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Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals

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For consonants followed by superscript ⁿ, see Nasal release.
Alveolar nasal
n
IPA Number116
Encoding
Entity (decimal)n
Unicode (hex)U+006E
X-SAMPAn
Braille⠝ (braille pattern dots-1345)

The alveolar nasal is a type of consonantal sound used in numerous spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar nasals is ⟨n⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is n.

The vast majority of languages have either an alveolar or dental nasal. There are a few languages that lack either sound but have [m] (e.g. colloquial Samoan). There are some languages (e.g. Rotokas) that lack both [m] and [n].

True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. In the Romance, Dravidian, and Australian languages, n is often called "dental" in the literature. However, the rearmost contact (which is what gives a consonant its distinctive sound) is actually alveolar or denti-alveolar. The difference between the Romance languages and English is not so much where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth, as which part of the tongue makes the contact. In English it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical), whereas in the Romance languages it is the flat of the tongue just above the tip (such sounds are called laminal).

However, there are languages with true apical (or less commonly laminal) dental n. It is found in the Mapuche language of South America, where it is actually interdental. A true dental generally occurs allophonically before /θ/ in languages which have it, as in English tenth. Similarly, a denti-alveolar allophone will occur in languages which have denti-alveolar stops, as in Spanish cinta.

Some languages contrast laminal denti-alveolar and apical alveolar nasals. For example, in the Malayalam pronunciation of Nārāyanan, the first n is dental, the second is retroflex, and the third alveolar.

A postalveolar nasal occurs in a number of Australian Aboriginal languages, including Djeebbana and Jingulu.[1]

Features

Features of the alveolar nasal:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
  • There are four specific variants of [n]:
    • Dental, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the upper teeth, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, and the tip of the tongue behind upper teeth.
    • Alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
    • Postalveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue behind the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
  • Because the sound is not produced with airflow over the tongue, the central–lateral dichotomy does not apply.
  • Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Dental or denti-alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Belarusian[2] новы [ˈn̪ovɨ] 'new' Laminal denti-alveolar. Contrasts with palatalized form. See Belarusian phonology
Bulgarian[3] жена [ʒɛˈn̪a] 'woman' Laminal denti-alveolar.
Catalan[4] [[[Catalan alphabet|cantar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kən̪ˈt̪ä(ɾ)] 'to sing' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /n/ before /t, d/.[4] See Catalan phonology
Dutch Belgian [[[Dutch orthography|nicht]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [n̻ɪxt̻] 'niece' Laminal denti-alveolar, sometimes simply alveolar. See Dutch phonology
English [month] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [mʌn̪θ] 'month' Interdental. Allophone of /n/ before /θ, ð/.
French[5] [[[French orthography|connexion]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kɔn̻ɛksjɔ̃] 'connection' Laminal denti-alveolar, sometimes simply alveolar. See French phonology
Greek[6] [[[Greek alphabet|άνθος]]/ánthos] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɐn̪θo̞s] 'flower' Interdental. Allophone of /n/. See Modern Greek phonology
Hungarian[7] [[[Hungarian orthography|nagyi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈn̪ɒɟi] 'grandma' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Hungarian phonology
Italian[8][9] [[[Italian alphabet|cantare]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kän̪ˈt̪äːre] 'to sing' Laminal denti-alveolar.[9] Allophone of /n/ before /t, d, s, z, t͡s, d͡z/.[8][9] See Italian phonology
Kashubian[10] [example needed] Laminal denti-alveolar.
Kazakh көрінді [kœɾɪn̪d̪ɪ] 'it seemed' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /n/ before /t, d/.
Kyrgyz беделинде [be̞d̪e̞lin̪d̪e̞] 'in the authority' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /n/ before /t, d/.
Latvian[11] [[[Latvian alphabet|nakts]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [n̪äkt̪s̪] 'night' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Latvian phonology
Macedonian[12] нос [n̪o̞s̪] 'nose' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Macedonian phonology
Malayalam[13] പന്നി [pən̪n̪i] 'pig' Interdental for some speakers.
Mapudungun[14] [[[Mapudungun alphabet|müṉa]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [mɘ̝ˈn̪ɐ̝] 'male cousin on father's side' Interdental.[14]
Polish[15] [[[Polish alphabet|nos]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [n̪ɔs̪] 'nose' Laminal denti-alveolar. Alveolar before /t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/. See Polish phonology
Portuguese General[16][17] [[[Portuguese orthography|nariz]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [n̻ɐˈɾiʃ] 'nose' Laminal denti-alveolar. May nasalize preceding vowel (especially if stressed). Has [ɲ̟] as allophone, forming from clusters with [j], and before /i/.
Vernacular Brazilian[18][19] [percebendo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [pe̞ʁse̞ˈbẽn̻u] 'perceiving' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /d/ after a stressed nasal vowel in more stigmatized varieties. See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[20] [[[Romanian alphabet|alună]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [äˈlun̪ə] 'hazelnut' Laminal denti-alveolar. See Romanian phonology
Serbo-Croatian студент / [student] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [s̪t̪ǔd̪e̞n̪t̪] 'student' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /n/ before /t, d, s, z, t͡s/. See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovene [amarant] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [amaˈɾaːn̪t̪] 'amaranth' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /n/ before /t, d, s, z, t͡s/. See Slovene phonology
Spanish Most dialects [[[Spanish orthography|cantar]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [kän̪ˈt̪är] 'to sing' Laminal denti-alveolar. Allophone of /n/ before /t, d/. See Spanish phonology
Ukrainian[21] наш [n̪ɑʃ] 'our' Laminal denti-alveolar, contrasts with palatalized form. See Ukrainian phonology
Uzbek[22] [example needed] Laminal denti-alveolar.

