Open back rounded vowel
| Open back rounded vowel | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ɒ | |||
| IPA Number | 313 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity (decimal) | ɒ | ||
| Unicode (hex) | U+0252 | ||
| X-SAMPA | Q | ||
| Braille |   | ||
| |||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
The open back rounded vowel, or low back rounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɒ⟩. It is called "turned script a", being a rotated version of "script (cursive) a", which is the variant of a that lacks the extra stroke on top of a "printed a". Turned script a ⟨ɒ⟩ has its linear stroke on the left, whereas "script a" ⟨ɑ⟩ (for its unrounded counterpart) has its linear stroke on the right.
According to Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), Assamese has an "over-rounded" [ɒ̹], with rounding as strong as that for [u].[2]
According to the phonetician Geoff Lindsey, ⟨ɒ⟩ may be an entirely superfluous IPA symbol, as the sound it represents is far too similar to the open-mid back rounded vowel [ɔ], which makes it unlikely that any language would contrast these two vowels phonemically. He also writes that the contemporary Standard Southern British (SSB) accent lacks [ɒ], having replaced it with the more common [ɔ] (a realization that is also found in e.g. Australia,[3][4] New Zealand[5] and Scotland),[6][7] and advocates for transcribing this vowel with the symbol ⟨ɔ⟩ in SSB.[6]
This is not to be understood as /ɒ/ having the same quality as /ɔː/ (which Lindsey transcribes with ⟨oː⟩), as the latter is close-mid [oː], not open-mid.[6] Lindsey also says that more open variants of /ɒ/ used formerly in SSB are satisfyingly represented by the symbols [ɔ̞] and [ɑ] in narrow phonetic transcription, and ⟨ɔ⟩ in phonemic/broad phonetic transcription. According to him, the endless repetition of the symbol ⟨ɒ⟩ in publications on BrE has given this vowel a familiarity out of all proportion to its scarcity in the world’s languages.[6]
Features
- Its vowel height is open, also known as low, which means the tongue is positioned far from the roof of the mouth – that is, low in the mouth.
- Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is rounded, which means that the lips are rounded rather than spread or relaxed.
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard[8] | daar | [dɒːr] | 'there' | Fully back. Used by some speakers, particularly young female speakers of northern accents. Other speakers use an unrounded vowel [ɑː ~ ɑ̟ː].[8] See Afrikaans phonology |
| Assamese[2] | কৰ | [kɒɹ] | 'to do' | ||
| Catalan | Majorcan[9][10] | soc | [ˈsɒk] | 'clog' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Catalan phonology |
| Menorcan[9][10] | |||||
| Valencian[9][10] | |||||
| Some Valencian speakers[11] | taula | [ˈt̪ɑ̟wɫɒ̝] | 'table' | Can be realized as unrounded [ɑ]. | |
| Dutch | Leiden[12] | bad | [bɒ̝t] | 'bath' | Near-open fully back; may be unrounded [ɑ̝] instead.[12] It corresponds to [ɑ] in standard Dutch. |
| Rotterdam[12] | |||||
| Some dialects[13] | bot | [bɒt] | 'bone' | Some non-Randstad dialects,[13] for example those of Den Bosch and Groningen. It is open-mid [ɔ] in standard Dutch. | |
| English | Received Pronunciation[14] | not | [nɒt] | 'not' | Somewhat raised. Younger RP speakers may pronounce a closer vowel [ɔ]. See English phonology |
| Northern English[15] | May be somewhat raised and fronted.[15] | ||||
| South African[16] | [nɒ̜̈t] | Near-back and weakly rounded.[16] Some younger speakers of the General variety may actually have a higher and fully unrounded vowel [ʌ̈].[16] See South African English phonology | |||
| General American | thought | 'thought' | Vowel /ɔ(:)/ is lowered (Phonetic realization of /ɔ(:)/ is much lower in GA than in RP).
