARP, and Argus-02 were deployed into orbit from the ISS on 19 February 2020.[205] | |||||||
3 November 03:22:39[214][215] |
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4B-Y38 | ![]() |
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Ministry of Natural Resources | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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SAST | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation Technology demonstration |
In orbit | Operational | ||
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Sudan | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation Technology demonstration |
In orbit | Operational | ||
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Tianyi Research Institute | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
Xiaoxiang 1-08 carries the first propulsion system in space using solid iodine as propellant (cold gas thruster) developed by a French start-up.[211] Test of grid fins towards development of reusable boosters for Long March 8. SRSS-1, Sudan's first satellite developed and built by Chinese satellite manufacturer, Shenzhen Aerospace Oriental Red Sea Satellite Co., was launched as a rideshare on this mission.[212][213] | |||||||
4 November 17:43[218] |
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3B-Y61[21] | ![]() |
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CNSA | IGSO | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
11 November 14:56[219] |
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F9-075 | ![]() |
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SpaceX | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
First operational Starlink mission, launching the first 60 Starlink v1.0 satellites. The booster was flown for the 4th time. | |||||||
13 November 03:40[220] |
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Y11 | ![]() |
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Chang Guang Satellite Technology | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
13 November 06:35[221][222] |
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Y4 | ![]() |
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Ningxia Jingui Information Technology | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
17 November 10:00[227] |
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Y7[175] | ![]() |
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KLEO Connect | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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KLEO Connect | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
The two satellites are part of an international cooperative commercial project between the Innovation Academy for Microsatellites of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and KLEO Connect.[224][225] KL-Alpha A and B are the first commercial satellites built by a Chinese satellite construction organization for a foreign company.[226] | |||||||
23 November 00:55[229] |
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3B-Y66[230] | ![]() |
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CNSA | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CNSA | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
25 November 17:52[115] |
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Ministry of Defence | Low Earth | Satellite inspection[233] | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Ministry of Defence | Low Earth | Satellite inspection[231] | In orbit | Operational | ||
Kosmos 2542, the main satellite, deployed a small inspector sub-satellite, Kosmos 2543, on 6 December.[231][232] | |||||||
26 November 21:23[234] |
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VA250 | ![]() |
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Inmarsat | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Egypt | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
27 November 03:58[238][239] |
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C47[240] | ![]() |
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ISRO | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Planet Labs | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Analytical Space Inc. | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
27 November 23:52[243][244] |
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4C-Y24 | ![]() |
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Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
December | |||||||
5 December 17:29[247] |
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F9-076 | ![]() |
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NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | 7 January 2020 | Successful | ||
⚀ ![]() ![]() |
UPAEP / NASA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
NASA | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
ASTRA LLC | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
USU | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
SSU | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Von Karman Institute | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
NNU | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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AFRL | Low Earth | Magnetospheric research | In orbit | Operational | ||
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LLNL / GSFC | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
The ELaNa 25B and 28 missions were launched on this resupply flight.[201] EdgeCube, CIRiS, MakerSat-1, VPM, and MiniCarb were deployed from Cygnus NG-12 after its departure from the ISS.[245][246] AzTechSat-1, CryoCube 1, SORTIE, and QARMAN were deployed from the ISS on 19 February 2020.[205] | |||||||
6 December 08:18[261] |
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"Running Out Of Fingers" | ![]() |
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ATL | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Fossa Systems | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Stara Space | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Stara Space | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | 7 April 2020[263] | Successful[264] | ||