Alveolar

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Adyghe нэфнэ [nafna] 'light'
Arabic Standard نار [naːr] 'fire' See Arabic phonology
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic [nora] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [noɾa:] 'mirror'
Basque [[[Basque alphabet|ni]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ni] 'I'
Bengali নাক [na:k] 'nose' See Bengali phonology
Catalan[23] [[[Catalan orthography|nou]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈnɔw] 'new' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Mandarin 難/[[[Hanyu Pinyin|nán]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nan˧˥] 'difficult' See Mandarin phonology
Czech [[[Czech orthography|na]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [na] 'on' See Czech phonology
Dutch[24] [[[Dutch alphabet|nacht]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nɑxt] 'night' See Dutch phonology
English [[[English orthography|nice]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [naɪs] 'nice' See English phonology
Finnish [[[Finnish alphabet|annan]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈɑnːɑn] 'I give' See Finnish phonology
Georgian[25] კანი [ˈkʼɑni] 'skin'
Greek [[[Greek alphabet|νάμα]]/náma] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈnama] 'communion wine' See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati નહી [nəhi] 'no' See Gujarati phonology
Hawaiian[26] [[[Hawaiian alphabet|naka]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [naka] 'to shake' See Hawaiian phonology
Hebrew נבון [navon] 'wise' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani [[[Devanāgarī|नया]]] Error: {{Lang}}: script: deva not supported for code: hi (help) / نیا [nəjaː] 'new' See Hindi–Urdu phonology
Italian[27] [[[Italian alphabet|nano]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈnäːno] 'dwarf' See Italian phonology
Japanese[28] 反対/[hantai] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [hantai] 'opposite' See Japanese phonology
Korean [[[Hangul|나]]] Error: {{Lang}}: unrecognized script: kang for code: ko (help)/[[[Revised Romanization of Korean|na]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [na] 'I' See Korean phonology
Kyrgyz[29] банан [baˈnan] 'banana'
Malay [[[Malay alphabet|nasi]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [näsi] 'cooked rice'
Malayalam[13] കന്നി [kənni] 'virgin'
Maltese [lenbuba] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [lenbuˈba] 'truncheon'
Mapudungun[14] [[[Mapudungun alphabet|müna]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [mɘ̝ˈnɐ̝] 'enough'
Marathi नख [nəkʰ] 'fingernail' See Marathi phonology
Ngwe Mmockngie dialect [nøɣə̀] 'sun'
Pirahã [gíxai] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [níˈʔàì̯] 'you'
Polish[15] [[[Polish alphabet|poncz]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈpɔn̥t͡ʂ] 'punch' Allophone of /n/ (which is normally laminal denti-alveolar [n̪]) before /t͡ʂ, d͡ʐ/. See Polish phonology
Punjabi ਨੱਕ [nəkː] 'nose'
Slovak [[[Slovak alphabet|na]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [na] 'on'
Slovene[30] [novice] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nɔˈʋìːt̪͡s̪ɛ] 'news'
Spanish[31] [[[Spanish orthography|nada]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈnäð̞ä] 'nothing' See Spanish phonology
Turkish [[[Turkish alphabet|neden]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ne̞d̪æn] 'reason' See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese[32] [bạn đi] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ɓan˧ˀ˨ʔ ɗi] 'you're going' Occurs only before alveolar consonants. See Vietnamese phonology
Welsh [[[Welsh alphabet|nain]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nain] 'grandmother' See Welsh phonology
Western Apache [non] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nòn]ⓘ 'cache'
West Frisian [nekke] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈnɛkə] 'neck'
Yi ꆅ/[[[Yi script|na]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [na˧ ] 'hurt'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[33] nanɨɨ [nanɨˀɨ] 'lady' contrasts with a fortis alveolar nasal that is not represented in the orthography.