However "Short o" before r before a vowel (a short o sound followed by r and then another vowel, as in orange, forest, moral, and warrant) is realized as [oɹ~ɔɹ]. | ||
| Inland Northern American[17] | See Northern cities vowel shift | ||||
| Indian[18] | [t̪ʰɒʈ] | /ɒ/ and /ɔː/ differ entirely by length in Indian English. | |||
| Welsh[19][20] | [θɒːt] | Open-mid in Cardiff; may merge with /oː/ in northern dialects. | |||
| German | Many speakers[21] | Gourmand | [ɡ̊ʊʁˈmɒ̃ː] | 'gourmand' | Nasalized; common phonetic realization of /ɑ̃ː/.[21] See Standard German phonology |
| Many Swiss dialects[22] | mane | [ˈmɒːnə] | 'remind' | The example word is from the Zurich dialect, in which [ɒː] is in free variation with the unrounded [ɑː].[23] | |
| Hungarian | Standard[24] | magyar | [ˈmɒ̜̽ɟɒ̜̽r] | 'Hungarian' | Somewhat fronted and raised, with only slight rounding; sometimes transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. Unrounded [ɑ] in some dialects.[25] See Hungarian phonology |
| Ibibio[26] | dọ | [dɒ̝́] | 'marry' | Near-open;[26] typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. | |
| Irish | Ulster[27] | ólann | [ɒ̝ːɫ̪ən̪ˠ] | '(he) drinks' | Near-open;[27] may be transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩. |
| Istro-Romanian[28] | cåp | [kɒp] | 'head' | See Istro-Romanian pronunciation (in Romanian). | |
| Lehali[29] | dön̄ | [ⁿdɒ̝ŋ] | 'yam' | Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[29] | |
| Lemerig[30] | ‘ān̄sār | [ʔɒ̝ŋsɒ̝r] | 'person' | Raised vowel, being the back rounded counterpart of /æ/ in a symmetrical vowel inventory.[30] | |
| Limburgish | Maastrichtian[31] | plaots | [plɒ̝ːts] | 'place' | Near-open fully back; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔː⟩.[31] Corresponds to [ɔː] in other dialects. |
| Norwegian | Urban East[32][33] | topp | [tʰɒ̝pː] | 'top' | Near-open,[32][33] also described as close-mid back [o].[34] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. See Norwegian phonology |
| Dialects along the Swedish border[35] | hat | [hɒ̜ːt] | 'hate' | Weakly rounded and fully back.[35] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Persian | فارسی | [fɒːɾˈsiː] | 'Persian' | ||
| Slovak | Some speakers[36] | a | [ɒ] | 'and' | Under Hungarian influence, some speakers realize the short /a/ as rounded.[36] See Slovak phonology |
| Swedish | Central Standard[37][38] | jаg | [jɒ̝ːɡ] | 'I' | Near-open fully back weakly rounded vowel.[37] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɑː⟩. See Swedish phonology |
| Gothenburg[38] | [jɒːɡ] | More rounded than in Central Standard Swedish.[38] | |||
| Uzbek | Standard[39] | choy | [t͡ʃɒj] | 'tea' | |
| Vastese[40] | uâʃtə | ||||
| Yoruba[41] | [example needed] | Most often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɔ⟩. | |||
See also
Notes
- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ a b Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 293–294.
- ^ Cox & Fletcher (2017), p. 65.
- ^ Horvath (2004), p. 628.
- ^ Hay, Maclagan & Gordon (2008:21). Some sources (e.g. Bauer et al. (2007:98)) describe it as more central [ɞ] than back.
- ^ a b c d Geoff Lindsey (2012) Morgen — a suitable case for treatment, Speech Talk
- ^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded low-central vowel /a/".
- ^ a b c Recasens (1996), pp. 81, 130–131.
- ^ a b c Rafel (1999), p. 14.
- ^ Saborit (2009), pp. 25–26.
- ^ a b c Collins & Mees (2003), p. 131.
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (2003), p. 132.
- ^ Roach (2004), p. 242.
- ^ a b Lodge (2009), p. 163.
- ^ a b c Lass (2002), p. 115.
- ^ W. Labov, S. Ash and C. Boberg (1997), A national map of the regional dialects of American English, Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania, retrieved May 27, 2013
- ^ Sailaja (2009), pp. 24–25.
- ^ Connolly (1990), p. 125.
- ^ Tench (1990), p. 135.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 38.
- ^ Krech et al. (2009), p. 263.
- ^ Fleischer & Schmid (2006), p. 248.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ Vago (1980), p. 1.
- ^ a b Urua (2004), p. 106.
- ^ a b Ní Chasaide (1999), p. 114.
- ^ Pop (1938), p. 29.
- ^ a b François (2011), p. 194.
- ^ a b François (2011), pp. 195, 208.
- ^ a b Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), pp. 158–159.
- ^ a b Vanvik (1979), pp. 13, 17.
- ^ a b Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 2.
- ^ Kristoffersen (2000), pp. 16–17.
- ^ a b Popperwell (2010), p. 23.
- ^ a b Kráľ (1988), p. 54.
- ^ a b Engstrand (1999), pp. 140–141.
- ^ a b c Riad (2014), pp. 35–36.
- ^ Sjoberg, Andrée F. (1963). Uzbek Structural Grammar. Uralic and Altaic Series. Vol. 18. Bloomington: Indiana University. p. 17.
- ^ "Vastesi Language - Vastesi in the World". Vastesi in the World. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1969), p. 166.
References
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003) [First published 1981], The Phonetics of English and Dutch (5th ed.), Leiden: Brill Publishers, ISBN 978-9004103405
- Connolly, John H. (1990), "Port Talbot English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 121–129, ISBN 978-1-85359-032-0
- Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) [First published 2012], Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-316-63926-9
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
- Fleischer, Jürg; Schmid, Stephan (2006), "Zurich German" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 243–253, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441, archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-02-15, retrieved 2015-07-21
- François, Alexandre (2011), "Social ecology and language history in the northern Vanuatu linkage: A tale of divergence and convergence", Journal of Historical Linguistics, 1 (2): 175–246, doi:10.1075/jhl.1.2.03fra
- Gussenhoven, Carlos; Aarts, Flor (1999), "The dialect of Maastricht" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 29 (2): 155–166, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006526
- Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008), New Zealand English, Dialects of English, Edinburgh University Press, ISBN 978-0-7486-2529-1
- Horvath, Barbara M. (2004), "Australian English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 625–644, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
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