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BME University | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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ACME AtronOmatic | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Astro Live Experiences | Low Earth (SSO) | Artificial meteor shower | In orbit | Spacecraft failure[265] | ||
Launched ALE-2 and six PocketQubes forming Alba Cluster 2 for Alba Orbital.[259] Tested reusability technologies on the first stage following stage separation and reentry.[260] | |||||||
6 December 09:34:11[266] |
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Roscosmos | Low Earth (ISS) | ISS logistics | In orbit | Docked | ||
7 December 02:55[268] |
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Y2 | ![]() |
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Chang Guang Satellite Technology | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
7 December 08:52[268] |
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Y12 | ![]() |
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HEAD Aerospace | Low Earth (SSO) | AIS ship tracking | In orbit | Operational | ||
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HEAD Aerospace | Low Earth (SSO) | AIS ship tracking | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Spacety Aerospace | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Spacety Aerospace | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Guodian Gaoke | Low Earth (SSO) | IoT | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Guodian Gaoke | Low Earth (SSO) | IoT | In orbit | Operational | ||
11 December 08:54:48[270] |
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VKS | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
11 December 09:55[271][272] |
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C48 | ![]() |
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ISRO | Low Earth | Earth observation Reconnaissance |
In orbit | Operational | ||
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iQPS | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Spire Global | Low Earth | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Herzliya Science Center | Low Earth | Earth observation Education |
In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Hera Systems | Low Earth | Earth observation Technology demonstration |
In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Elbit Systems | Low Earth | Search and rescue | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
Tyvak | Low Earth | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
16 December 07:22[280] |
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3B-Y67 | ![]() |
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CNSA | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CNSA | Medium Earth | Navigation | In orbit | Operational | ||
17 December 00:10[281] |
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F9-077 | ![]() |
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JSAT / Kacific | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
18 December 08:54:20[283] |
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VS23 | ![]() |
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ESA | Low Earth (SSO) | Space telescope Exoplanetary science |
In orbit | Operational | ||
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ASI | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation (radar) | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
ESA | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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CNES | Low Earth (SSO) | Astronomy | In orbit | Operational | ||
⚀ ![]() |
CNES | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
20 December 03:22:29[288][289][290] |
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4B-Y44 | ![]() |
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CASC / INPE | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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ESSTI | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Sun Yat-sen University | Low Earth (SSO) | Gravitational-wave astronomy | In orbit | Operational | ||
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China Central Television | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NUDT | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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NUDT | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Jiangsu Satellite Technology Services | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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ADASpace | Low Earth (SSO) | Earth observation | In orbit | Operational | ||
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UFSC | Low Earth (SSO) | Technology demonstration | In orbit | Operational | ||
ETRSS-1 is the first Ethiopian satellite, which was developed in collaboration between Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute and China Academy of Space Technology, with $6 million pledged by China to provide grant and training covering the satellite's $8 million development cost.[287] | |||||||
20 December 11:36:43[298] |
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AV-080 | ![]() |
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Boeing / NASA | Low Earth (ISS) | Flight test / ISS logistics | 22 December 2019 12:58 |
Spacecraft anomaly, recovered successfully | ||
Boeing Orbital Flight Test of CST-100 Starliner as part of Commercial Crew Development program.[296] Approach to ISS aborted after achieving orbit due to error in Mission-Elapsed Timer on the spacecraft, resulting in an anomalous orbital injection.[297] Spacecraft landed at White Sands Missile Range on 22 December 2019 after two days in space.[10] | |||||||
24 December 12:03[299] |
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Roscosmos | Geosynchronous | Meteorology | In orbit | Operational | ||