Postalveolar

See also: Retroflex nasal
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Catalan[4] [panxa] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) ['pän̠ɕə][34] 'belly' Allophone of /n/ before /ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/, may be alveolo-palatal instead.[4] See Catalan phonology
Czech manželka [ˈman̠ʒelka] 'wife' Allophone of /n/ before postalveolar sibilants. See Czech phonology
Djeebbana[35] barnmarramarlón̠a [needs IPA][ban̠maramal̠ɔn̪a] 'they two swam' Result of rhotic plus alveolar [n].[35]
English Australian[36] [enrol] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [əṉˈɹ̠ɔo̯ɫ] 'enrol' Allophone of /n/ before /r/.[36] See Australian English phonology
Italian[37] [[[Italian alphabet|angelo]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈän̠ʲːd͡ʒelo] 'angel' Palatalized laminal; allophone of /n/ before /ʃ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/.[37] See Italian phonology

Variable

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
English Scottish[38] [nice] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nəis] 'nice'

Laminal denti-alveolar for some speakers, alveolar for other speakers.[38][39]

Welsh[39]
German Standard[40] [Lanze] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [ˈlant͡sə] 'lance' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar, laminal alveolar and apical alveolar.[40] See Standard German phonology
Norwegian Standard Eastern[41] [[[Norwegian alphabet|mann]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [mɑn̻ː] 'man' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and laminal alveolar.[41] See Norwegian phonology
Swedish Central Standard[42] [[[Swedish alphabet|nu]]] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) [nʉ̟ː] 'now' Varies between laminal denti-alveolar and alveolar, with the former being predominant.[42] See Swedish phonology

See also

References

  1. ^ Chadwick, Neil J. (1975). A descriptive study of the Djingili language. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
  2. ^ Padluzhny (1989), pp. 49–50.
  3. ^ Klagstad Jr. (1958), p. 46.
  4. ^ a b c d Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  5. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  6. ^ Arvaniti (2007), p. 15.
  7. ^ Siptár & Törkenczy (2000), pp. 75–76.
  8. ^ a b Bertinetto & Loporcaro (2005), p. 133.
  9. ^ a b c Canepari (1992), p. 58.
  10. ^ Jerzy Treder. "Fonetyka i fonologia".
  11. ^ Nau (1998), p. 6.
  12. ^ Lunt (1952), p. 1.
  13. ^ a b Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  14. ^ a b c Sadowsky et al. (2013), pp. 88–89.
  15. ^ a b Rocławski (1976), p. 136.
  16. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  17. ^ Barbosa & Albano (2004), p. 230.
  18. ^ Template:Pt icon Unesp's digital collection – The deleting of /d/ in the morpheme of the gerund in São José do Rio Preto's accent
  19. ^ Template:Pt icon The deletting of /d/ in the morpheme of the gerund in São José do Rio Preto's accent – PDF
  20. ^ Chițoran (2001), p. 10.
  21. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 10.
  22. ^ Sjoberg (1963), p. 12.
  23. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  24. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  25. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  26. ^ Ladefoged (2005), p. 139.
  27. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  28. ^ Okada (1991), p. 94.
  29. ^ Kara (2003), p. 11.
  30. ^ Pretnar & Tokarz (1980), p. 21.
  31. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  32. ^ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  33. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.
  34. ^ Valencian pronunciation: ['pän̠t͡ɕä]. Note that what's transcribed /ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/ in Catalan are actually alveolo-palatal sibilants [ɕ, ʑ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ].
  35. ^ a b Dixon (2002), p. 585.
  36. ^ a b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  37. ^ a b Canepari (1992), pp. 58–59.
  38. ^ a b Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 4.
  39. ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 388.
  40. ^ a b Mangold (2005), p. 49.
  41. ^ a b Kristoffersen (2000), p. 22.
  42. ^ a b Riad (2014), p. 46.

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