26 December 23:11:57[19][301] |
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Gonets Satellite System | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Gonets Satellite System | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Gonets Satellite System | Low Earth | Communications | In orbit | Operational | ||
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Roscosmos | Low Earth | Laser ranging | In orbit | Payload separation failure | ||
Final flight of Rokot. BLITS-M failed to separate from the upper stage.[300] | |||||||
27 December 12:45[16][302] |
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Y3[303] | ![]() |
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CAST | Geosynchronous | Communications | In orbit | Operational |
Suborbital flights
Date and time (UTC) | Rocket | Flight number | Launch site | LSP | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Payload (⚀ = CubeSat) |
Operator | Orbit | Function | Decay (UTC) | Outcome | ||
Remarks | |||||||
4 January 09:27 |
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Dartmouth College | Suborbital | Auroral research | 4 January | Successful | ||
Apogee: 774 kilometres (481 mi) | |||||||
13 January 09:13 |
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University of Colorado | Suborbital | Student payloads | 13 January | Successful | ||
Apogee: 174 kilometres (108 mi) | |||||||
22 January | ![]() |
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IAI/IDF | Suborbital | Missile test target | 22 January | Successful | |||
Arrow III target, successfully intercepted | |||||||
22 January | ![]() |
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IAI/IDF | Suborbital | Flight test | 22 January | Successful | |||
Successful intercept, Apogee: ~200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
23 January 15:05[305] |
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NS-10 | ![]() |
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Blue Origin | Suborbital | Test flight | 23 January | Successful | ||
Tenth test flight of the New Shepard development program, fourth one with the current vehicle.[304] | |||||||
6 February 07:01 |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 6 February | Successful | ||
6 February 08:31 |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 6 February | Successful | |||
12 February | ![]() |
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DRDO | Suborbital | Satellite intercept | 12 February | Launch failure | ||
First attempt of Mission Shakhti (ASAT Test with Microsat-R as target)[306] | |||||||
22 February 16:54 |
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VF-01 | ![]() |
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Virgin Galactic | Suborbital | Test flight | 22 February | Successful | ||
Second crewed sub-orbital high altitude flight of SpaceShipTwo with three crew members on board, pilot David Mackay, co-pilot Mike Masucci and chief trainer Beth Moses, Apogee: 89.9 kilometres (55.9 mi) | |||||||
2 March 17:45 |
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SARGE M1 | Exos Aerospace | Suborbital | Microgravity Research | 2 March | Partial failure | ||
Second launch of the SARGE suborbital launch vehicle, it carried several small research payloads and was intended to reach a peak altitude of 80 kilometers, but winds kept the rocket from achieving its planned altitude, it reached only an apogee of 20 kilometres (12 mi)[307] | |||||||
25 March 17:20 |
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MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 25 March | Successful | ||
Ballistic missile target for interception | |||||||
25 March 17:30 |
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MDA | Suborbital | ABM test | 25 March | Successful | ||
Ballistic missile interceptor | |||||||
25 March 17:31 |
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MDA | Suborbital | ABM test | 25 March | Successful | ||
Ballistic missile interceptor | |||||||
27 March 05:40 |
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DRDO | Suborbital | Satellite intercept | 27 March | Successful | ||
Mission Shakhti (ASAT Test with Microsat-R as target), Apogee: 270 kilometres (170 mi), satellite successfully destroyed | |||||||
5 April 22:14 |
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Clemson | Suborbital | Auroral | 5 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: 320 kilometres (200 mi) | |||||||
5 April 22:16 |
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Clemson | Suborbital | Auroral | 5 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: 320 kilometres (200 mi) | |||||||
11 April 16:51 |
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NASA / NAOJ / JAXA / IAC / IAS | Suborbital | Solar astronomy | 11 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: 274 kilometres (170 mi) | |||||||
21 April | ![]() |
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Flight test | - | Suborbital | Flight test | 21 April | Successful | ||
First suborbital flight by a student team.[308] Apogee: 104 kilometres (65 mi) | |||||||
23 April | ![]() |
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NNSA | Suborbital | Technology experiments | 23 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: ~320 kilometres (200 mi)? | |||||||
24 April | ![]() |
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NNSA | Suborbital | Technology experiments | 24 April | Successful | ||
Apogee: ~320 kilometres (200 mi)? | |||||||
1 May 09:42 |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 1 May | Successful | |||
2 May[309] 13:35 |
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NS-11 | ![]() |
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Blue Origin | Suborbital | Test flight | 2 May | Successful | ||
Took 38 research payloads into space | |||||||
3 May 20:45 |
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Kochi University of Technology | Suborbital | Infrasound propagation measurement | 3 May | Successful | ||
Apogee: 113 kilometres (70 mi)[310] | |||||||
9 May 07:40 |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 9 May | Successful | |||
9 May | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 9 May | Successful | |||
Demonstration and Shakedown Operation (DASO) 29 | |||||||
10 May | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Test flight | 10 May | Successful | |||
FS-19 E4, apogee: ~150 kilometres (93 mi)? | |||||||
23 May | ![]() |
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ASFC | Suborbital | Missile test | 23 May | Successful | |||
13 June 02:21 |
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DLR | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 13 June | Successful | ||
Apogee: 240 kilometres (150 mi) | |||||||
19 June 11:28 |
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NASA | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 19 June | Successful | ||
Apogee: 373 kilometres (232 mi)[311] | |||||||
19 June 11:33 |
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NASA | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 19 June | Successful | ||
Apogee: 412 kilometres (256 mi) | |||||||
20 June 09:38 |
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University of Colorado | Suborbital | Student payloads | 20 June | Successful | ||
Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)[312] | |||||||
24 June 06:52 |
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SSC | Suborbital | Microgravity | 24 June | Successful | ||
apogee: 260 kilometres (160 mi) | |||||||
29 June 18:00 |
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SARGE M1 | Exos Aerospace | Suborbital | Microgravity Research | 29 June | Launch failure | ||
Third launch of the SARGE suborbital launch vehicle, it carried several small research payloads for nine clients. The flight failed seconds after launch. However, the rocket was recovered.[313] | |||||||
2 July 11:00[53] |
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NASA | Suborbital | Test flight | 2 July | Successful | ||
In-flight abort test under the highest aerodynamic loads. A specific booster repurposed from a LGM-118 Peacekeeper missile was used in this mission.[314][315] | |||||||
24 July | ![]() |
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IRGC | Suborbital | Missile test | 24 July | Successful | |||
Apogee: ~150 kilometres (93 mi) | |||||||
26 July | ![]() |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 26 July | Successful | |||
26 July ? | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | Arrow III target | 26 July ? | Successful | ||
Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi), the FTA-01 exercise saw three US Missile Defense Agency medium range targets of undisclosed type launched from an undisclosed location on undisclosed dates in July, all intercepted by Israeli Arrow 3 interceptors launched from Kodiak, Alaska.[316] | |||||||
26 July ? | ![]() |
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MDA/IDF | Suborbital | ABM test | 26 July ? | Successful | ||
Intercepted target missile, apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
26 July ? | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | Arrow III target | 26 July ? | Successful | ||
Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi), successful intercepted | |||||||
26 July ? | ![]() |
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MDA/IDF | Suborbital | ABM test | 26 July ? | Successful | ||
Intercepted target missile, apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
26 July ? | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | Arrow III target | 26 July ? | Successful | ||
Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi), successful intercepted | |||||||
26 July ? | ![]() |
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MDA/IDF | Suborbital | ABM test | 26 July ? | Successful | ||
Intercepted target missile, apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
27 July 07:20 |
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Kochi University of Technology | Suborbital | Infrasound propagation measurement | 27 July | Launch failure | ||
The rocket suffered an early engine shutdown and only reached 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) altitude. | |||||||
11 August 06:07 |
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University of Colorado | Suborbital | UV Astronomy | 11 August | Successful | ||
Apogee: 259 kilometres (161 mi) | |||||||
12 August 09:44 |
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NASA | Suborbital | Student experiments | 12 August | Successful | ||
Apogee: 154 kilometres (96 mi) | |||||||
24 August | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 24 August | Successful | |||
24 August | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 24 August | Successful | |||
30 August | ![]() |
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MDA | Suborbital | ABM target | 30 August | Successful | ||
Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi), successfully intercepted | |||||||
30 August | ![]() |
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US Army/MDA | Suborbital | ABM test | 30 August | Successful | ||
Intercepted target missile, apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi) | |||||||
4 September | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 4 September | Successful | |||
Commander Evaluation Test (CET) | |||||||
4 September | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 4 September | Successful | |||
Commander Evaluation Test (CET) | |||||||
6 September | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 6 September | Successful | |||
Commander Evaluation Test (CET) | |||||||
6 September | ![]() |
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US Navy | Suborbital | Missile test | 6 September | Successful | |||
Commander Evaluation Test (CET) | |||||||
18 September 09:30 ? |
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DoD | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 18 September | Successful | ||
Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi) | |||||||
30 September 18:04 |
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Montana State University | Suborbital | Solar research | 30 September | Successful | ||
Apogee: 246 kilometres (153 mi) | |||||||
30 September | ![]() |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 30 September | Successful | |||
2 October 08:13 |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 2 October | Successful | |||
7 October 15:00 |
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GSFC | Suborbital | Physics | 7 October | Successful | ||
Apogee: 338 kilometres (210 mi) | |||||||
17 October | ![]() |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 17 October | Successful | |||
17 October | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 17 October | Successful | |||
17 October | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 17 October | Successful | |||
25 October 00:00 |
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NASA | Suborbital | Technology demonstration | 25 October | Successful | ||
Apogee: 209 kilometres (130 mi) | |||||||
26 October 17:42 |
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SARGE M1 | Exos Aerospace | Suborbital | Microgravity Research | 26 October | Launch failure | ||
Fourth launch of the SARGE suborbital launch vehicle, it carried several small research payloads. The rocket lost control of attitude seconds after launch. Several pieces of debris felt back to the ground, and the rocket body crashed near the launch pad nearly three and a half minutes after liftoff. The rocket reached a peak altitude of about 12.6 kilometres (7.8 mi), far short of the planned altitude of at least 80 kilometres (50 mi).[317] | |||||||
28 October 04:30 |
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JHU | Suborbital | UV Astronomy | 28 October | Successful | ||
Apogee: 261 kilometres (162 mi). Payload: Experimental FORTIS (Far-ultraviolet Off Rowland-circle Telescope for Imaging and Spectroscopy) telescope and Next-Generation Microshutter Array (NGMSA). Studied the way gas is being ejected by supernovae from galaxy M33. The goal is to understand matter recycling between stellar generations of the galaxy. Experiment was successful.[318] | |||||||
30 October | ![]() |
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VMF | Suborbital | Missile test | 30 October | Successful | |||
4 November 14:15 |
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Boeing | Suborbital | Emergency escape systems test; pad-abort test | 4 November | Successful | ||
Apogee: 1,349 meters (4,426 ft) | |||||||
15 November 09:35 |
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DLR / ESA | Suborbital | Microgravity | 15 November | Successful | ||
Apogee: 256 kilometres (159 mi) | |||||||
16 November 14:02 |
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Indian Army/DRDO | Suborbital | Missile test | 16 November | Successful | |||
22 November 15:19 |
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NASA | Suborbital | Technology experiments | 22 November | Successful | ||
Mission SL-14, Apogee: 92 kilometres (57 mi)[319] | |||||||
26 November 07:43 |
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NASA/Oslo/Andøya | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 26 November | Partial failure | ||
Apogee: 253 kilometres (157 mi), the rocket experienced a roll rate anomaly, precluding the instruments from functioning as intended.[320] | |||||||
28 November | ![]() |
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RVSN | Suborbital | Missile test | 28 November | Successful | |||
30 November 13:50 |
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Indian Army | Suborbital | Missile test | 30 November | Launch failure[321] | |||
The maiden night trial of the Agni-III was conducted. The missile reportedly started diverging from its planned flight trajectory after traveling a distance of 115 kilometers. This caused the mission control to subsequently abort the flight. A manufacturing defect is thought to be the potential cause of the failure. | |||||||
10 December 09:30 |
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Clemson | Suborbital | Ionosphere research | 10 December | Successful | ||
Apogee: 360 kilometres (220 mi) | |||||||
11 December 17:53[322] |
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NS-12 | ![]() |
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Blue Origin | Suborbital | Test flight/Payload delivery | 11 December | Successful | ||
Peak altitude 104.5 kilometers. Took a number of research and educational payloads to space. Sixth flight for the propulsion module+capsule combination. Both propulsion module and capsule landed successfully. | |||||||
12 December 16:30[323] |
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US Air Force | Suborbital | Test flight | 12 December | Successful |
Deep-space rendezvous
Date (UTC) | Spacecraft | Event | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
1 January | New Horizons | Flyby of Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth | The observed planetesimal, consisting of two spheroid pieces, was initially nicknamed Ultima Thule. |
3 January[324] | Chang'e 4 | Landing at Von Kármán crater | landing on the far side of the Moon, a humanity first |
12 February | Juno | 18th perijove of Jupiter | |
21 February | Hayabusa2 | First sample collection from asteroid Ryugu[325] | |
4 April | Parker Solar Probe | Second perihelion | |
4 April | Beresheet | Lunar orbital insertion | |
5 April | Hayabusa2 | Release of Small Carry-On Impactor (SCI) on the surface of Ryugu | SCI created a crater for further investigation. A dedicated DCAM-3 camera was deployed to observe the impact. |
6 April | Juno | 19th perijove | |
11 April | Beresheet | Lunar landing | Crashed due to gyroscope failure[326] |
29 May | Juno | 20th perijove | |
11 July | Hayabusa2 | Second sample collection from Ryugu | |
21 July | Juno | 21st perijove | |
20 August | Chandrayaan-2 | Lunar orbital insertion | |
1 September | Parker Solar Probe | Third perihelion | |
6 September | Chandrayaan-2 | Lunar landing | Vikram lander crashed after it lost attitude and contact at an altitude of 2.3 km.[327] |
12 September | Juno | 22nd perijove | |
2 October | Hayabusa2 | Deployment of ROVER-2 (MINERVA-II-2) | Rover failed before deployment, it was deployed in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted on 8 October. |
3 November | Juno | 23rd perijove | |
13 November | Hayabusa2 | Departure from Ryugu | |
26 December | Parker Solar Probe | Second gravity assist at Venus | |
26 December | Juno | 24th perijove |
Extravehicular activities (EVAs)
Start Date/Time | Duration | End Time | Spacecraft | Crew | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
22 March 12:01 | 6 hours
39 minutes |
18:40 | Expedition 59 | ![]() |
|
29 March 11:42 | 6 hours
45 minutes |
18:27 | Expedition 59 | ![]() |
|
8 April 11:31 | 6 hours 29 minutes | 18:00 | Expedition 59 | ![]() |
|
29 May 15:42 | 6 hours 1 minute | 21:43 | Expedition 59 | ![]() |
|
21 August 12:27 | 6 hours 32 minutes | 18:59 | Expedition 60 | ![]() |
Hague and Morgan installed the final International Docking Adapter on the Harmony Module. The task for this spacewalk was identical to Spacewalk 194 and required work by both spacewalkers and Dextre to get the docking port installed in preparation for the Boeing CST-100 Starliner orbital flight test, which will occur by the end of December. The crew also routed cables and installed wifi routers for upcoming experiments.[332] |
6 October 11:39 | 7 hours 01 minutes | 18:40 | Expedition 61 | ![]() |
This spacewalk was the first of Expedition 61 and the first in a series of five to replace and improve ISS batteries on the P6 truss.[333] |
11 October 11:38 | 6 hours 45 minutes | 18:23 | Expedition 61 | ![]() |
This spacewalk was the second of Expedition 61 and the second in a series of five to replace and improve ISS batteries on the P6 truss. Before they went out to the hatch, Mission Control Moscow relayed to the crew that Alexei Leonov had died and that this spacewalk was dedicated to him. As the crew came in and took off their suits, each gave a few words in memory of Leonov before station commander Luca Parmitano said "Farewell Alexei, and ad astra."[334][335] |
18 October
11:38 |
7 hours 17 minutes | 18:55 | Expedition 61 | ![]() |
This spacewalk was the third of Expedition 61 and the third in a series of five to replace and improve ISS batteries on the P6 truss. Some of the battery swaps were delayed to EVA 222 due to a power failure in a Battery Charge Discharge Unit in slots 5 and 6 on the P6 Truss taking the 4B battery channel offline. Koch and Meir replaced the failed unit and brought it back inside. The battery swap was moved to EVA 222 to save time and Meir and Koch wrapped up the spacewalk by installing a stanchion on the Columbus Module and tightening the bolts on the S0 Truss, which had come loose. This spacewalk was the first all-female spacewalk. During the spacewalk, President Trump called the station and congratulated Koch and Meir on this milestone.[336] |
15 November
11:39 |
6 hours 39 minutes | 18:18 | Expedition 61 | ![]() |
First of a series of four spacewalks to repair the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer which suffered a power failure last year in one of its four cooling pumps limiting the operation of the experiment. Parmitano and Morgan went outside and removed a cover plate from AMS and jettisoned it into space to make way for a cryo pump that they will assemble between spacewalks. Some of the bolts put up a fight but Parmitano got them all out. The highlight of the spacewalk is when Andrew Morgan threw the cover plate overboard and it drifted off aft of the station into the vacuum of space. The plate will stay in orbit for a few days until the end of December when it enters the atmosphere and burns up. The crew also removed several carbon fiber strips around fluid lines and installed handrails and grapple bars as get-ahead task. This spacewalk marks Parmitano's return to spacewalking after the Water in the Helmet Incident during EVA 171.[337] |
22 November
12:02 |
6 hours 33 minutes | 16:35 | Expedition 61 | ![]() |
The second in a series of four spacewalks to repair the AMS. Parmitano and Morgan cut fluid lines and installed a vent on the AMS Experiment to prep the old cooling pump for removal on the third spacewalk. Parmitano and Morgan also routed cables and installed a new power supply to power the pumps when they are installed on the third spacewalk.[338] |
2 December
11:31 |
6 hours 2 minutes | 17:33 | Expedition 61 | ![]() |
The third in a series of four spacewalks to repair the AMS. Parmitano and Morgan went out on the third spacewalk and installed the cryo pump and routed fluid and electrical lines to power the pump. Flight controllers in Houston, Huntsville, and at CERN activated the experiment and radioed to the crew that AMS passed with flying colors. The crew finished the spacewalk by doing a get-ahead task by covering AMS with thermal blanket.[339] |
Space debris events
See Also List of space debris producing events
Date/Time (UTC) | Source object | Event type | Pieces tracked | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|
27 March | ![]() and kinetic kill vehicle |
2019 Indian anti-satellite missile test | 121[340] | Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced a successful test of an anti-satellite weapon. The test was believed to have destroyed the Microsat-R satellite launched in January.[341][342] |
Early April | ![]() (previously International Designator 2018-079B) |
Unknown[343] | 54[344] | The upper stage of the Centaur V that carried AEHF -4 in high earth orbit on 17 October 2018 broke up for unknown reasons.[345] |
Orbital launch statistics
By country
For the purposes of this section, the yearly tally of orbital launches by country assigns each flight to the country of origin of the rocket, not to the launch services provider or the spaceport. For example, Soyuz launches by Arianespace in Kourou are counted under Russia because Soyuz-2 is a Russian rocket.
Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures |
Remarks | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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34 | 32 | 2 | 0 | ||
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6 | 5 | 1 | 0 | ||
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6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | ||
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2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | Additionally, one rocket exploded on the launch pad during a ground test. | |
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2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | ||
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25 | 25 | 0 | 0 | Includes three European Soyuz launches from French Guiana | |
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27 | 27 | 0 | 0 | Includes six Electron launches from Mahia | |
World | 102 | 97 | 5 | 0 |
By rocket
- Ariane 5
- Atlas V
- Delta IV
- Delta IV Heavy
- Electron
- Falcon 9 new
- Falcon 9 reused
- Falcon Heavy
- Kuaizhou 1A
- Long March 2
- Long March 3
- Long March 4
- Long March 5
- Long March 6
- Long March 11
- PSLV
- GSLV
- Soyuz-FG
- Soyuz-2 (Russia)
- Soyuz-ST (Europe)
- Proton-M
- Rokot
- Vega
- Others
By family
Family | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antares | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Ariane | ![]() |
4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Electron | ![]() ![]() |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Epsilon | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Falcon | ![]() |
13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | |
GSLV | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
H-II | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Hyperbola | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Jielong | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Kuaizhou | ![]() |
5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March | ![]() |
26 | 25 | 1 | 0 | |
Pegasus | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
OneSpace | ![]() |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
PSLV | ![]() |
5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
R-7 | ![]() |
18 | 18 | 0 | 0 | |
Safir | ![]() |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Simorgh | ![]() |
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Universal Rocket | ![]() |
7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Vega | ![]() |
2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
By type
Rocket | Country | Family | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antares 200 | ![]() |
Antares | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Ariane 5 | ![]() |
Ariane | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V | ![]() |
Atlas | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV | ![]() |
Delta | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | Includes Delta IV Heavy derivative |
Electron | ![]() |
Electron | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Epsilon | ![]() |
Epsilon | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Falcon 9 | ![]() |
Falcon | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | Includes Falcon Heavy derivative |
GSLV | ![]() |
GSLV | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
GSLV Mk III | ![]() |
GSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIA | ![]() |
H-II | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIB | ![]() |
H-II | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Hyperbola-1 | ![]() |
Hyperbola | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Jielong 1 | ![]() |
Jielong | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Kuaizhou-1 | ![]() |
Kuaizhou | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2 | ![]() |
Long March | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3 | ![]() |
Long March | 12 | 12 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 4 | ![]() |
Long March | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | |
Long March 5 | ![]() |
Long March | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 6 | ![]() |
Long March | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 11 | ![]() |
Long March | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
OS-M1 | ![]() |
OneSpace | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Pegasus XL | ![]() |
Pegasus | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Proton | ![]() |
Universal Rocket | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV | ![]() |
PSLV | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Safir | ![]() |
Safir | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Simorgh | ![]() |
Simorgh | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Soyuz | ![]() |
R-7 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2 or ST | ![]() |
R-7 | 15 | 15 | 0 | 0 | |
UR-100 (Rokot) | ![]() |
Universal Rocket | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Vega | ![]() |
Vega | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
By configuration
Rocket | Country | Type | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antares 230 | ![]() |
Antares 200 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Antares 230+ | ![]() |
Antares 200 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Ariane 5 ECA | ![]() |
Ariane 5 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 401 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 411 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 531 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 541 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V 551 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Atlas V N22 | ![]() |
Atlas V | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) | ![]() |
Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV Medium+ (5,4) | ![]() |
Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Delta IV Heavy | ![]() |
Delta IV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Epsilon | ![]() |
Epsilon | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Electron | ![]() |
Electron | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Falcon 9 Block 5 | ![]() |
Falcon 9 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 0 | |
Falcon Heavy | ![]() |
Falcon 9 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
GSLV Mk II | ![]() |
GSLV | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
GSLV Mk III | ![]() |
GSLV Mk III | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIA 202 | ![]() |
H-IIA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIA 204 | ![]() |
H-IIA | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
H-IIB | ![]() |
H-IIB | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Hyperbola-1 | ![]() |
Hyperbola-1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Jielong 1 | ![]() |
Jielong 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
KZ-1A | ![]() |
Kuaizhou-1 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2C | ![]() |
Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 2D | ![]() |
Long March 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3A | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3B/E | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3B/E + YZ-1 | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3C | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 3C / YZ-1 | ![]() |
Long March 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 4B | ![]() |
Long March 4 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 4C | ![]() |
Long March 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | |
Long March 5 | ![]() |
Long March 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 6 | ![]() |
Long March 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Long March 11 | ![]() |
Long March 11 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
OS-M1 | ![]() |
OneSpace | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Pegasus XL | ![]() |
Pegasus XL | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Proton-M / Briz-M or DM-03 | ![]() |
Proton | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-CA | ![]() |
PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-XL | ![]() |
PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-DL | ![]() |
PSLV | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
PSLV-QL | ![]() |
PSLV | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Rokot / Briz-KM | ![]() |
UR-100 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Safir | ![]() |
Safir | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Simorgh | ![]() |
Simorgh | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | |
Soyuz-FG | ![]() |
Soyuz | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2.1a or STA | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2.1a or STA / Fregat | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2.1b or STB | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2.1b or STB / Fregat | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0 | |
Soyuz-2-1v / Volga | ![]() |
Soyuz-2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Vega | ![]() |
Vega | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
By spaceport
Kazakhstan
Site | Country | Launches | Successes | Failures | Partial failures | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baikonur | ![]() |
13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | |
Cape Canaveral | ![]() |
13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | Includes the 11 October Pegasus XL launch whose carrier aircraft took flight from Cape Canaveral |
Jiuquan | ![]() |
9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | |
Kennedy | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Kourou | ![]() |
9 | 8 | 1 | 0 | |
Mahia | ![]() |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
MARS | ![]() |
2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Plesetsk | ![]() |
8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | |
Satish Dhawan | ![]() |
6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | |
Semnan | ![]() |
2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | Additionally, one rocket exploded on the launch pad during a ground test. |
Taiyuan | ![]() |
10 | 9 | 1 | 0 | |
Tanegashima | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Uchinoura | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Vandenberg | ![]() |
3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Vostochny | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Wenchang | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Xichang | ![]() |
13 | 13 | 0 | 0 | |
Yellow Sea | ![]() |
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 102 | 97 | 5 | 0 |
By orbit
- Transatmospheric
- Low Earth
- Low Earth (ISS)
- Low Earth (SSO)
- Low Earth (retrograde)
- Medium Earth
- Geosychronous
(transfer) - Inclined GSO
- High Earth
- Heliocentric
Orbital regime | Launches | Achieved | Not achieved | Accidentally achieved |
Remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Transatmospheric | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Low Earth / Sun-synchronous | 66 | 61 | 5 | 0 | |
Medium Earth | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | |
Geosynchronous / GTO | 24 | 24 | 0 | 0 | Includes two inclined GSO orbits (IGSO) |
High Earth / Lunar transfer | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Heliocentric / Planetary transfer | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Total | 102 | 97 | 5 | 0 |
Notes
- ^ Clockwise from top:
- 486958 Arrokoth photographed by New Horizons in January. At a distance of 44 astronomical units from the Sun, the object became the furthest world ever explored when the spacecraft flew by at a closest approach of 3,500 kilometres (2,200 mi).
- LightSail 2 deploys its solar sail in low Earth orbit in July. The mission, funded by The Planetary Society, successfully demonstrated propulsion using radiation pressure on its 32 m2 (340 sq ft) "sail".
- Launch of a boilerplate Orion capsule, during the Ascent Abort-2 mission in July. The mission successfully tested the capability of Orion's upgraded launch escape system ahead of the Artemis program.
- The first ever Crew Dragon capsule arrives at the International Space Station uncrewed, during Crew Dragon Demo-1 in March. The mission was the first in a series of test flights of Crew Dragon and the Boeing Starliner ahead of the Commercial Crew Program.
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External links
- Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
- Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
- Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.[dead link]
- Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
- Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report". Archived from the original on 5 October 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
- McDowell, Jonathan. "GCAT Orbital Launch Log".
- Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
- Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
- Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
- Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
- "ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
- "NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
- "Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[dead link]
- "Space Information Center". JAXA.[dead link]
- "Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).